FINAL

Question 1

signal

Answer 1

expressive behavior that seems like it evolved to mediate social situations or transmit information

Question 2

cue

Answer 2

knowledge broadcast unintentionally such as age, health, sexual receptivity

Question 3

classic view of signals (2 components)

Answer 3

1. Message - content itself (exact vocalization/gesture and info about the sender such as age, sex, individual identity)
2. Meaning - how the others respond and context

Question 4

playback experiments

Answer 4

vervet monkeys responded to recorded alarm calls the same way they do to acoustic ones

Question 5

functional reference

Answer 5

a signal that references something in the outside world

Question 6

functional reference criteria

Answer 6

production specificity (only produced in one context) and response specificity (only respond in one way)

Question 7

what are food calls? + are they FR

Answer 7

Chimpanzees grunt around food - each one varies a little. Seems to call others but not necessarily to eat

Question 8

Food pant hoot stages

Answer 8

Introduction, buildup, climax, letdown

Question 9

Why do they pant hoot?

Answer 9

Probably NOT to share food info - same amount join no matter what
Maybe to facilitate social bonding or stay in touch with alliance partners

Question 10

Are there chimpanzee dialects?

Answer 10

Evidence seems inconclusive - primates generally have “hard-wired” calls

Question 11

Buttress drumming

Answer 11

When chimpanzees gallop up to the buttress of a tree and pound on it with their feet in two “couplets”

Question 12

What species is chimpanzees’ preferred prey? What percentage of their hunting does this make up?

Answer 12

Red colobus monkey, 62-82%

Question 13

Conditions which increase hunting likelihood

Answer 13

1. Number of adult males in a chimp group
2. Size of red colobus, esp. # of adolescents
3. Plentiful staple foods around to make up lost energy

Question 14

Do chimpanzees “cooperate” during hunts?

Answer 14

JG observed blocking off escape routes - conflicting empirical evidence

Question 15

Hunting success rate

Answer 15

~50%, 4-10 hunts per month (VARIES BY SITE)

Question 16

Behaviors after a kill

Answer 16

1. Begging
2. Stealing
3. Sharing

Question 17

What are the levels of begging?

Answer 17

1. Sitting and staring
2. Reaching but not touching
3. Touching carcass or possessor
4. Placing hand on possessor’s mouth

Question 18

Meat-for-Sex Hypothesis (evidence for + against)

Answer 18

For: misc data showing smaller body weights in dry season, likelihood of hunting in presence of estrous F, estrous F take and request more meat

Against: no ev of correlation between meat and more sexual access, no signs that hunting occurs more in dry season

Question 19

Sharing-Under-Pressure Hypothesis

Answer 19

Males share meat in order to prevent harassment and retain more meat

Question 20

Social bonding hypothesis (meat sharing) evidence

Answer 20

Ngogo: significant positive correlations in dyads between number of times males shared and number of times they formed coalitions
Gombe: inconclusive

Question 21

Evidence for sharing-under-pressure

Answer 21

Begging is costly to possessors (eat less meat), harassment leads to sharing, and begging ceases after sharing occurs

Question 22

Tool

Answer 22

An object used as an extension of the body to act on another object or surface and attain an immediate goal

Question 23

POP

Answer 23

Periovulatory period - peak fertility

Question 24

Attractivity

Answer 24

How much a male shows interest in female

Question 25

Proceptivity

Answer 25

behaviors from F to initiate mating

Question 26

Receptivity

Answer 26

F receptivity to mating with M

Question 27

When do copulations occur?

Answer 27

When F fully swollen 96% of time

Question 28

Male mating patterns

Answer 28

1. Opportunistic (75%) - males wait their turn to mate with female 2. Possessive - mate guarding, chasing other males away and attacking female 3. Consortship - leading F away through threat of violence to mate with only him

Question 29

Why do females mate with so many males?

Answer 29

Gene variation, reduce threat of infanticide, invite consortships?

Question 30

Sexual selection

Answer 30

Type of natural selection for morphological and behavioral traits relevant to mating behavior

Question 31

Intrasex SS

Answer 31

Competition between members of one sex

Question 32

Intersex SS

Answer 32

Evolved attraction to certain traits

Question 33

What do we expect females to look for in a mate?

Answer 33

1. Good genes (e.g. different and resistant to disease) 2. Good mate behavior 3. Resources or familiarity

Question 34

How has SS shaped males?

Answer 34

Intrasex - compete for females, higher-ranking males more reproductively successful Intersex - not really

Question 35

How has SS shaped females?

Answer 35

Intrasex - 0 evidence Intersex - Unclear, possibly during POP are more selective

Question 36

Mixed strategy hypothesis

Answer 36

Females mate with everyone when less fertile and with "better" partners only when most fertile

Question 37

Indirect sexual coercion hypothesis

Answer 37

Females are targets of most aggression during POP -> Females initiate most with males who have been aggressive to them in the past -> DIRECT sexual coercion is ineffective, females leave

Question 38

Advanced cognition through tool use examples

Answer 38

1. Variation in techniques to acquire same resources (e.g. multiple tools for honey procurement) 2. Sequential use of more than one tool (e.g. hammer stone to hit nut on anvil stone) 3. Number of steps to prepare tools (e.g. finding gallego and developing tool to poke it out)

Question 39

Handedness pros and cons

Answer 39

PROS: better for specialized technical activities CONS: want both sides equally strong for flexibility to go either way

Question 40

Culture

Answer 40

A historically derived set of shared ideas, values, norms, and beliefs that underlie behavior

Question 41

Evidence for social learning

Answer 41

Infants watch their mothers a lot, mimicking termiting/nut cracking by 2 or 3 years old

Question 42

Examples of possible "cultural differences"

Answer 42

Hold hands on air at Mahale while grooming, but never at Gombe Tool use is different (whether they crack nuts or use termite sticks)

Question 43

Captive chimpanzee diffusion experiments

Answer 43

Chimpanzees mimic the method they are shown, even when two are effective

Question 44

Conformity to norms

Answer 44

In Tai, case of female "assimilation" into tool-using norms of new community

Question 45

Challenges to idea of chimpanzee "culture"

Answer 45

No symbolic communication or rituals, not a ton of evidence for social learning