Final

Question 1

What is the main goal of the contemporary new global Westphalian system?

Answer 1

The main goal of the modern Westphalian system is to bring order to the world by creating international laws and organizations.

These help promote trade, resolve conflicts, and maintain stability while respecting the independence of each country. However, some regions, like Europe, have started sharing sovereignty and relying less on military power.Aimed at fostering free trade, a stable international financial system, and establishing rules for resolving inter-state disputes.

Question 2

What concept does Europe refer to that departs from the state system?

Answer 2

Pooled sovereignty

This concept signifies a departure from traditional state-centric approaches.

Question 3

What two truths must a sustainable world order reflect?

Answer 3

• Order without freedom is unsustainable
• Freedom cannot be maintained without peace

These truths highlight the interdependence of order and freedom.

Question 4

What is the first military alliance concluded by the USA after World War II?

Answer 4

Rio Pact (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance)

Established in 1947, it provided a legal basis for U.S. military intervention in Latin America.

Question 5

Which military alliance was created on April 4, 1949?

Answer 5

North Atlantic Alliance (NATO)

Founded by the USA, Canada, and several Western European countries.

Question 6

What does ANZUS stand for?

Answer 6

Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty

Formed in 1951, it was directed against the influence of the UK in the region.

Question 7

What was the purpose of the SEATO alliance formed in 1954?

Answer 7

To ensure U.S. leadership in Southeast Asia

It included military cooperation among the USA, UK, France, and several Asian countries.

Question 8

What was the Baghdad Pact established in 1955?

Answer 8

A military alliance in the Middle East

Included Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the UK, focusing on strategic energy resources.

Question 9

What was the main role of NATO in the U.S. alliance system?

Answer 9

Main American military alliance

It contributed to establishing an international balance of power and expanded American arms markets.

Question 10

What was the New Atlanticism concept introduced by President Bush?

Answer 10

A concept of New Europe emphasizing human rights and greater openness

It was aimed at supporting changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

Question 11

What is the significance of the military doctrine presented by General Colin Powell in 1990?

Answer 11

It was the first public presentation of U.S. military doctrine

This marked a shift in U.S. military strategy post-Cold War.

Question 12

What does the term ‘pre-emptive self-defence’ imply?

Answer 12

The right to use force without international authorization to prevent future attacks

It was particularly referenced in the context of the U.S. National Security Strategy.

Question 13

What was the outcome of the U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA in 2018?

Answer 13

Restoration of sanctions against Iran

This action aligned U.S. policy more closely with Israel.

Question 14

What strategic region includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia?

Answer 14

Transcaucasia

It became increasingly important for NATO post-1990 due to its energy resources.

Question 15

What natural resources are primarily found in the South Caucasus region?

Answer 15

• Oil
• Natural gas
• Gold

These resources significantly influenced U.S. and NATO interests in the area.

Question 16

What does GUAM stand for?

Answer 16

Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova

A union aimed at countering Russian influence in the region.

Question 17

What does Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty state?

Answer 17

An armed attack against one or more parties shall be considered an attack against them all

This principle is the foundation of NATO’s collective defense.

Question 18

What strategic course has Georgia taken regarding NATO and the EU?

Answer 18

Integration with NATO and the European Union

Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze stated intentions to apply to NATO by 2005.

Question 19

What does Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty state?

Answer 19

An armed attack against one or more members is considered an attack against all

This principle is known as collective defense.

Question 20

How many times has Article 5 of NATO been invoked?

Answer 20

Once, in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001.

Question 21

What is the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)?

Answer 21

The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a forum that brings together NATO member countries and partner countries from Europe and North America. Its main purpose is to promote cooperation on security issues, enhance political dialogue, and foster partnership initiatives among its members.

The EAPC is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and Central Asia.

Question 22

List five countries involved in NATO’s Mediterranean Dialogue.

Answer 22

• Algeria
• Egypt
• Israel
• Jordan
• Mauritania

Question 23

What is the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI)?

Answer 23

An initiative involving four countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council.

(Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates

Question 24

Name the four countries that have joined the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative.

Answer 24

• Bahrain
• Kuwait
• Qatar
• United Arab Emirates

Question 25

Which international organizations does NATO cooperate with?

Answer 25

* United Nations (UN) * European Union (EU) * Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OCSE)

Question 26

What is the purpose of the Treaty of Lisbon?

Answer 26

To make the EU more efficient and better able to address global problems with one voice.

Question 27

When did the Treaty of Lisbon enter into force?

Answer 27

1 December 2009.

Question 28

What is the role of EU Delegations?

Answer 28

To represent the EU and its citizens globally and promote EU values and interests.

Question 29

What is Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)?

Answer 29

A framework for EU Member States to jointly plan, develop, and invest in military capabilities.

Question 30

How many EU Member States participate in PESCO?

Answer 30

25.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: PESCO was established by a Council decision on _______.

Answer 31

[11 December 2017]

Question 32

What are National Implementation Plans (NIPs) in the context of PESCO?

Answer 32

Plans that outline how countries intend to meet binding commitments and objectives.

Question 33

What is the Russian Black Sea Fleet's strategic goal?

Answer 33

To reshape the geopolitical and geo-economic balance of the Black Sea region.

Question 34

What was a significant event for the Russian Black Sea Fleet in 2014?

Answer 34

The seizure of Crimea. ## Footnote The seizure of Crimea refers to the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation in 2014. This action followed a pro-Russian uprising and a controversial referendum that was widely condemned by the international community as illegitimate. The seizure of Crimea significantly altered the geopolitical landscape of the Black Sea region and led to increased tensions between Russia and the West. It is considered a violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and international law by many countries.

Question 35

What is the OSCE?

Answer 35

The world’s largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization. ## Footnote Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Question 36

What does the OSCE mandate include?

Answer 36

* Arms control * Promotion of human rights * Freedom of the press * Fair elections

Question 37

What is the fundamental goal of China’s national defense in the new era?

Answer 37

To resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Question 38

Name three strategic goals for China’s national defense development.

Answer 38

* Achieve mechanization by 2020 * Complete modernization by 2035 * Transform armed forces into world-class forces by mid-21st century

Question 39

What is the strategic cornerstone for safeguarding China's national sovereignty?

Answer 39

Nuclear capability.

Question 40

What does China aim to safeguard in outer space?

Answer 40

National security, social development, and peaceful use of outer space.

Question 41

What area poses a severe threat to China, according to its national defense policy?

Answer 41

Cyberspace.

Question 42

What is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?

Answer 42

An intergovernmental organization focusing on political, economic, and security issues. ## Footnote Currently, nine countries enjoy the status of the SCO full members: India, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; three countries — Afghanistan, Belarus, and Mongolia — have an observer status with the SCO, and fourteen countries — Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bahrain, Cambodia, Egypt, Kuwait, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Türkiye and UAE — have a dialogue partner status.

Question 43

What is a key area for national security, economic growth, and social development?

Answer 43

Cyber security ## Footnote Cyber security poses a severe threat to nations, particularly China.

Question 44

What is the purpose of China's armed forces in cyberspace?

Answer 44

To build cyber security, defense means and capabilities ## Footnote This includes reinforcing national cyber border defense and detecting network intrusions.

Question 45

What is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)?

Answer 45

An Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance founded in 2001

Question 46

When did India and Pakistan become full members of the SCO?

Answer 46

9 June 2017 ## Footnote Their inclusion expanded the organization's membership significantly.

Question 47

What were the primary motivations for the formation of the SCO?

Answer 47

* Convergence of great power strategic policies in Eurasia * Concerns about a security vacuum in Central Asia * Rise of globalized terrorism ## Footnote These factors emerged after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Question 48

What was Russia's foreign policy concern post-Soviet Union?

Answer 48

To maintain security in its 'near abroad' ## Footnote This refers to the peripheral states of the former USSR.

Question 49

What are the 'three evils' that China aims to prevent from entering its borders?

Answer 49

* Extremism * Separatism * Terrorism ## Footnote These concerns are particularly relevant to China's Xinjiang region. * Extremism: the holding of extreme political or religious views; fanaticism. * Separatism: the advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender. * Terrorism: a method of coercion that utilizes or threatens to utilize violence in order to spread fear and thereby attain political or ideological goals.

Question 50

What was the original purpose of the SCO's formation?

Answer 50

To address Sino-Soviet border disputes and promote peaceful political cooperation ## Footnote The organization evolved from the 'Shanghai Five' dialogues.

Question 51

What is the significance of the SCO being considered a security community?

Answer 51

It emphasizes cooperation over military alliances ## Footnote This distinction is important given Western concerns about the SCO.

Question 52

List the current member states of the SCO.

Answer 52

India, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. ## Footnote These states form the core of the SCO.

Question 53

What are the observer states of the SCO?

Answer 53

* Afghanistan * Belarus * Mongolia ## Footnote These countries participate in SCO activities but are not full members.

Question 54

What are the dialogue partners of the SCO?

Answer 54

* Azerbaijan * Armenia * Bahrain * Cambodia * Egypt * Kuwait * Maldives * Myanmar * Nepal * Qatar * Saudi Arabia * Sri Lanka * Türkiye * UAE ## Footnote These partners engage with the SCO but do not have full membership.

Question 55

What is the total population of SCO member states?

Answer 55

Nearly 1.5 billion people ## Footnote This accounts for less than a quarter of the total world population.

Question 56

How many nuclear powers are included in the SCO?

Answer 56

Four nuclear powers ## Footnote This includes Russia, China, India, and Pakistan.

Question 57

What is the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)?

Answer 57

A regional agency founded to combat terrorism within the SCO ## Footnote It became operational in June 2004 and focuses on analysis and information sharing.

Question 58

What does ASEAN Plus Three (APT) comprise?

Answer 58

ASEAN Member States plus China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea ## Footnote APT promotes cooperation in various areas.

Question 59

When did the APT cooperation process begin?

Answer 59

December 1997 ## Footnote ASEAN PLUS THREE: The first informal summit was held during the 2nd ASEAN Informal Summit in Malaysia.

Question 60

What were the main objectives outlined in the APT Joint Statement?

Answer 60

* Strengthen cooperation * Deepen East Asia cooperation ## Footnote This was established at the 3rd APT Summit in Manila.

Question 61

What issues are addressed under the APT Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime?

Answer 61

* Counter-terrorism * Border control * Trafficking in persons * Cybercrime * Asset recovery ## Footnote These areas are prioritized in APT discussions.