final

Question 1

what is the asbolute universal

Answer 1

properties in all languages eg. all langauges have vowels and consonants

Question 2

what is a statistical universal

Answer 2

statistical tendencies eg. in the vast majority of languages, the subject usually precedes the object

Question 3

what is an implicational universal

Answer 3

if language has A, language has B eg. if a language has voiced fricatives, it also has voicless fricatives

Question 4

what is an unconditioned universal?

Answer 4

simple statements with no specified conditions eg. All languages have nouns and verbs

Question 5

what are the most common vowels?

Answer 5

i, a, u

Question 6

what are three vowel universals?

Answer 6

• all languages make a distinction between close and open vowels
• all languages make a distinction between front and back vowels
• the number of close vowels is greater than the number of open vowels

Question 7

is a level tone marked or unmarked?

Answer 7

unmarked

Question 8

is a contour tone marked or unmarked?

Answer 8

marked

Question 9

what is closer to the root, the derivation or the inflection?

Answer 9

derivation

Question 10

what are the two universals for affix order?

Answer 10

• if a language has inflection, it always has derivation
• if both the derivation and inflection follow/percede the root, the derivation is always closer to the root

Question 11

what are the four types of languages?

Answer 11

isolating, agglutinating, fusional, polysynthetic

Question 12

what is isolating?

Answer 12

every word=single morpheme

Question 13

what is agglutinating?

Answer 13

word= many affixes, one affix= one piece of information

Question 14

what is fusional?

Answer 14

one word= many affixes
one affix= many pieces of information

Question 15

what is polysynthetic?

Answer 15

one word=many roots

Question 16

what universal can you form with this data:( SOV: 565 SVO: 488)

Answer 16

• most languages have a word order starting with subject

Question 17

formulate a universal: (SOV: 564, SVO:488, VSO: 95)

Answer 17

• objects usually follows subject (even if its not directly next to eachother)

Question 18

create a universal: (SOV: 565, SVO: 488, OSV: 4)

Answer 18

in most languages, verb tends to follow subject

Question 19

why do languages prefer subject to be first in word order?

Answer 19

subject= topic of the conversation
subject= new information

Question 20

what is it called when obejct abd verb are next to eachother?

Answer 20

• tight unit
• special meaning
  eg. raining (verb) cats and dogs (object)

Question 21

if VO then…

Answer 21

preposition noun

Question 22

if OV then…

Answer 22

postposition noun

Question 23

if V in word order is left where is the pre/postposition?

Answer 23

the preposition is on the left

Question 24

if V in word order is right where is the pre/postposition?

Answer 24

the postposition is on the right

Question 25

Speech community

Answer 25

group of people sharing special conventions about language use

Question 26

sociolinguistic norms

Answer 26

conventions shared by a speech community

Question 27

Sociolinguistic markers

Answer 27

noticeable features marking speech of a particular speech community

Question 28

dialects are...

Answer 28

mutually intelligble

Question 29

where is the oldest nort american colony

Answer 29

newfoundland

Question 30

where are the settlers in newfoudnland from?

Answer 30

Southwestern England and Ireland

Question 31

where are the settlers from in US New England?

Answer 31

Settlers from East Anglia

Question 32

where are the settlers from in US Southern Coastal Region

Answer 32

settlers from South of England

Question 33

what are the three things of dialect levelling

Answer 33

1. keeping the home dialect intact 2. using 'random' linguistic options available 3. diversity pof options is levelled out: more frequent variants remain

Question 34

what is linguistic insecurity

Answer 34

don't want to make mistakes infront of others, so they overcompensate

Question 35

when sounds are substituted in languages what level is the linguistic structure?

Answer 35

phonological

Question 36

many dialects of English have multiple negation as in 'I didn't see nobody take no pictures" (whats the linguistic structure

Answer 36

syntax

Question 37

what is language contact and what are the two ways it happens

Answer 37

contact of two or more distinct languages. 1. through the written form/other media 2. through social contact between speakers

Question 38

what is lexical borrowing

Answer 38

borrowing and adopting individual vocabulary items called 'loans/loanwords'

Question 39

what is structural borrowing?

Answer 39

borrowing of phonological, morphological, or syntactic grammatical structure

Question 40

what is the intensity of contact determined by?

Answer 40

the deuration of the contact and the level of interaction

Question 41

what is low intensity

Answer 41

SHORTER duration of contact and LOW level of social interaction

Question 42

what is high intensity

Answer 42

LONGER duration of contact and HIGH level of social interaction

Question 43

what are the 4 outcomes of lamguage contact

Answer 43

1. language convergence 2. language shift 3. language death 4. arising of pidgins and creole

Question 44

what is language convergence?

Answer 44

adstratum languages become more similar due to contact

Question 45

what is language shift

Answer 45

speaker adopt features of one language and abandon native language

Question 46

what is language death

Answer 46

speaker stops using their language

Question 47

where do pidgin languages arise

Answer 47

in the setting where two or more people come together for the purpose of trade

Question 48

where do creole languages arise?

Answer 48

in situations where speakers in contact are in need of a common primary means of communication

Question 49

what is a myth about pidgin?

Answer 49

that it is a broken language. nothing is broken it is just because we think theres no grammar

Question 50

what is an essential chatracteristic of pidgin?

Answer 50

if there is no established grammar, then there is no pidgin

Question 51

what are phonological features of pidgin?

Answer 51

consonant clusters are reduced and preference for the universal CV syllable type

Question 52

what are the morphological features of pidgin?

Answer 52

absence of affixes. expanded pidgins have complex morphology

Question 53

what are the syntax features of pidgin?

Answer 53

basic word order: SVO use of prepositions

Question 54

how was creole developed?

Answer 54

developed by slaves in plantations. wnated to communicate with other slaves.

Question 55

SIMILARITIES OF PIDGIN AND L1 ACQUISITION

Answer 55

Active construction of grammar theory (invent rules of grammar themselves) both seen in L1 and Pidgin Pidgin has simplified grammar and vocabulary the same way children do (L1 acquisition) - errors people make when l,earning a foreign language is a reflection of the same thing in L1 acquisition

Question 56

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PIDGIN AND L2 ACQUISITION

Answer 56

- Second language syntax (null subjects= ability to drop the subject) we can understand with context. Seen in both pidgin/creole and L2 acquisition - Both pidgin and L1 acquisition go through interlanguage - some suggest that universal startegies of L2 play a role in Pidgin formation

Question 57

what are the most common stops

Answer 57

p t k

Question 58

whats the most common fricative?

Answer 58

s

Question 59

if a language has at least one nasal what would it be

Answer 59

/n/

Question 60

what are differences between pidgin and creole

Answer 60

Pidgin is just used for trade Creole used in dire need of communication Creole developed in context of slavery

Question 61

what are conventions

Answer 61

agreed upon rules

Question 62

features of creole hypothesis?

Answer 62

these properties reflect innate properties of the juman mind = bioprogram