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NURS 200 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

humulin R

A

novolin ge toronto
short-acting
onset: 30 min
peak: 2-3 hrs
duration: 6.5 hrs
only insulin that can be given IV
adverse effects:
- hypoglycemia
- wrong time
- meal is skipped
S/S:
- tachy, confusion, sweating, drowsiness, convulsions, coma, death if not treated

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2
Q

somogyi phenomenon

A

rapid ↓ in BS usually in the night

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3
Q

hypoglycemia

A

PPO
always correct BS before giving pt meal
S/S
- diaphoresis, hunger, tremors, nervousness, anxiety, pallor
- neuroglycopenic: irritability, visual disturbances, difficulty speaking, confusion, coma

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4
Q

bronchodilators

A

beta2-adrenergic agonists
ventolin > ultra short acting
terbutaline > short-acting
> intermediate acting
> long-acting

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5
Q

atrovent

A

anticholinergic
peak: 1-2 hrs
duration: 6 hrs
onset: rapid
- relieving and preventing bronchospasms of asthma and chronic bronchitis
adverse effects:
- dry mouth
- irritation of UR tract
- urinary retention
- bitter taste
serious:
- tachy
- caution in BPH

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6
Q

beclomethasone (QVAR)

A

ther. asthma, allergic rhinitis
mech. glucorticoid that ↓inflammation and immune response > ↓freq. of asthma episodes
adverse effects:
- dry mouth
- hoarseness
- change to sense of taste, masks infection
- can cause fungal infections

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7
Q

solu-medrol

A

methylprednisolone inj.
glucorticoids
tx: inflammation, severe allergies, adrenal probems, arthritis, asthma, blood or bone marrow problems, eye or vision problems, lupus, skin conditions, kidney problems, UC, flare ups of MS

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8
Q

hypothyroidism

A

sx: weight gain, weakness, lethargy, fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation
tx: levothyroxine
labs:
- TSH (high)
- T3, T4 (low)

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9
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

sx: weight loss, irritability, tachy, HTN, heat intolerance, insomnia, ↑appetite
tx:
- propylithiouricil (PTU)
- methimazole (tapazole)
> prevent incorporation of iodine
> blocks conversion of T4 > T3
- radioisotrope therapy
> destroy overactive thyroid cells in gland
labs:
- TSH (low)
- T3, T4 (high)

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10
Q

immunosuppressants

A
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11
Q

lorazepam

A

ativan
ther. effects:
- GAD
- anti-seizure
- pre-anaesthetic

adverse effects
- drowsiness, sedation, ataxia
- cardiac changes after rapid IV
- paradoxical CNS stimulation in OA

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12
Q

phenytoin

A

dilantin
- most common seizure med (Except abscence)
- w/o CNS depression

adverse:
- narrow thera. index
> monitor phenytoin serum
- hepatoxicity
- Agranulocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

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13
Q

diazepam

A

valium
- prevention of seizures
- anti-anxiety, sedative
- general anesthetic

adverse:
- vertigo
- ataxia
- laryngeal spasms
- respiratory depression (IV)

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14
Q

phenobarbital

A
  • indicated got most seizures except absence
  • ↑seizure threshold

adverse:
- vit deficiencies, anemia
- drowsiness, sedation, confusion, depression, headache
- NV, loss of appetite
overdose:
- CNS depression
- RR depression
- coma, death

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15
Q

methadone

A

long-acting synthetic opioid med
- reduce withdrawal sx
- symptoms and cravings w/o the high

for pain:
- only for severe and not as needed basis for pain

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16
Q

NSAIDs

A

adverse:
- GI bleeding
- kidney toxicity

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17
Q

narcan

A

competitive opioid antagonist
- restore breathing 2-5 min
only works temporarily

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18
Q

morphine

A

moderate to severe pain
- ↓the senstation and emotional reaction to pain

adverse effects:
- respiratory depression
- constipation
- suppresses cough
- NV

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19
Q

hydromorphone

A
  • moderate to severe pain
  • around the clock management of pain
  • antitussive

adverse effects:
- confusion, sedation
- hypotension
- constipation

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20
Q

aspirin

A

mild to moderate pain

adverse:
- GI discomfort
- antiplatelet effect > bleeding

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21
Q

Tylenol

A

mild to moderate pain

adverse:
- toxic to the liver

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22
Q

toradol

A

NSAID
kertolac
- short-term relief of acute, moderately severe pain following surgery

high risk of GI side effects
- ↑bleeding

use to not exceed 5 days

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23
Q

tramadol

A

opioid
general and nerve-related pain
side effects:
- nausea and sedation

uses:
- anxiety, depression, OCD, pain, restless leg syndrome

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24
Q

oxycontin

A

extended-release form of oxycodone
- moderate to severe pain
- highly addictive

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25
fentanyl
narrow therapeutic index 100x more potent than morphine - odorless and tasteless
26
gabapentin
- tx neuropathic pain - stop seizure's (epilepsy) side effects: - dizziness, sleepiness, ↓alertness - addiction use cautiously w/ kidney disease
27
S/S of an opioid overdose
1 ) respiratory depression 2 ) ↓LOC 3 ) pinpoint pupils
28
levothyroxine
hypothyroidism T4 (converts to T3 in body) adverse: - overexpression of drug - CNS excitability - tachy, cardiac arrest - diarrhea - tremors
29
nitroglycerin
- acute angina, MI, pulmonary edema, acute CHF, acute/severe HTN adverse: - anaphylaxis - met-hemoglobinemia - orthostatic hypotension note: Erectile dysfunction drugs in the last 24 hr = hold nitro
30
+/- inotropic/chronotropic
+ino = ↑contraction of heart -ino = ↓contraction of heart +chron = ↑HR -chron = ↓HR
31
calcium channel blockers
relieve angina by dilating coronary vessels and ↓workload of the heart
32
beta-blockers
relieve angina by decreasing the oxygen demands of the heart - often considered first line drugs for chronic angina
32
metoprolol
beta-blocker - chronotropic = ↓HR - inotropic = ↓contractility adverse: - brady, hypo - masks the S/S of hypoglycemia - GI effects
33
nifedepine
calcium-channel blocker - relax arterial muscle - ↑O2 supply - ↓afterload, ↓O2 demand adverse: - hypo - acerbate some dysrhythmias - NOT TO BE GIVEN FOR HF > fluid overload - heart block if used with B-blockers
34
thrombolytics
stimulates formation of plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin causing active clots to dissolve - coronary artery opens allowing perfusion of myocardium
35
reteplase
thrombolytic - for MI - plasmin breaks down fibrin, dissolving clots adverse: - excessive bleeding check: - BP, blood in urine/stool, bruising
36
alteplase
tx of ischemic CVA's - clot buster - must be given within 3 hrs of onset of sx adverse: - bleeding
37
ace inhibitors
1 ) block angiotensin II 2 ) block aldosterone which stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb Na 3 ) block ADH and causes our kidneys to retain H2O and can cause vasoconstriction ↓BP lose Na -> lose H2O
38
enalipril
ace ↓angiotensin II promotes vasodilation and ↓blood volume (related to ↓aldosterone and ADH) which ↓BP adverse effects: - persistent cough - angioedema - hyperkalemia hypotension
39
Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitors
↑the amount of calcium available my myocardial contraction +inotropic vasodilation last resort and used for pts w/ HF that have not responded to other therapies adverse: - ventricular dysrhythmias
40
spironolactone
K sparring mech of action: - inhibits action of aldosterone - Na, Cl, H2O excretion are ↑, K retained therapeutic effect: - mild HTN adverse effects: - hyperkalemia - muscle weakness, paralysis - paresthesia - tachycardia - headache, dizziness, N - gynecomastia
41
mannitol
osmotic mech of action: - ↑the [of filtrates] in the kidneys and ↓the reabsorption of H2O and Na therapeutic effects: - draws out fluid from EVS into blood vessels - ↓intra cranial pressure adverse effects: - overdose = shift of fluid to the vascular compartment > HF or pulmonary edema - electrolyte imbalance - hypovolemia, dehydration, tachy - fatigue, dizziness - N/V - convulsions
42
lasix/ furosemide
loop mech of action: - prevents reabsorption of Na & Cl therapeutic effects: - acute edema - HTN, HF adverse effects: - electrolyte imbalance - orthostatic hypotension - syncope from hypovolemia
43
hydrochlorothiazide
thiazide mech of action: - acts on kidney tubules - prevents reabsorption of Na therapeutic effects: - HTN - fluid retention s/o to HF, liver disease, corticosteroid and estrogen therapy adverse effects: - electrolyte imbalance - high blood glucose - alcohol potentiated the effect - dizziness - weakness
44
digoxin
use for pts w/ HF + inotropic adverse effects: - narrow thera. index - general malaise, SOB, - NVD - visual disturbances (yellow/green tints) check serum levels - digoxin toxicity
45
enoxaparin
LMWH fewer adverse effects than heparin - less risk of thrombocytopenia
46
heparin
mech of action: - activates antithrombin II which inhibits thrombin - prevents clot formation - antidote = protamine sulfate therapeutic effects: - after MI, after DVT - prophylaxis adverse effects: - bleeding - osteoporosis - HIT lab: aPPT
47
warfarin
mech of action: - inhibits/blocks 2 enzymes that use vit K to produce clotting factors therapeutic effects: - DVT, pulmonary embolism - prevention of CVA/MI adverse effects: - micro embolism > purple toe syndrome - osteoporosis - abnormal bleeding drug-food - avoid green foods which are high in vit K labs: - INR target range for someone on warfarin is somewhere between 2.0 and 4.0.
48
antidotes for anticoagulation
vit K = warfarin protamine sulfate = heparin
49
K serum levels
3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L
50
normal VS
BP: 90/60 - 120/80 P: 60-100 RR: 12-18 T: 36.5 - 37.3 SpO2: 95-100% BS: 4-7
51
ceftriaxone
cephalosporin gram +/- bacteria - tx skin, resp, soft tissue, UTI, ENT infections adverse effects: - diarrhea - pain, warmth, tightness at IV site - rash - abnormal WBC count - SJS, TEN
52
imipenem
carbapenem > resistant to B-lactamase serious gram - and multi-drug resistant infections - IV adverse: - thrombocytopenia - rash
53
erythromycin
macrolide - EC capsules gram + - whooping cough & diphtheria - bacteriocidal in high doses adverse: - hepatotoxicity - anaphylaxis - ototoxicity cardiotoxicity
54
gentamicin
aminoglycosides gram - > parenterally d/t poorly absorbed in GI tract broad spectrum - crosses BBB adverse: - ototoxicity - nephrotoxicity - neuromuscular blockage - neurotoxicity
55
cipro
fluoroquinolone gram +/- rapidly absorbed after PO adverse: - caffeine to be avoided > anxiety, tachy - ↑anticoagulant effect of warfarin - NVD
56
vancomycin
severe gram - infections - MRSA - S. aureus, S. pneumonia bacteriocidal adverse effects: - "red man" (rapid IV) - extravasation > tissue necrosis - ototoxicity - anaphylaxis
57
nystatin
fungal mech of action: - binds to ergosterol creating pores allowing intracellular components to leak out therapeutic effects: - candida infections - candidiasis of the intestine adverse effects: topical: - minor skin irritation and burning - contact dermatitis PO: - NVD
58
metronidazole
fungi mech of action - binds to DNA, prevents DNA synthesis, causing cell death therapeutic effects: - amebiasis, trichomoniasis - Crohn’s disease, colitis - serious respiratory, bone, skin, CNS infections adverse effects: - anorexia, NV, diarrhea, abdominal pain - dizziness, headache - dry mouth, metallic taste - vaginal candidiasis
59
general principles and characteristics of fungal infections
less meds to tx slower growing 'azoles - inhibit ergosterol synthesis - causes fungal plasma to become porous - leaky = death
60
metamucil
bulk-forming laxative ther: - occasional constipation - ↓in blood cholesterol mech of action: - absorbs H2O in bowel forming a bulky stool - bulky stool = defecation reflex adverse: - safest laxative - w/o adequate H2O, can cause obstruction of esophagus or intestines
61
atropine (lomitil)
moderate to severe diarrhea mech of action: - ↓peristalsis - more H2O absorbed from LI adverse: - dizziness - lethargy, drowsiness - anticholinergic effects of atropine > dry mouth > bronchodilation
62
scopolamine
anticholinergic - nausea d/t motion sickness or post op adverse: - dry mouth - sleepiness - urinary retention - agitation - dilated pupils
63
Gravol
antihistamine - nausea d/t motion sickness adverse: - significant drowsiness - dizziness - blurred vision - dry mouth, nose, throat - constipation
64
maxeran
severe NV - blocks D2 receptors in brain preventing signaling to the vomit center in brain adverse: - drowsiness - extrapyramidal effects
65
ondansetron
serotonin receptor antagonist > higher levels of serotonin cause nausea - chemo induced NV adverse: - blurred vision - brady - anxiety - agitation - shivering
66
marinol
cannabinoids - antineoplastic therapy stimulates appetite adverse: - seizures - tachy - mood changes
67
haldol
antipsychotic but also helps control NV by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain adverse: - altered LOC - autonomic instability > changes in BP
68
H2-receptor antagonists
rapid absorption in SI ther: - duodenal ulcers, gastric - heartburn, GERD - ↓acid production in parietal cells adverse: ↓in platelets, RBC, WBC
69
pantoprazole
PO or injection - tx excessive stomach acid adverse: - kideny damage - exacerbate lupus
70
prednisone
- suppresses histamine - tx inflammation - autoimmune diseases adverse: - long-term therapy may result in Cushing syndrome - increases risk of infection - promotes GI concerns > pain, ulcers, bleeds
71
hydrocortisone
corticosteroid - adrenocortical insufficiency PO - d/c gradually adverse: - Cushing's - ↓immune response - weakness

NURS 200 (3 decks)

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