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1
Q

Impressionism (style term)

A

A late 19th–early 20th century style focused on atmosphere and suggestion, rather than strong emotion or detailed form.

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2
Q

Characteristics of Impressionism in painting & music

A

Painting: blurred forms, soft light, pastel colors. Music: modal/pentatonic/whole-tone scales, ambiguous tonality, fluid rhythms.

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3
Q

Claude Debussy (1862–1918)

A

French composer associated with Impressionism; known for atmospheric tone poems and piano works.

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4
Q

Tone poem / Symphonic poem

A

A single-movement orchestral work that illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, story, or other non-musical source.

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5
Q

Pentatonic scale

A

A five-note scale often used in folk and impressionist music.

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6
Q

Whole-tone scale

A

A scale made entirely of whole steps, often used by Debussy for a dreamy or ambiguous effect.

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7
Q

Modernism (style term)

A

Broad term for various 20th-century styles rejecting traditional forms and embracing innovation.

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8
Q

Avant-garde

A

Music or art that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox.

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9
Q

World War I (1914–1918)

A

A major global conflict influencing the shift toward modernism and disillusionment in the arts.

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10
Q

World War II (1939–1945)

A

Another global conflict that influenced modernist and post-war musical movements.

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11
Q

Exoticism (style term)

A

Use of musical elements from foreign cultures to evoke the ‘exotic.’

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12
Q

Primitivism (style term)

A

Artistic style that draws from pre-industrial or tribal cultures, often with raw rhythm and dissonance.

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13
Q

Characteristics of Primitivism in painting & music

A

Painting: bold colors, rough forms. Music: strong rhythms, percussiveness, dissonance.

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14
Q

Expressionism (style term)

A

A style focused on intense emotion, dissonance, and the subconscious; associated with Schoenberg.

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15
Q

Characteristics of Expressionism in painting & music

A

Distorted visuals, intense colors (painting); atonality, dissonance, and emotional intensity (music).

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16
Q

Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)

A

Austrian composer and pioneer of atonal and twelve-tone music; central figure in Expressionism.

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17
Q

Atonal music / Atonality

A

Music that lacks a tonal center; avoids traditional harmonic progressions.

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18
Q

Béla Bartók (1881–1945)

A

Hungarian composer known for blending folk music with modernist techniques; also a founder of ethnomusicology.

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19
Q

Ethnomusicology

A

The academic study of music from different cultures, often combining musicology with anthropology.

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20
Q

Historiography

A

The study of how history is written and interpreted; in music, refers to how musical history is constructed.

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21
Q

Tone cluster

A

A chord made of adjacent pitches, often creating a dense, dissonant sound.

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22
Q

‘String piano’ (Henry Cowell)

A

An extended technique where the pianist plucks or strums the strings inside the piano.

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23
Q

John Cage (1912–1992)

A

American avant-garde composer known for chance music and prepared piano.

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24
Q

4’33” (1952)

A

Cage’s silent piece that emphasizes ambient sound; challenges the definition of music.

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25
Prepared piano
A piano modified by placing objects between its strings to alter its sound.
26
Percussion ensemble
A group consisting primarily of percussion instruments, popularized in 20th-century music.
27
Aleatoric music / Indeterminacy / Chance music
Music where elements are left to chance or performer choice.
28
'Chance operations' (compositional process)
Cage’s method of using random procedures to determine musical content.
29
Graphic notation
A visual form of musical notation using symbols or drawings instead of traditional notes.
30
Cathy Berberian (1925–1983)
Avant-garde singer known for experimental vocal works like Stripsody.
31
Stripsody (1966)
Vocal piece by Berberian using comic-book sounds and extended vocal techniques.
32
Fantasia (genre)
A free-form, virtuosic genre for solo instrument.
33
Vocalise
A vocal composition without words, often emphasizing technique and expression.
34
Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
Russian-born composer known for rhythmic innovation and ballets like Rite of Spring.
35
The Rite of Spring
Ballet by Stravinsky (1913) known for its primitive rhythms and dissonance.
36
Ballet Russe / Russian Ballet
Dance company that premiered The Rite of Spring.
37
First performance of The Rite of Spring (Paris, 1913)
Infamous riot occurred due to avant-garde music and choreography.
38
Choreography / Choreographer
The art of creating dance movements / the person who creates them.
39
Ballet / Ballet score
A theatrical dance work / the music composed for it.
40
Block form
Compositional technique using abrupt, contrasting sections.
41
Commission (in music)
A request (often paid) to compose a new work.
42
György Ligeti (1923–2006)
Hungarian composer known for dense textures and sound-mass composition.
43
Sound-mass composition (style term)
Style where texture and timbre are emphasized over melody and harmony.
44
Film score / 'Scoring a film'
Music written specifically for a film.
45
Underscoring (non-diegetic)
Background music not heard by characters in a film.
46
Source music (diegetic)
Music that is part of the film's world and heard by the characters.
47
Four basic functions of movie music
1. Establishes mood 2. Sets time/place 3. Runs counter to action 4. Character development.
48
Leitmotif (in film music)
A recurring musical theme associated with a character or idea.
49
Tan Dun (b. 1957)
Chinese composer blending Eastern and Western styles; scored 'Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.'
50
Pipa (instrument)
Traditional Chinese plucked string instrument.
51
Stylistic pluralism / Polystylism
Use of multiple musical styles within a single work.
52
Quotation music / Musical quotation
Direct use of recognizable music from other works.
53
Collage / Pastiche
Musical work combining various elements, often referencing multiple styles or composers.
54
Minimalism (style term)
Style using limited materials, repetition, and gradual change.
55
Postminimalism (style term)
Evolved minimalism with more emotional content and complexity.
56
Spiritual minimalism (style term)
Minimalist style with spiritual or meditative intent.
57
Arvo Pärt (b. 1935)
Estonian composer known for spiritual minimalism and tintinnabuli style.
58
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939)
American composer blending modernism with accessibility.
59
Monophonic / Monophony
Single melodic line with no accompaniment.
60
Polyphonic / Polyphony
Multiple independent melodies played simultaneously.
61
Imitative polyphony
Melodic lines that imitate each other.
62
Non-imitative polyphony
Independent melodies that do not imitate each other.
63
Homophonic / Homophony
Melody with chordal accompaniment.
64
Pointillistic / Pointillism
Sparse, fragmented textures with isolated sounds.
65
Micropolyphony
Dense polyphony with slowly evolving textures.
66
Aria
Solo vocal piece, often in an opera.
67
Lament aria
Expressive aria that conveys sorrow.
68
Art song / Lied
Vocal composition with piano, often setting poetry.
69
Cantata
Vocal composition with instrumental accompaniment, sacred or secular.
70
Chamber symphony
Symphonic work for a small ensemble.
71
Chant
Monophonic sacred song, e.g., Gregorian chant.
72
Character piece
Short piano piece expressing a mood or idea.
73
Nocturne
Character piece evoking night scenes.
74
Concerto
Work for soloist and orchestra.
75
Concerto grosso
Baroque concerto with a small group of soloists.
76
Cycle (of art songs)
Collection of related songs performed together.
77
Double concerto
Concerto featuring two soloists.
78
Fantasia
Free-form, imaginative piece for solo instrument.
79
Film score
Music composed for a film.
80
Mass / Mass movement
Sacred choral composition using liturgical text.
81
Motet
Sacred choral work, often polyphonic.
82
Music drama
Wagner’s term for unified operatic work.
83
Oratorio
Large-scale sacred composition for voices and orchestra.
84
Opera
Dramatic work combining text and music.
85
Opera buffa
Comic opera.
86
Opera seria
Serious opera.
87
Piano trio
Ensemble of piano, violin, and cello.
88
Piano quintet
Piano plus string quartet.
89
Recitative
Speech-like style in vocal music.
90
Requiem Mass
Mass for the dead.
91
Singspiel
German opera with spoken dialogue.
92
Sonata
Instrumental solo work, often in multiple movements.
93
Song cycle
Group of songs meant to be performed together.
94
String quartet
Ensemble of two violins, viola, and cello.
95
Suite
Multi-movement work; dance suite, programmatic suite, or excerpts from larger work.
96
Symphonic poem / Tone poem
One-movement programmatic orchestral work.
97
Symphonic sketches
Descriptive orchestral movements, not a formal genre.
98
Symphony
Large orchestral work in multiple movements.
99
Vocalise
Wordless vocal composition.
100
Woodwind quintet
Ensemble of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn.
101
Solo
One performer.
102
Duet
Two performers.
103
Trio
Three performers.
104
Quartet
Four performers.
105
Quintet
Five performers.
106
Sextet
Six performers.
107
Septet
Seven performers.
108
Octet
Eight performers.
109
Nonet
Nine performers.
110
Medieval (450–1450)
Early period of Western music; primarily sacred and monophonic.
111
Renaissance (1450–1600)
Increased polyphony, modal harmony, and text expression.
112
Baroque (1600–1750)
Rise of opera, concertos, and basso continuo.
113
Classical (1750–1800)
Clear forms, balanced phrases, and tonality.
114
Romantic (1800–1900)
Expressive, emotional music with expanded harmony.
115
20th & 21st Centuries
Experimental styles, modernism, postmodernism, and global influence.

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