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Biology 1620 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The process of science involves testing ____

A

a hypothesis

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2
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

an infectious disease transmitted between animals and humans

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3
Q

How does a zoonotic disease transfer?

A

Zoonotic transmission increases when you are in contact or near potential reservoirs
for zoonotic diseases

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4
Q

Direct contact:

A

Touching, handling, or being bitten or scratched by an infected animal

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5
Q

Indirect contact:

A

Contact with contaminated surfaces, soil, water, or air where
infected animals have been.

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6
Q

Vector-borne transmission:

A

Being bitten by an infected arthropod (like a tick,
mosquito, or flea) that acquired the pathogen from an animal

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7
Q

Foodborne transmission:

A

Eating or drinking contaminated animal products (like
unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat)

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8
Q

What are essential nutrients and how do we obtain them?

A

amino acids that must be obtained from food

Animal products

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9
Q

Why are genome sizes reduced in endosymbionts and pathogens

A

They have lost genes they dont need (their host supplies it) and their genomes get smaller

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10
Q

Describe the logic of scientific inquiry

A

If my observations are accurate they will support my hypothesis

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11
Q

directional selection

A

one extreme of a trait is favored over other extremes or the average phenotype

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12
Q

disruptive selection

A

extreme variations of a trait are favored over the average trait within a population, leading to a bimodal distribution

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13
Q

stabilizing selection

A

individuals with average or intermediate traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with extreme traits

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14
Q

Coevolution

A

process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s
evolution through natural selection.

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15
Q

Coevolutionary Arms Race

A

specific type of coevolution characterized by an
ongoing struggle between interacting species, often leads to an escalation
of traits in both species

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16
Q

What is evolution? At what biological level does it occur?

A

change in the frequency of alleles over successive generations

POPULATIONS

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17
Q

What are the 4 ways populations evolve?

A
  1. Natural selection: competition between species
  2. Genetic drift: random fluctuation in allele frequencies due to chance events
    3.Gene flow: movement of alleles between populations
  3. Mutation: random changes in DNA sequence
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18
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

What conditions lead to natural selection?

A

Overproduction
Variation
Struggle for existence
Heritability

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20
Q

Homologous traits

A

characteristics in different species that share a common
ancestry

Forearms of vertebrates

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21
Q

Analogous traits

A

characteristics in different species that have similar functions but
have evolved independently and do not share a recent common ancestry.

Wings of insects and birds

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22
Q

What is the relationship between competitive ability and soil organic matter content?

A

Plants that are poor competitors are found in poor soil conditions

Plants that are good competitors are found in high quality soil conditions

Plants that were poor competitors had to adapt to survive in bad soil conditions

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23
Q

Explain the relationship between coral bleaching, zooxanthellae

A

Zooxanthellae provide sugars to coral and coral provides a home

when water is too warm, coral expels the zooxanthellae which turns the coral white

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24
Q

What host species can Giardia infect? How does it get transmitted and what is the advantage to this?

A

humans, rats, gerbils, hamsters, nutria

Trophozoites form into cysts in the large intestine. They can be expelled (feces) and consumed by another host.

A broad host range increases the chances of cross-species transmission and persistence.

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25
What are the benefits of rotating crops with legumes?
Adding nitrogen to the soil, legumes decrease the reliance on chemical fertilizers Reduced need for fertilizers and increased soil fertility. The one which conserves the most nitrogen would be best.
26
Which conditions are root nodules least likely to form with legume plants?
high soil nitrogen levels
27
What role do top predators play in maintaining diversity in food webs?
Prevents competitive exclusion by the competitively dominant
28
What happened to the community when Pisaster was removed?
significant decrease in species diversity. Mussels became the dominant species, outcompeting and crowding out other species
29
How did bagging the clipped branches affect communication between sagebrush plants?
prevented communication (the signal was airborne)
30
What is the relationship between doubling time and growth rate?
Doubling time is inversely related to growth rate
31
Descent with modification
modern species are descendants of ancestral species. These descendants have changed over time
32
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cant have:
mutations random mating gene flow genetic drift natural selection
33
Sickle cell
caused by altered amino acid sequence
34
How do organisms become reproductively isolated?
PREZYGOTIC 1. Habitat isolation (location) 2. Temporal isolation (breed at different times of day, seasons) 3. Behavioral isolation (different mating rituals) 4. Mechanical isolation (anatomical differences) 5. Gametic isolation (sperm cannot fertilize) POSTZYGOTIC 6. Hybrid sterility hybrid offspring are sterile
35
ecological niche
The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
36
fundamental niche
where the species could live if no other species were present (the niche potentially occupied by that species)
37
realized niche
the portion of a species fundamental niche that it actually occupies in a particular environment.
38
Negative feedback loop
dampens a stimulus, preventing excessive pathway activity (homeostasis, thermoregulation, blood sugar)
39
Positive feedback loop
reinforces a stimulus, driving a process to completion (APs, breast feeding, pregnancy, )
40
Evolutionary Mechanisms Leading to Adaptive Changes
Natural selection
41
Evolutionary Mechanisms Leading to random Changes
genetic drift, mutation, gene flow,
42
Why are populations of higher trophic levels smaller?
only 10% of energy is transferred from one level to another.
43
Mechanical digestion
physical breaking apart of food into smaller particles to increase the surface area available for chemical processes
44
Chemical digestion
uses a variety of enzymes to break large macromolecules into small monomers that may be absorbed into the cells of the body
45
why do we need digestion?
nutrients in most foods are in forms that are too large and complex to be absorbed directly into our bloodstream and then utilized by our cells
46
carbon sink
any reservoir that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases forests, oceans, soil
47
carbon source
any process or reservoir that releases more carbon into the atmosphere than it absorbs fossil fuels, deforestation
48
examples of how humans have impacted evolution of animals they hunt
fish: smaller adult size, reach age of maturity faster big horn sheep: horns are smaller
49
formula for independent assortment
2^n, where n is the number of chromosome PAIRS
50
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
when exposed to antibiotics, individuals with higher resistance survive and reproduce more, resulting in a greater frequency of resistant phenotypes in subsequent generations 53
51
reservoir or compartment
storage location for a particular nutrient within an ecosystem The size of a compartment is determined by the balance between the fluxes that enter and leave that compartment over time
52
Flux
rate of movement of a nutrient between different reservoirs or compartments
53
What is hamilton's rule?
rB > C Explains the evolution of altruistic behaviors (sacrificing own reproductive success to benefit others)
54
rB > C
r: relatedness between relatives B: benefit to the recipient C: cost to the altruist
55
All living humans have ancestors that originated as _____ in _____
homo sapiens Africa
56
carrying capacity
maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
57
Which plants have a symbiotic relationship with root nodule (rhizobium)? What do the bacteria provide to the plant?
Legumes (beans) Nitrogen
58
Double fertilization
one sperm fertilizes the egg to produce the zygote One sperm fertilizes two nuclei to produce the 3n endosperm
59
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Genotype frequencies that would be expected if the population were not growing
60
1. flowers are red and tubular with lots of nectar 2. UV guides to its nectar 3. large, white flowers with lots of nectar and bloom at night 4. produce most pollen
1. birds 2. bees 3. bats 4, wind
61
population bottleneck
population's size is drastically reduced, typically due to a sudden environmental event
62
founder effect
a new, smaller population is established by a small number of individuals
63
Detritivores
decomposers that eat nonliving organic material they recycle chemical material back to primary producers
64
Primary production
amount of light energy converted into chemical energy
65
Gross primary production
total amount of energy
66
Net primary production
GPP - energy used
67
Endothermy
warm blooded
68
Ectothermy
cold blooded
69
gastrovascular cavity
one opening that serves as the mouth and the anus
70
alimentary canal
complete digestive tract in which food moves along in a single direction
71
most chemical digestion and most absorption
small intestine
72
Vector-borne diseases
vectors acquire the pathogen from an infected host and then transmit it to a new host during a blood meal
73
Adaptive radiation
evolutionary diversification of a lineage into numerous ecologically specialized species within a relatively short period
74
Life-history traits
characteristics of an organism's life cycle that influence its survival and reproductive success
75
What are greenhouse gases?
CO2, NO, methane
76

Biology 1620 (2 decks)

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