Final

Question 1

Homans “exchange relationship” and possible evolution

Answer 1

two people will be in a relationship when each gets something out of the relationship; sometimes these relatonhips become institutionalized, incorporated into a bureaucracy, social relations; sometimes this will lead to them being more friendship instead of just transactional

Question 2

What type of way of thinking is “exchange relationship”

Answer 2

• Way to think about society/social structure as series of ties between individuals, groups, nation states

Question 3

Georg Simmel features of a dyad (3)

Answer 3

Group dissolved as soon as one person decides
High levels intimacy (less room for play acting, low secrecy, you know who took the beer in the fridge)
Egalitarianism (otherwise you would leave)

Question 4

George Simmel features of a triad (4)

Answer 4

1. birth of politics (two people can form coalition)
2. birth of secrecy
3. creates new roles (mediator, arbitror when two people disagreeing)
4. One of the parties could take advantage of other two (third world countries milking USA/Soviets)

Question 5

Simmel’s typology of groups

Answer 5

Small group
Party
Large group

Question 6

Simmel small group (and examples)

Answer 6

people in face-to-face contact that critically have shared focus of attention, all doing some thing,

ex. Old Cuban men playing cards together; egalitarian/friendship organizations generally. A lot of symbolic interactionist studies focus on small groups.

Question 7

Simmel parties (3)

Answer 7

like a cocktail people, people milling around;
multiple foci of attention, very different interaction patterns, people focused on different things,
probably great increase in social complexity

Question 8

Simmel large group (2)

Answer 8

governed more formally, often by written rules

tend to be status distinctions and formal roles/procedures

Question 9

What is Charles Horton Cooley’s typology of groups

Answer 9

primary and secondary groups

Question 10

Cooley Primary groups (3)

Answer 10

very important to invidual
members not replaceable
enduring intense ties that involve many aspects of social life

Question 11

Cooley secondary groups

Answer 11

Take up much less of life, maybe only one segment

Question 12

Examples of Cooley secondary groups

Answer 12

*work friends - if one retires or takes job elsewhere, less devastating than losing family member; professional sports teams that swap players

Question 13

Difference in how people will behave between Cooley’s primary and secondary groups

Answer 13

Generally make bigger sacrifices for primary group

Question 14

Reference group (2)

Answer 14

who you benchmark yourself against

psychological category and has implications for self-esteem

Question 15

Why is reference group significant for sociological research?

Answer 15

(have to keep this in mind when asking questions in sociology, since don’t know what reference group people have in mind when ask questions like do you think you make enough money)

Question 16

Example of reference group

Answer 16

o Immigration example: new immigrants often use people back in original country as reference group, and then people from original country that moved to the new country; but people’s children often benchmark against the people they go to school with.

Question 17

in-group and out-group (subjective meaning)/example

Answer 17

People that are like you/not like you (maybe determined on basis of race, people in same denomination, etc.)

Question 18

In group and out-group (power-relations meaning)/example

Answer 18

society has in-group (powerful people) and out-group (marginalized people) – often used in contexts with ethnicity involved, ethnic minority and majority (in-group might be ethnic group in power

Question 19

Examples of in and out groups (2)

Answer 19

Italians/Jews went from out group to in group in terms of power when becoming honorary white people; or like in England, new outgroup is Middle Eastern people, whereas Black/Afro/Caribbean people are now part of ingroup – maybe due to personal relationships, colleagues, sports – Black people now seen as “truly” English),

Hutus vs. Tutsis

Question 20

Examples of the sorts of things networks can influence/we can ivestigate (3)

Answer 20

Information cascades like parents talking about autism

social norms creeping through networks

remittances with migrants in US sending money back to family back home

Question 21

Diffusion/example

Answer 21

things in networks tend to diffuse out in a very broad way (like belief in the Qanon conspiracy)

Question 22

Ways to measure diffusion through a network (5)

Answer 22

Past behaviors (ask people who did they contact/meet/see, maybe in survey, source of information)

survey (who did you meet last week/how many times in week have you met certain people),

hypotheticals (imagine you needed to buy 10 dollar for bus fare, which of five friends would you first go to? Gives insight into who you think close friends are),

documents (shipping reports from East India Company to reconstruct network ties between ship captain

medical records – if you have a health emergency who should we contact)

Question 23

Embeddedness (2)

Answer 23

fact that no one in society is free-floating, everyone is embedded in a network

could be heavily/lightly embedded depending on how many ties you have in that specific network

Question 24

Embededness example

Answer 24

you might be a religious person, but are embedded in a network of a church; descriptor for when people are in a network

Question 25

Density

Answer 25

how many people are connected to each other in a network; more ties connecting more people in more ways; dense network has lots of ties crisscrossing and connecting individuals

Question 26

Centralized network (3)

Answer 26

pinwheel set-up: person at the center is the most powerful, since they know about all the things connecting to it, have control over information or distribution of resources feature of many dictatorships, the peripheries don’t know what they are doing, all information flows from the core

Question 27

Decentralized network (1 feature, 2 examples)

Answer 27

less clear that there’s a strong power differential between members of the network often used by terrorist networks, like Chinese triads, since if police investigate you, no one can name more than three people, very little flow of information outside of the group, slow the police down to go through whole network another example is Internet, designed with concept that if Russia did nuclear strike on data hub, would still have capacity to communicate, so Internet designed on this principle, emerged as highly robust decentralized network, deliberately have a network that has low density.

Question 28

Structural hole (2)

Answer 28

Have two networks very dispersed one, very dense one..someone might fill the structural hole between the two networks; that person has a lot of power because everything has to flow through them; place where there’s a gap in society and stuff isn’t getting through, if you can occupy it you become a very powerful player (brokers, middlemen, translators); get a lot of power purely from their structural location

Question 29

Mark Granovetter “strength of weak ties”

Answer 29

Says that weak ties have been underestimated: they enable networks to extend out throughout time and space in a way that strong ties cannot; you only have so much energy/ties to expend on strong ties, but it’s easy to have lots of weak ties

Question 30

Example proving weak ties

Answer 30

o Only about half of people get first job through formal channel (like card at employment agency, ad); other half of people got job since heard from other people that someone needs a job, like friend at Walmart who says mnager is looking for new hires)

Question 31

Weak tie (3)

Answer 31

only comes along occasionally/occupies a smaller part of your life (person that fixes your car once a year), not very emotionally involved/don’t know much about them weak ties extend out and have more social capital social media successful since it’s easy to collect hundreds of weak ties, also Linkedn

Question 32

Strong ties examples

Answer 32

strong tie would be like tie to family group, close friends, where much is shared, to your drinking buddy

Question 33

3 disadvantages of strong ties

Answer 33

everyone knows stuff limited pool of information not useful for getting a job

Question 34

Two ideas about networks

Answer 34

Stanley milgram's "six degrees of separation" Manuel Castells's network society and informationalism

Question 35

Stanley Milgram "six degrees of separation"

Answer 35

” (in theory, anyone on the planet can be connected through six degrees of separation) - experimental approach (told people in Nebraska to get a letter to Dr. Smith in New York City, people had to guesstimate how to get the letter there, send the letter to people who might know someone else; might send it to your cousin who lives in New York City; who sends it to their English friend from work; always try to guesstimate who can get closer to the target; 20% of letters made it in 5 mailings

Question 36

Manuel Castells Network society (3)

Answer 36

consists of communication technologies becoming more important than ever; pelple more connected than ever thanks to the networks they live in; information/knowledge flows through the networks of our society. Uses terms like “decentered” – think today there’s no center of knowledge, authority, or power, but everyone flows around (capital, symbols, etc.). his twist on postmodernity: Contrasted between modernity (individual nation states, industrial production as basis of wealth, Karl Marx power, flows of capital) with postmodernity (ideals, flows, decentered) way of coopting network to think about social networks today

Question 37

Manuel Castells informationalism/example

Answer 37

information and knowledge and symbols is what generates power in our society, not agricultural/industrial power. Google, Apple, Nvidia, social media – these giant cooperations involved in flow of networking, information flows, etc. are the most influential. Example of theory/metaphorical application.

Question 38

Collective action/example

Answer 38

a lot of people doing something doing something good for society as a whole – not just about crowds and demonstrations, not just about social issues digging a well, people coming together

Question 39

Key aspects of a social movement (5)

Answer 39

1. tend to be sustained effort to bring about social change, not just one-off; has a goal 2. Might have political aims, but not part of formal politics 3. Can be organized or fragmented (BLM deliberately fragmented, NAACP more centralized) 4. Attract people often deemed to be activists 5. can have single issue or endure over time on multiple fronts (social movement stops once succeeding in foiling plans for nuclear power plant v. Sierra Club to save Yosemite Valley but now rolling targets)

Question 40

New social movements distinction

Answer 40

imagined distinction old social movements being class-based movements like trade unions, about things like money and pay, voting rights (with MLK and women) new social movements being valued and identity based (recognition for gay marriage/trans based, diversity, social justice

Question 41

Why might new v. old social movement be problematic distinction (2)

Answer 41

something like race might tag onto housing, social justice campaigns often have an issue to do with pay; also maybe problematic because the “new” social movements have been around for a long time (Thoreau and John Muir as examples of environmentalism, slavery and abolitionism seems like a social movement)

Question 42

Most of sociology studies social movements from the left, but also have historically come from the right: examples

Answer 42

Proud Boys temperance inspired by Christian moralists KKK arguably MAGA is often value and identity based the Tea Party the Nazi party started off as a social movement Hindu nationalists)

Question 43

Resource mobilization theory (2)

Answer 43

social movements get somewhere if they mobilize their resources; used to focus more on material things, now shift to cultural/Human Resources

Question 44

Examples of material resources in resource mobilization theory

Answer 44

(communal space, money, means of communication) organizational resources (social network of the members, access to media platform, some internal sense of organization – local committees and chapters, protocol for holding meetings);

Question 45

Examples of cultural/Human Resources for resource mobilization theory

Answer 45

1. Personnel 2. framing

Question 46

Example of framing for resource mobilization theory

Answer 46

find a way to pitch message so that it resonates with people, boil it down to a core that works; might use PR/advertising firms to help them shape their message; example framing nuclear power plants as having risks for children; for abortion you wouldn’t frame it as women having the right to kill a 6-month fetus, would say that women have right to choose; or would say have right to life, not that we are forcing women to have babies

Question 47

Example of personnel for resource mobilization theory

Answer 47

volunteers, doorknockers at grassroots level, legal expertise preferably free/in house, accountants for donations coming in, leadership – preferably charismatic, good speakers, people who are good with the media, have soundbites, attention-grabbing; moral resources (able to convince people they were on the right side of history/doing just and right thing – this is why some social movements succeed despite their lack of resources; example MeToo didn’t have a bureaucracy but got a lot of public attention),

Question 48

What is a problem for participation in social movements?

Answer 48

Free rider problems/collective action o Require sacrifices from members (time, participation, etc.) o Free rider – can benefit without paying in, so rational strategy is to let everyone else work while you don’t contribute

Question 49

What predicts success in social movements (4)?

Answer 49

1. mobilization of social networks (if your friends will do it, you will do it too…what do people who are similar to you do, your social network sets a norm/script for you to follow); bring in a risk of shaming (worried that if you don’t show up, your esteem in the eyes of your friends will go down) – so many current social movements try to work through social media 2. Personal experience (if you’ve been assaulted or been subject to policing discrimination, you’ll have a sense of outrage and might show up); also not all the people involved had personal experience that still have a sense of moral obligation 3. Moral obligation (sense that something is deeply unjust) 4. Risk reduction (if you protest against Gaza, could have student visa retracted) – so successful social movements will reduce risk for members (example wearing masks to reduce identification) or making sure that enough people turn out

Question 50

What is a theory for what leads social movements to mobilizaoitn/success?

Answer 50

Resource mobilization theory

Question 51

3 phases in evolution of social movements over time

Answer 51

1. Emergence 2. Coalescence 3. Routinzation

Question 52

Emergence step in social movement evolution/example

Answer 52

Emergence – there’s an issue that some people know about/care about/have researched, others don’t. Example: HIV aids in gay community San Francisco 1980s – people saw their friends were dying; often a bunch of enthusiasts or people affected by it, no wider awareness

Question 53

Coalsence in a social movement

Answer 53

something inchoate becomes more solid; start to get literature, pamphlet and websites, lobbying politicians, regular meetings with speakers, efforts at advocacy and fundraising, get more organized rather than just a bunch of people trying to find out about people

Question 54

Routinization in social movement evolution/examples

Answer 54

having formal social movement organization, bureaucratization of social movement, becomes legally incorporated and has a headquarter building, formal rules and procedures of voting and membership, predictable stream of income, get full time salaried staff (examples: Sierra Club probably has lots of employees and cash flow; NAACP); gradually form bureaucratic organization that shifts them in certain ways

Question 55

Potential problems with highly routinzed social movement organization (3)

Answer 55

1. only requires relatively weak commitment from most members, doesn’t require deep moral commitment, can become ritualized and shallow, not good at generating moral fervor and belief 2. susceptible to factionalism (will have been formed against value-based set of ideas, so some people are really passionate and will want more radical steps taken…but once it’s bureaucratically incorporated, can’t break the law as much as individuals could (Sierra Club can’t bomb the pipelines ), so tensions within the organization between people who want radical steps and other people who want to make cool yet unsatisfying solution) – infighting over strategy and splitting over factionalism, another organization might splinter off - so sometimes they are too successful and become too incorpated into political system; 3. also once you become too bureaucratic, can’t ever solve any of the problems you set out to solve, since then would lose their jobs; always finds new frontier of problems to deal with)

Question 56

Crime

Answer 56

When you break the law, subset of deviance

Question 57

Deviance

Answer 57

violates social norms; cross-dressing, farting, standing too close to people; some are crimes, some are not. Generally a lot more deviance than crime (lots oof rude, annoying, insensitive things)

Question 58

Examples of crime/deviance being socially constructed and culturally relative (3)

Answer 58

1. Homosexuality is crime/deviant in the Middle East; alcohol in ME vs. New Orleans 2. laws for marijuana (now considered vaguely deviant, 20 years ago considered evil gateway drug) 3. age of consent

Question 59

What does social order mean in the context of crime/deviance

Answer 59

Narrow definition: following law and not being deviant, people following rules/conforming (close to way Hobbes thought about social order, less expansive than traditional sociologists)

Question 60

What does crime/deviance emphasize as solution to problem of social order?

Answer 60

Need for social control

Question 61

What happens when someone violates social order with criminal/deviant acts?

Answer 61

Social control in form of sanctions (formal/informal)

Question 62

Formal sanctions/examples

Answer 62

rule governed, administered by institutions; have procedures going to prison, traffic fines, someone expelling you from Yale

Question 63

Informal sanctions

Answer 63

take place interpersonally, much more casual; policing each other to make sure people are reasonably civil; (rolling your eyes when you someone tells a racist joke, telling someone to stop being a jerk, giving a dirty look); if someone cuts you in line, might invoke informal sanction

Question 64

4 reasons why society doesn't have a lot of deviants relative to what is possible?

Answer 64

1. Socialization/morality 2. Rewards and punishments 3. Visibility 4. Social approval

Question 65

1. Socialization/morality

Answer 65

most of us believe in doing the right thing, because of socialization and morality (taught as children what is right and wrong); people socialized to be moral beings and do the right thing

Question 66

Rewards and punishments (examples of each)

Answer 66

Society sets up rewards/punishments to incentivize certain lines of action aware there might be punishments if you plagiarize, so people self-police due to risk of punishment for infractions. Also rewards for being conformist (people will praise you for being a good person/resisting temptation)

Question 67

Visibility/examples

Answer 67

many spaces in society designed so we have a lot of visibility of each other, makes deviance difficult (in marketplace, having lots of people around makes stealing harder)

Question 68

Social approval

Answer 68

Rewards for conformity

Question 69

Why are formal sanctions just tip of iceberg/formal criminal justice system does almost none of the lifting?

Answer 69

b/c most people not doing crime in the first place; deviance more common, death with by informal sanctions formal criminal justice system only deals with more serious stuff

Question 70

Two lenses through which sociologists can look at crime

Answer 70

Crime as either "real" problem or "invented"

Question 71

When sociologists view crime as "real" problem (3 examples)

Answer 71

people working on criminal justice policy or policing going to research murders going to find out demographic correlates of murders,

Question 72

When sociologists view crime as "invented" problem (2)

Answer 72

slippery concept/culturally and historically relative certain crimes boosted in significance b/c criminal justice and formal sanction policies

Question 73

Example of viewing crime as an "invented" problem

Answer 73

want to understand how definitions of marijuana use changed over time, sometimes considered a crime sometimes not;

Question 74

Howard Becker constructivist theory of deviance (3)

Answer 74

deviance is invented/doesn’t really exist, treat it as something result of social process deviance is culturally relative, focuses on culture more than power, power can still play a role cultural relativism, cultural values that make, socially constructd

Question 75

Howard Becker Labeling Theory (3)

Answer 75

what the powerful people label as deviant; a deviant is someone to whom the label of deviant has been successfully applied (doesn’t matter what they actually did, what matters is society considers them to be deviant) sociology shouldn’t focus on deviant action itself, instead process by which people are labeled (in symbolic interactionism includes mentally ill, pervert, drug user, law breaker, gang member) by powerful people – Dodging:powerless people generally labeled by more advantaged, more advantage people usually able to dodge these labels (better financial resources/lawyers, often commit their crimes in private settings) – ex: Harvey Weinstein sexual predator with young women alone in hotel rooms, people can’t see what they were doing;

Question 76

Examples of labeling theory

Answer 76

maybe lobby group, there’s a more instrumental level; Christian temperance person motivation is religious; to benefit themselves or because they don’t understand; subtext way that people trample on diversity and interest in society; what sociolgy should focus on; within constructivist theory

Question 77

Example, according to Labeling theory, how more powerful people can dodge these deviance labels while poor people cannot

Answer 77

poor people more visible in public settings, selling drugs on the street more visible powerful peope insultaed by resources, reptuation, types of crimes they can do in private settigns

Question 78

Social control agents defintion/example

Answer 78

powerful groups and organizations label certain people as deviant. Example: police, psychiatrics, drug addiction counselors, school principals; have the power to call you crazy, criminal, drug user, delinquiet; courts also powerful labelling institution

Question 79

Moral entrepreneurs (4)

Answer 79

Tends to say we need more attention to certain crimes Pushing for more labeling of more people as “deviant” sometimes push for something to be moved from deviant to illegal category (temperance movement) can be whole social movements or government agencies

Question 80

Example of moral entrepreneurship

Answer 80

ICE prioritizing immigration issues

Question 81

Becker primary and secondary deviance

Answer 81

Primary: minor things, someone smoking a joint, fighting in a bar; the first deviance things someone do Transition: often get involved in spiral that sends life downhill (fight in bar, caught, go to court, labeled as violent offender). Has repercussions that shuts off legitimate opportunities for employment/social interactions with “normal” society. Secondary: Apparently drives people to interact with other people like them (get sucked into criminal subcultures, become more serious offender), commit secondary deviance

Question 82

Moral narrative implicit in Becker's primary/secondary deviance (3)

Answer 82

social control agencies somewhat responsible for crime labeling people too readily makes people shuts off legitimate opportunities and makes more serious criminals cascade effect

Question 83

Deviance as "master status" (2)

Answer 83

trumps every other status you might have, drowns out alternative opportunities for identification; cuts off opportunities for positive social interactions, leading to negative spiral and secondary deviance

Question 84

Steps of Becker's labeling theory

Answer 84

minor deviance - label - major deviance – self identity

Question 85

Why is labeling theory a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 85

Self-fulfilling prophecy; labeled as a criminal and eventually become one, think of yourself in terms of the subculture you are driven into

Question 86

Media and moral panics def/ex

Answer 86

Society gets worked up about something that is not a big deal, disproportionate reaction related to some kind of deviance (often either no deviance or not a big deal) Satanism and children, not a lot of Satanists running around abusing children, should actually be focused on all the people dying from drunk driving

Question 87

Reasons to be skeptical about Durkheim's social correlates for crime (poverty and masculinity)

Answer 87

Police/authorities of social control more concerned with certain types of crimes than others, like those in public spaces that men tend to do (young men take to take over public spaces in visible/noisy way, the crimes they do tend to come to the attention of the authorities) Poor neighborhoods more heavily policed than affluent communities, maybe less moral entrepreneurs for tax evasion and white-collar crime and crime from rich people, different age groups/cagtegories maybe doing different types of crimes, some crimes prioritized, more visible, ones young men do (guns, violence, drugs)

Question 88

Edwin Sutherland Differential Association theory and three important keywords

Answer 88

if you hang out with deviant people, you become deviant; if you hang out in church choir, you do not become deviant); we get socialized from the other people into values, motivations, techniques values, motivations, techniques!

Question 89

Subculture theory

Answer 89

Differential association theory morphed into this A lot of deviance done by subcultures where people belong to groups that teach them to certain ways of interpreting things/doing things not that bad pedophile priests

Question 90

Merton strain theory (3)

Answer 90

says that USA has more crime than comparable nations (Italy, Germany)…USA has American dreams, high aspirations for success, but limited means, so maybe people start to cheat…means ends. Maybe different values too (Asian nations with Confucianism might value loyalty to family more, but in USA big emphasis on material success, so people start cheating because of gap between their means and ends). Applied to money, but generalizable in some senses (taking performance-enhancing drugs for sports)

Question 91

Agnew modification to strain theory (2)

Answer 91

lots of people experience this gap between means and ends, but often there’s some triggering emotion that blocks this gap (divorce, loss of relationship, something happens in home country that radicalizes terrorists, getting sacked generate powerful emotions that lead you to trying to close the gap between means and ends).

Question 92

Relatie deprivation theory

Answer 92

If there is strain, the strain is relative to other people who are kind of like you if you find that people like you/your imagined peer group are doing better than you are, experience extreme strain, might start turning to crime to close means and ends gap. Specification of strain theory to something narrow.

Question 93

Travis Hirshi control theory

Answer 93

Builds on/flips Differential Association Theory to try to explain why most people are not criminals. Role of social bonds to conformity (invested in social life so have less incentive to cheat, although might think it’s morally wrong to do so).

Question 94

Travis Hirshi control theory

Answer 94

Builds on/flips Differential Association Theory to try to explain why most people are not criminals. Role of social bonds to conformity (invested in social life so have less incentive to cheat, although might think it’s morally wrong to do so). Bonds to conformity in high school students were predictive of not being delinquent; if you think you’re doing well in school, have stakes in conformity, have positive feedback from teachers, more olikely to be conformist

Question 95

What did Travis Hirshi control theory pay attention to

Answer 95

to time details. if you have social bonds to conformity, they soak up a lot of free time (go to choir practice, baseball practice) – you’re not sitting around at home engaging in risky/illegal activity.

Question 96

Lifecourse criminology (2 things that change)

Answer 96

Notices that many young boys are delinquent, but stop when become 25 or 26; at this point, many people find a serious relationship (the “good woman” keeps you in the house at night, so less likely to boost cars with friends); in a way you are invested in conformity here as well; women stop men doing crazy things. Other thing you get is job with prospects: start to feel you have a future, have a stake in conformity, stop doing crazy things (now you have stuff to lose)

Question 97

What accounts for life course criminology/underlying mechanism?

Answer 97

Role in conformity

Question 98

Explanatory theories for crime/deviance (7)

Answer 98

Durkheim social correlates Sutherland Differential Association subculture theory Relative deprivation theory Travis Hirschi control theory (why not criminals) Lifecourse criminology merton Strain theory Agnew trigger

Question 99

Crime explanatory -Durkheim social correlates

Answer 99

social correlates of suicide (male, Protestant); looking at crimes in the world today, find strong social correlates for who is doing certain crimes (often men under age 10-25 do most of crimes, girls are conformists/sensible, boys eiher crimanals, risk-takers, poorly socialized, outsider)

Question 100

More possible explanatory theory for crime/deviance

Answer 100

Rational choice theory Moral émotions theory Situational/opportunity theory routine activity theory Psychology Environmental/biological/medical

Question 101

Rational choice theory as explanation for crime

Answer 101

will commit crimes when you think the benefits exceed the costs, including the risk of being caught; people do a calculation to see how much they’ll gain, risk of being caught, if they’ll get away with it.

Question 102

Challenge to Rational choice theory as explanation for crime

Answer 102

Challenges to this: people who go to prison lose a lot of money.

Question 103

Jack Katz Moral emotions theory/examples

Answer 103

Opposite of rational choice theory; crime is irrational and driven by powerful emotional dynamics; almost no crime about making money more, about the thrill you get Ex: Ex: teenagers stealing not valuable stuff, pleasure they get from playing game appearing to be normal/engaged in legitimate enterprise but actually doing something sneaky.

Question 104

Situational/opportunity theories of crime (2)

Answer 104

Switch attention from the offender to the context. Think about setting and opportunity (unlocked bicycle, bathroom windows left open) – a lot of the crime we have is b/c crime is possible and easy to do.

Question 105

Routine activity theory (and 3 main components)

Answer 105

Focused on predatory crime of people in streets for how situations drive crime. Ex for mugging: probably something been drinking, motivated offender lurking around, no one else on the street. Eligible victims, motivated offender, absence of capable guardian

Question 106

Psychological explanation for crime

Answer 106

Not ‘criminal mind’; but impulsiveness, risk taking traits, etc. – might be driven by biological processes, maybe evolutionarily adapted

Question 107

Environmental/biological/medical explanations for crime (3 examples)

Answer 107

o lead in petrol seems to make people more impulsive o possible that tumors effect the way you think o maybe hormones/testosterones

Question 108

Official crime statistics sources

Answer 108

police reports, court records, prison census, arrest/eviction record

Question 109

Why should you take official crime statistics sources with grain of salt

Answer 109

there’s always more crime going on then they report (some is unreported/undetected)

Question 110

Problems with official crime statistics sources (3)

Answer 110

reported v. invisible, which could reflect institutional priorities. (Ex: FBI making more drug arrests might not mean drug use is on the rise, could just be institutional priority to clamp down on drugs Filtering through the system, more and more stuff drops out (arrest records more than convictios more than prison sentences). Can pick up speeding offenses better in ticketing/arrest records than in prison records. Things show up in different places in the data. Crime not reported in the first place

Question 111

Why is crime not reported? (7)

Answer 111

o People don’t like the police, don’t want to escalate the situation o You’ve already had contact with police, was very negative, worried they will start framing you o You have something to hide yourself (stolen car), don’t want police poking around o Might be embarrassed by what happens (could expose you having an affair) o Person who committed crime is friend/family member you don’t want to get in trouble o Threat of retribution from perpetrator (ex. Domestic violence) o Not worth your time (know the will never solve the case), net drain on your time in terms of rational choice theory, no point

Question 112

FBI Uniform Crime Reports.

Answer 112

Collect info from all police information in America Report trends/aggregate crime.

Question 113

What might be problems with FBI uniform crime reports (3)

Answer 113

Institutional priorities Underestimate property crime Differences in reporting protocols for different police departments

Question 114

Crime victimization surveys.

Answer 114

Aimed to get at the “dark figure of crime” – ask them if you’ve been a victim of crime; reveals a lot of trivial crime that never gets reported to the police. Pick up that there’s way more crime going on then FBI ones.

Question 115

Problems with crime victimization surveys

Answer 115

fitting the crimes people report into standardized legal categories, what counts as “assault,” so therefore would have to be very specific with lots of tedious questions, people don’t have a common language; tend to focus on people that live in fixed abodes; oversupply of retired white people from picket sense suburbia, affluent/older people who have time and are excited to answer surveys but these people are often not the victims of crime, but we should really focus on poor/marginal/documented/homeless people who are more eligible people but less likely to report to the police, rodeo workers, migrant workers, people who work on fair grounds, so surveys might underestimate the amount of activity going on

Question 116

Reasons Durkheim gives for why crime/deviance sometimes good for society (2)

Answer 116

innovation (these innovative, creative thinks just labeled as crime/deviance, actually part of broader civilizational project) good for morality building (the act of denouncing crime enables us to talk about what is valuable) –

Question 117

Examples for why crime sometimes good for society (Durkheim)

Answer 117

talking about sexual predators help reinforce norms about normal sexual behavior, reinforces our moral boundaries through act of contemplation

Question 118

Durkheim on crime as a movable bar

Answer 118

we move the bar on what is considered a transgression (in a monastery, the monk was naughty because he had a second piece of cake, small thigns take on big significance in certain contexts; in the Sound of Music when Maria is told off for being late for mass, “How do you solve a problem like Maria”, even in a society of saints there is deviance, which is needed to reaffirm importance of showing up on time for religious services

Question 119

Sport is just fun, so why bother to study it? (5)

Answer 119

BUT it is linked to class, race, and gender orders (reflects and generates these) – ideal models of male/female bodies, provides us with ideal ways of thinking about race, sports imagery tied into our vision of social class and privilege Important sector of economy (jobs, $, etc.) – a lot of income that relates to sports and leisure There’s also people catering to people in terms of sports medicine Reflects modernity and postmodernity (sport you get reflects the society you are in/the place you are in social evolution) – sport as a mirror of society Connected to body (norms and ideals), self-identity (nationalism; people feeling nationalistic when watching Olympics or soccer) and ideology

Question 120

Allen Guttmann “Ritual to Record”

Answer 120

Weberian analysis (legal-rational authority, bureaucracy, iron cage of modernity) all of these Weberian elements fell into place over last centuries in evolution of sport: Standardized rules Bureaucracy Statistics Disenchantment/secularization (not connected to meaning) Specializaition (specific roles)

Question 121

Trobriand cricket (4)

Answer 121

cricket brought by missionaries in the South Pacific, but the natives adopted the game and took it in their own direction took this modern game and brought it back to “ritual": lots of group chants and music, reintroducing ritual element (people also cheer if opposing team scores almost reversion of modernity for example, the host team always winseveryone takes part (team can be as big as you like, even most feeble man can participate) it’s an excuse for feasting

Question 122

Norbert Elias/Eric Dunning reduction in violence (2)

Answer 122

In West become less and less used to violence, threshold changed over time (duels banned, ice hockey going to blood bay from cut) more rules to regulate violence

Question 123

Foucoultian perspectives on sport (3)

Answer 123

Discipline (training to be good at a sport, maybe by you discipling yourself since you’ve internalized the world of discipline and order). Science (scientific approaches on nutrition, improving performance time; Foucault thought experts were evil and controlling people). Surveillance (monitor sports people with cameras, time with stopwatches). Lots of stories of sports people being abused/bullied for underperforming might give credence to this.

Question 124

3 other things to note about sports in the modern era (3)

Answer 124

Globalization (transition from cheese-rolling to FIFA). Capitalism (corporations making money off it it). Nationalism (most people feeling very nationalistic during sporting events).

Question 125

5 challenges to modernity narrative in sports

Answer 125

1. Emergence of sports rejecting modernist forms (Tribordian cricket) 2. Survival of premodern elements in today's sport culture 3. Retro and nostalgia sports 4. Rise of virtual/online sports 5. Shift toward play

Question 126

Shift towards play sports

Answer 126

E.g. snowboarding (much more supportive than competitive environment, focused on pulling off cool trickets), skateboarding culture (also supportive) v. skiing (much more organized and success driven), soul surfing (people who are into going to romantic, quiet places; interested in retro technology like wooden boards instead of fiberglass) v. pro-circuit (professional sponsors involved)

Question 127

Rise of online and virtual sport

Answer 127

sports involving simulation of imagery world

Question 128

Retro and nostalgia sports

Answer 128

sports (playing tennis with wooden rackets; flyfishing with a bamboo rod). Ironic sports. Expressive.

Question 129

Survival of premodern elements in today’s sport culture (2)

Answer 129

violence (still celebrate people that are violent in rugby), sacred aura (people who are best at sports we think of as having magical properties, carry with them sense of having special charismatic gifts, doesn’t seem like they are soul-trained to be uninteresting), etc.

Question 130

Bourdieu on sport and class (3)

Answer 130

mechanism of exclusion: different levels of cultural capital associated with them; largely helps classify/segregate people people in dominant social classes familiar/reasonably competent at these sports (yachting, polo, tennis, shooting); working class (basketball, football, darts); dominant class collects cultural capital in forms of excellence in certain sports, whereas working class people excluded (don’t have point of entry through a network, often don’t have the money to sustain it);

Question 131

Body types and class for sports (examples for each class)

Answer 131

ideal body types vary by social class these are reflected in sporting bodies for upper/middle class; prototype for this is a tennis player, Novak Jocavich, muscular but not muscle bound); working class men like a more muscular body (body of boxer, basketball player); these body class ideals reinforced by sports

Question 132

Sports influence on ideology (3)

Answer 132

Normalizes/naturalizes the idea that social life should consist of competition that generates winners and losers (winners/losers are an aspect of capitalism); provides vanilla vaneer of why capitalism is normal/natural/the way things are (if it was always art on television, you would think life is about contemplation/creating beautiful things) some people who are very capitalist like Trump use a lot of sporting metaphors

Question 133

Mike Messner on sport and gender (3)

Answer 133

sports celebrates hegemonic masculinity (likes rough guys who can fight). Reinforces gender order (shows that men are strong, women less strong) Connects to violence and sexual assault (inspired by sports to go home and beat up women).

Question 134

Why do sports present problems for female athletes? (2)

Answer 134

dominant form of femininity – a watcher, passive, sexually available; women often depicted as doing watching and waiting activities creates a problem for women, who must be sporty, muscular, and brave – how can you be both female and a good athlete at the same time

Question 135

Result of women in sports the problem

Answer 135

gender displays and impression management (sexualized advertising for Nike; female athlete tries to show that she’s heterosexual, sexually available, not a lesbian, not too muscular; photos will also likely feature the male spouse and children);

Question 136

Evidence that perhaps women in sports image is changing (2)

Answer 136

David Beckham wears wife’s clothes, likes nail varnish (gender bended?) Roller Derby involves women wearing sexy clothing, but fighting each other, have violent names (maybe challenging the gender order in some ways)

Question 137

Stereotypes of race in sport (2)

Answer 137

African considered to be “naturally” good at sport; physically demanding roles go to black people, cerebral” means you’re Asian or white; can argue that it impacts what positions you get into, more cerebral positions like quarterbacks go to white people, coaches usually white

Question 138

How are sports used as domain of protest for racial order

Answer 138

people using visibility of sport to say something about the racial order, Colllin Capernick

Question 139

Sport status order/jobs/prestige/rewards and affect on gender order (process)

Answer 139

often go to white people... since advertisers like white people more than black people since white people have more money to buy stuff advertisers appeal to people who have more money to buy stuff by including images of people that look like them

Question 140

Economists view of education as (4)

Answer 140

education = human capital. More human capital the better, as it makes society more productive and better. Can look at human capital individually (common sense view) or for “system” needs (“labor economics” loves education) Teaches skills for workforce.

Question 141

What else is included in sociologists "beyond common sense" view of education

Answer 141

networks/romance Socialization (adult, politeness, sharing) The self (less family influence, more tolerant) sorting (different life prospects, signal to employers) Stratification/inequality (educational outcomes translate to social outcomes) Elite reproduction (elite universities --> CEO) The state (regulation) Economy (educated people gerate wealth) Politics (political protest) ideology (meritocracy)

Question 142

social reproduction

Answer 142

society keeps going, keep fueling industrial system and stuff; but also refers to reproduction of the class system/inequality – middle class parents have kids that enter middle class themselves

Question 143

Why is meritocracy problematic idea

Answer 143

not level playing field, if you are smart might just be life chanecs you have

Question 144

How might you measure educational attainment over different groups?

Answer 144

Race, class, migration Shows diverse outcomes (affluence, human capital, language, etc.)

Question 145

Differentiation in education

Answer 145

separates out from religion/theology etc. (education institutions used to be religious)

Question 146

The state in education

Answer 146

state intervenes in education, linked to state power, reinforces ideas of nation (inculcating national values, particularly through teaching of history)

Question 147

Democracy/citizenship in education

Answer 147

seen as right of modern individual (modern thing, human rights didn’t exist until 200 years ago)

Question 148

What is growth of education tied to?

Answer 148

Rise of knowledge economy/postindustrial economy

Question 149

Education and modernity: 5 features

Answer 149

Differentiation Bureaucracy State Democracy and citizenship Knowledge economy

Question 150

5 important theories of education

Answer 150

1. Durkheim's Moral education 2. Boles and Gintis hidden cirriculum 3. Paul Willis "Learning to Labor" 3. Max Weber's occupational closure 4. Randall Collins' Credential inflation

Question 151

Durkheim Moral Education theory of education

Answer 151

education plays important role in forming citizens; when kids go to school learn what it means to be an adult, drags them way from family and own religion; education in France got people to realize there was a serious world out there, “la vie serieuse,” helped people realize they had a duty and responsibility.

Question 152

Paul Willis. “Learning to Labor.” theory of education

Answer 152

says how does education lead to reproduction, it has nothing to do with curriculum/teacher, outcomes dependent on the culture of the working class boys where you get high social value for disobeying. (ethnography in city school, mostly white; flips things away Resistance leads to working class jobs (since they didn’t take school seriously); masculinity also tied in here (if a boy is good at school, might mean they are a wimp/unmanly, listen to authority/obey instructions, since code of masculinity involves showing disobedience; also goes well with differential association theory

Question 153

Max Weber occupational closure

Answer 153

Role of educational credentials to be in authorized in-group. (when people shut the doors of their occupation/pull up the ladder for high status positions like accountants, doctors, lawyers). Law (state punishes people who are not authorized to do these things). Exclusion. The state is typically heavily involved, groups will go to the state and say we do this properly, other people don’t do things properly, you must stop them; they say it’s in the public interest for this to be regulated/only educated people participate). So education influences whether you can get thee state to make laws that gives you monopoly on certain types of income.

Question 154

Randall Collins credential inflation theory of education

Answer 154

more and more people chasing jobs, qualification level for jobs keep going up, too many applicants so need way to filter people, do so by asking for credentials.

Question 155

Does Randall Collins credential inflation think the qualifictaions mean you do a better job

Answer 155

No - just way for employers to filter out people, leads to inflationary spiral where more people keep pursuing more jobs

Question 156

Why does Randall Collins say credential inflation is collectively dysfunctional? (2 reasons)

Answer 156

since lots of people have degrees, not enough jobs, can lead to arms race in getting degrees to try to get to top of the list. Also waste of time chasing jobs

Question 157

Example of credential inflation

Answer 157

: degree in creative writing, might need degree to get degree as adjunct professor; a lot of great writers in the past are self-trained

Question 158

Meritocracy (2)

Answer 158

society rewards people who is smart and works hard Education plays level field where poor kids can get ahead

Question 159

What does sociology show about meritocracy?

Answer 159

Once we control for background variable, individual talent and skill do a lot less

Question 160

What did James Coleman do social background v. school quality

Answer 160

went around and investigated a bunch of schools and their properties (teacher qualifications, structural things, student to staff ratio, number of books in library) then compared it to the kids’ performance on test,

Question 161

What did James Coleman find with school background v. school quality

Answer 161

only income and occupation of parents back home actually had an impact on improving people’s test schools even in a really well resourced school, kids will suffer); social background is the most important thing here, not the quality of the school.

Question 162

What are some resources at home that account for greater success in eduucation (2)

Answer 162

Parenting styles Habitus

Question 163

Parenting styles leading to better education (3)

Answer 163

1. middle class parents explain things to their kids, doesn’t happen as much in working class families 2. middle class parents interact/get along with teachers, working class maybe intimidated by teachers 3. working class parents feel like it’s school’s job to educate,

Question 164

Habitus

Answer 164

your knowledge of high culture, sense of confidence and ease

Question 165

What does Bordeau say about education and habitus (3)

Answer 165

teachers have teacher’s pets/favorites, often the ones that have this habitus; kids that don’t make trouble, are at ease with materials; schools are a sham because teachers reward people like them, homophily in the classroom); feedback affects, since if get rewarded with teacher feel more confident

Question 166

Summer slide

Answer 166

all kids go down between May and Setpember, since not in school and forgot skills, but in the summer the working class kids go down more than the working class kids since parents not as active in their education, compounding into middle class kids getting ahead

Question 167

How might summer slide be used as a counterargument to resources at home being all-important argument

Answer 167

shows that school does something, even for poorer kids, their scsores go up during school year; middle class kids getting two sets of inputs, home plus school; but everyone does benefit from school

Question 168

Tracking

Answer 168

separates kids into different groups based on intelligence;

Question 169

Implications of tracking (2)

Answer 169

1. unfair since centers on habitus, gives privileged kids advantage; 2. people seem to perform to the level they are told they are

Question 170

Education and inequality talking points

Answer 170

1. Meritocracy 2. James Coleman school background v. school quality 3. Resourecs at home 4. Summer slide 5. Tracking

Question 171

School segregation

Answer 171

Different schools have different qualities, schools in more affluent areas often do better.

Question 172

Why does school segregation occur?

Answer 172

Rational choice and collective action Rational action is to put all kids in same school; disadvantaged kids would be helped by smarter kids in the classroom; but can’t do this since we believe in freedom in America, so people self-sort (move to area that have better schools if you can move, other people get left behind)

Question 173

Problem of expectations about diversity and intersection with class

Answer 173

when survey rich white parents, they want diversity BUT really they want kids to be in school with kids of color with high achieving parents, want right amount/type of diversity, white people tend to bail out when diversity hits a certain level

Question 174

Why can’t we do anything/much to turn schools around

Answer 174

“choice” is maybe a problem not a solution (individually rational for some people to do things that are not good collectively), but removing choice is an attack on “freedom” and seems to be going too far

Question 175

Why is media important?

Answer 175

We are in information society Media affects spread of info

Question 176

Why do Marxists say media is important?

Answer 176

Media is main source of reproducing ideology, beliefs that make them happy and keep them uncritical of capitalism

Question 177

Why do journalists say media is important?

Answer 177

Preserving democracy; need information for informed choices/voting, source of culture and value

Question 178

Positive view of the media (a few)

Answer 178

preserves democracy investigative journalism of corruption and abuses good for children (Sesame street helping poor children learn to read and write) keeps citizens informed and politicians powerful

Question 179

Negative view of the media

Answer 179

insufficiently critical of existing institutions things like Love Island trivial don’t lead to good citizens

Question 180

Why are most sociologists not big fans of mass media

Answer 180

tends to accept/reproduce status quo instead of questioning it in a radical way; tends to focus on blips instead of big questions like what is wrong with race/gender order,

Question 181

Why might media be a challenge to symbolic interactionalism?

Answer 181

Technological evolution/globalization For the first time disembedded people from face-to-face contact in everday life, form opinions by reading information from people you’ve never went o Symbolic interactionists are resistant to the idea that people can change their minds/values without these face-to-face interactions

Question 182

What are some implications of technological evolution/globalization with media

Answer 182

o Gave people chance to think about world could become beyond their embedded networks o Now don’t rely on town crier, sense of bigger scale, locality matters less and less

Question 183

How might media be a source of power (4)

Answer 183

1. Distance: t’s power over information and storytelling that can operate at a distance over thousands of people 2. (Amplify) effects of any one individual if you can get control of forms of symbolic production to the many 3. Fame: can also become famous by being visible in mass media 4. can influence opinions

Question 184

collective identity (def/ex)

Answer 184

feeling like you’re part of something more than just yourself identifying as black or an Eagles fan

Question 185

How does media play role in sustaining/building natioanlism/nation-state?

Answer 185

Printing press and newspaper important for rise of national identity

Question 186

Benedict Anderson “imagined community

Answer 186

never meet all the people in your nation, but still feel like you have something in common with them;

Question 187

Explanation for Anderson's "imagined community"

Answer 187

; this came about because people were opening the newspaper, which told you about national events, give you idea that you’re a member of a nation with certain interests; in 1830s people may have had stronger ties to their local town or ethnic group instead of to their nation; newspapers made people elevate sense of national identity much more in Victorian Era

Question 188

What is key in creating imagined communities?

Answer 188

Media like newspapers q

Question 189

Michael Billig "banal natoinalism"

Answer 189

“banal nationalism” – tend to think that nationalism takes place during big parades, July 4, inauguration of a president, but it is actually churning around all the time in the background, way that people classify/identify themselves

Question 190

What is example of banal nationalism

Answer 190

postage stamps on your letter with American hero reading about U.S. soccer team

Question 191

Katz and Dayan “media events

Answer 191

places where nation state/national identity comes to the forefront; they existed up until 1990, when people would gather to watch big news events on TV

Question 192

Importance of media events

Answer 192

these were all organized around the nation, important part of making people feel like part of nation

Question 193

Why have media events become more fragmented?

Answer 193

Internet

Question 194

Examples of media events

Answer 194

election results world cup soccer Olympics moon landing celebrations disasters competitions

Question 195

Talking points for media and modernity (6)

Answer 195

Technological evolution/globalization Media as source of power Role in building nation-state "imagined community" banal nationalism media events

Question 196

What does production of culture perspective look at?

Answer 196

Looks at how media content and industries are organized and what jobs are like (values, folkways, etc.) that produce “content”

Question 197

How is production of culture perspective similar to symbolic interactionism?

Answer 197

people know what the norms are/what to do, even if they don't know why

Question 198

Themes of selection, editing, sponsoring, rejecting, gatekeeping, etc. from ethnographies of newsrooms

Answer 198

Select things based one what people think is interesting Editing based on professional norms

Question 199

Herbert Gans “Deciding What’s News” (1979) what was it

Answer 199

Ethnography to see what happens when people do news; looked at newspapers

Question 200

Herbert Gans “Deciding What’s News” (1979) findings (4)

Answer 200

they supported law and order over disorder selected stories they thought were “newsworthy” based upon journalist’s common sense Jounralists like to quote credible sources that could be named Journalists are working to a tight deadline, go to rule of thumb/template to get job done

Question 201

Implications of newspapers selecting things they thought were "newsworthy" based on it being an event you can tell a story about

Answer 201

bad for long, extended discussions of structural issues like racial problems or structural housing problems

Question 202

Implications of newspapers liking to quote credible sources that can be name

Answer 202

gives privilege to people in privilege of power because if you can quote police chief/mayor, little people are excluded from the news (people in position power tend to be quotable since have konown identity, people not known have less credibility)

Question 203

Implications of newspapers working tight deadline/sticking to rule of thumb

Answer 203

News due to these standards in industry and time constraints sometimes means lower quality

Question 204

What does Consumption/reception of culture explore?

Answer 204

o Explores impacts and interpretations of audiences

Question 205

Mass society and the hypodermic mode

Answer 205

huge audience, small number of people producing content audiences are strongly moved by emotional content of speeches society consisted of a mass of dupes and elites who did broadcasting, dictators could control people with control of media/persuasive rhetoric

Question 206

Implication of the mass society/hypodermic model

Answer 206

no longer a critical and engaged citizenship

Question 207

Example of hypodermic model

Answer 207

Hitler says something, people believe it like it’s injected ingo them

Question 208

What does C. Wright Mills say about “mass” vs. “public?

Answer 208

too much of a mass, not enough of an engaged public thought USA used to be a public thinking critically about the news, wanting to evaluate policy in sensible way

Question 209

Paul Lazarsfeld “two step flow”

Answer 209

noticed that speeches were first interprated by people in authority who controlled interaction setting, then told to other people; not everyone gets the message directly, there’s an authority figure/"opinion leader" they trust who tells them what it means.

Question 210

How did Paul Lazarsfeld get the findings for “two step flow”

Answer 210

looked at political speeches and asked people what they thought of it,

Question 211

Examples of Paul Lazarsfeld two step flow

Answer 211

example family sitting in home, father telling family which aspects of the speech were good trade union representative telling people which parts of politicaisn speech were good)

Question 212

Agenda setting

Answer 212

the media can’t tell media what to think, only what to think about) - set agenda of what’s newsworthy/should be thinking about, tells us where our concern should be

Question 213

Two implications of media agenda setting

Answer 213

1. form of power 2. other issues stay off the radar

Question 214

How does agenda setting fit well with Marxism?

Answer 214

Trivial stuff distracting from more important structural matters

Question 215

Stuart Hall encoding/decoding model

Answer 215

1. Says the media does reproduce things in the interest of capitalism, but Herbert Gans had some good ideas; media professionals have a set of vocational understandings 2. Different way media professionals encode things 3. Different ways audiences read things

Question 216

What is encoding in encoding/decoding model?

Answer 216

news story infused with pro-capitalist values but packaged as professional news story according to those norms (so hard to get structural issues on the table)

Question 217

What is decoding in encoding/decoding model?

Answer 217

what people do watching the news (if journalist says “national interest,” that actually means its in the “capitalist interest”)

Question 218

different readings within encoding/decoding model

Answer 218

Dominant Oppositional Divergent

Question 219

Dominant reading within encoding/decoding model

Answer 219

the one capitalist system wants you to get, this strike is a bad thing, national reading

Question 220

Oppositional reading in encoding/decoding model

Answer 220

you push back against that capitalist narrative, those workers deserve more pay

Question 221

Divergent reading in encoding/decoding model

Answer 221

the person doesn’t get the story at all, it means something different to them, commenting that Trump should get a haircut and don’t actually pay attention to what they are saying

Question 222

Talking points for production of culture perspective (5)

Answer 222

1. Herbert Gans “Deciding What’s News” 2. Agenda setting 3. Mass society and hypodermic model Paul Lazarsfeld "two step flow" 4. Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model

Question 223

Darnell Hunt “Screening the LA Riots”

Answer 223

a guy beat up by American police, the cops got off; Hunt showed news footage of the riots to white/black people in different neighborhoods, found two different readings of same footage; black people saw this as protest against injustice, white people saw lawlessness and violence (the white people were encoding dominant model of white order, black people encoding oppositional one maybe)

Question 224

Janice Radway “Reading the Romance’

Answer 224

historical romance novels ideologically problematic (dark mysterious stranger that takes advantage of woman but she falls in love); the women reading the book are aware they are reading problematic products that don’t correspond to real lives, but reading is still a way of recovering time from the woman’s others responsibilities

Question 225

Two examples of audience ethnographies

Answer 225

1. Darnell Hunt “Screening the LA Riots 2. Janice Radway “Reading the Romance’

Question 226

Why is there difficulty in reading off "impacts" in audience ethnography?

Answer 226

hard to prove causaility to the media product, since we lead complex lives

Question 227

2 examples of it being hard to read off impacts in audience ethnography due to proving causality?

Answer 227

1. found that people who like Hitler like watching war movies, teenage pregnancies linked to watching too many barbie movies 2. Hard to know if your choice of newspaper influenced who you are voting, or if you selected it in the first place due to your disposition,

Question 228

Major new differences with new media and social media (4)

Answer 228

1. People can produce stuff for themselves 2. much more democratic 3. a lot of filtering and hierarchy has disappeared 4. can communicate directly at low cost with each other

Question 229

Potential of new/social media?

Answer 229

voices of repressed can be heard (since no longer have hierarchy, potential for more democratically inclusive forms of content)

Question 230

Counteraguent that new/media is more democratic and good development?

Answer 230

seems that internet is still biased against black people, just like traditional news, so did it really change?

Question 231

Sherry Turkle “Alone Together”

Answer 231

people in coffee shops just go and fiddle on their own devices, not interacting together thinks it makes people more lonely, lower-quality interactions, making people more isolated than before

Question 232

Melissa Wall “Africa on YouTube”

Answer 232

looked at uploads on Africa in Ghana and Kenya – uploads on YouTube tagged Ghana or Kenya had tourists uploading stereotypes of wild animals and tribesmen, the locals weren’t posting political monologues about capitalism/colonialism, instead posting sports and pop musicians

Question 233

Implications of “Africa on YouTube”

Answer 233

the locals weren’t posting political monologues about capitalism/colonialism, instead posting sports and pop musicians (YouTube is not a transgressive media challenging colonialism, maybe argument that new media does not change much)

Question 234

Dennis Waskul. “Sex in Second Life”

Answer 234

inhabit an Avatar; online, people double down on conventional gender characteristics, “people just wanted to have outrageous sexual fun in this digital universe” (Professor Smith), don’t try to escape from the binary as they could have

Question 235

findings about racial/sex bias with interaction with bots

Answer 235

reinforce bigoted opinions AI summaries problematic and biased

Question 236

Four examples of pushback to new media/social media

Answer 236

1. "Alone together: 2. "Africa on YouTube" 3. Sex in Second Life" 4. AI/bots reinforcing bigotry

Question 237

Findings from 1990s on digital divide

Answer 237

demographics was aspect of digital divide; now not so much

Question 238

Global North v. South digital divide/why its problematic

Answer 238

most world sites available in English but not other languages; so Internet is not utopian, but actually reproduces colonial relations since most material is in the colonial language

Question 239

Why is Arab springs good news for digital divide?

Answer 239

protestors against nasy dictators, social media helped people organize protests and feel confidence about confronting power

Question 240

Why is technology getting cheaper good news for digital divide?

Answer 240

so exclusion being reduced

Question 241

How can digital technology leapfrog development phases?/2 examples?

Answer 241

poorer nations might be able to catch up 1. people in Africa using cellphones to pay; 2. Somalia, cell phone tower still exist and are not vandalized since war lords put them in their compounds and get money from cell phone corporations for protecting them, everyone in Somalia can get service

Question 242

Three good signs for the digital divide decreasing/technology being used for good

Answer 242

1. Arab springs 2. Technology getting cheaper 3. Leapfrog development phases

Question 243

Gestalt switch

Answer 243

“people’ to “bodies”, personality drops away and you are left with vision of society just as a bunch of biological creatures objective view

Question 244

Why can Gestalt switch be good for sociology?

Answer 244

Can look at society more objectively

Question 245

There general views of the body

Answer 245

1. Resource (lets society do stuff) 2. Liability (problem that hs to be solved) 3. Both (problem converted into a resource)

Question 246

Chris Schilling what 4 changes brought attention to the body?

Answer 246

1. Social trends and body sociology (feminism, abortion) 2. Technology (surgery, medicine) 3. Consumerism (sports industry, cosmetics) 4. Aging (aging population)

Question 247

Bryan Turner somatic society

Answer 247

Every known society must convert bodies from liability to resource; 4 things to be solved

Question 248

4 things to be solved in Bryan Turner somatic society

Answer 248

1. Reproduce 2. Regulate 3. Train 4. Represent

Question 249

Reproduce in somatic society

Answer 249

have babies, children being brought up bring to attention function of medical systems, nutrition systems, what do we do to produce new people and keep them happy/healthy

Question 250

Regulate in somatic society (2 main mechanisms)

Answer 250

Why: otherwise might not perform social functions properly, bodies potentially disorderly, could go and perform crime; How: could do this either through coercion or socialization; regulating crowds of people like in Disney Land

Question 251

Train in somatic society

Answer 251

Foucault, robotized movements, drilled, working on assembly line, trained to do activities for industrial production/warfare

Question 252

Represent in somatic society

Answer 252

Coordinate with other bodies, come together in networks and be in joint tasks Weberian/Foucaultian vision of modernity (society consists of increasingly more ways of controlling bodies)

Question 253

What did Michel Foucault say about the body?

Answer 253

Historical shifts in control of the body (sovereign, disciplinary, biopower)

Question 254

What was Foucault's three-fold model of control of the body?

Answer 254

Force Training Desire (society can shape/control desire in appropriate ways)

Question 255

Why might Foucault's theory of the body be pushback against Chris Schilling?

Answer 255

Foucault also researching the body brought it into the body, not soley from external forces

Question 256

Sovereign body in Foucault

Answer 256

before 1800, was king over the people, physical power involving whipping people, tying them up, etc.; either exerted power on people or used the fear to get people to stay in line

Question 257

Disciplinary body in Foucault

Answer 257

the factory, roboticized motions, training body to be docile, get people to stop being individuals, start performing functions

Question 258

Biopower body in Foucault

Answer 258

need babies for factory/armies, sexology – counting bodies, census came up in historical era

Question 259

Norbert Elias civilizing process

Answer 259

800 years ago much less control over body, fart loudly, urinate publicly, public sex; like sports – originally violent, became less and less violent over time;

Question 260

Two aspects/examples of Elias' civilizing process for body

Answer 260

Display (increasing level of shame for public nakedness, less sex in public) Regulation (eating peas with fork, folding napkins)

Question 261

What is the causal model within Elias' civilizing process? (5 steps)

Answer 261

1. Middle Ages - chaotic, payoff to be angry person 2 End of MA - power consolidated in centralized states 3. Now - world full of court and intrigue, double dealing and whispering, violence is not way to get ahead but rather having high levels of self-control/civility 4. Shift in nature of power/how to get ahead led to people regulating their behaviors 5. Norms trickle drown through society to lower classes

Question 262

Emile Durkheim. Homo duplex

Answer 262

man on the one hand is a biological organism, driven by instincts, with desire and appetite and on the other hand is being led by morality and other elements generated by society.

Question 263

Elaborate on body being liability/problem for Durkheim (and example)

Answer 263

Linked to material, desire, sensory pleasure/sensation, somehow closer to nature than to culture take people away from culture, stops you from being a fully cultural person and engaging in higher life example, you are hungry when watching a movie, body stuff takes over higher-order cultural function, or even it.

Question 264

Examples of body being led by morality/society for Durkheim

Answer 264

Ritual use and Prohbitions

Question 265

Expand on ritual in Durkheim's homo duplex

Answer 265

body very useful for rituals, many cultures found way to turn from liability into resource

Question 266

Expand on use and prohibition in Durkheim's homo duplex

Answer 266

prohibitions on sex and other kinds of activities allows body to star to become a source through which they can find the sacred

Question 267

Extension of homo duplex with Randall Collins

Answer 267

Centrality of body in interaction ritual wherever bodies are in sync, the people feel good about each other, sense of solidarity and powers them up emotionally, little tiny gestures that people do, rhythmic entrainment Body released by certain music like at a rave, feel comfortable dancing

Question 268

Bourdieu class in relation to habitus

Answer 268

People's certain way of being cultured/self working class clunky and clumsy, will look more uncomfortable; middle/upper class have more ease/confidence

Question 269

Marcel Mauss "techniques of the body"

Answer 269

we like to think that we are doing the most effficienct thing to do/biological, but in reality body is highly socialized in way it moves/does tasks.

Question 270

Three examples of Marcel Mauss "techniques of the body"

Answer 270

1. French women started walking differently after watching American movies 2. French/American men dig trenches differently 3. Preferred sexual positions varied cross-culturally

Question 271

Some talking points for body as sociological topic (5)

Answer 271

Chris schilling on why it emerged Bryan Turner somatic society Michel Foucault three-fold model Norbert Elias civilizing process Emilie Durkheim Homo Duplex

Question 272

Tacit/embodied knowledge

Answer 272

know stuff that don’t know that you know it; turn on iPhone, scroll on iPad, no one ever taught you, not reflexive of it, driving Body is clever/knowledgable

Question 273

Example of tacit/embodied knowledge

Answer 273

Example of David Sundown's "Ways of the Hand" taught himself to become jazz pianist, gradually becomes competent pianist, was doing stuff automatically and didn’t know why his hands were doing it, missing link of consciousness, like sightreading

Question 274

Iris Marion Young “Throwing Like a Girl

Answer 274

In our society, girls don’t throw as well as boys (fragile, restricted) Shaped by gender order: girls are not encouraged to be athletic, girls’ sports don’t encourage throwing if you’re a girl who throws well, you become liability to won gender identity, whereas guys get bonus points for throwing well) (fragile, restricted, shaped by gender order). ;

Question 275

Donna Haraway. Posthuman. Cyborg body

Answer 275

world is changing, need to be able to theorize interface between humans and machines better; having hip replacement makes you a cyborg; what is a human body when it interfaces with technology

Question 276

More talking points for body (5)

Answer 276

Pierre Bordeau habitus and body Marcel Mauss "techniques of the body" Tacit/embodied knowledge "Throwing Like a Girl" Cyborg/posthuman

Question 277

What are some unhealthy behaviors connected to beauty

Answer 277

anorexia, vomiting, diety, teenage suicide

Question 278

Where do ideas about beauty come from?

Answer 278

Mass media and celebrity culture

Question 279

In what ways are ideas about beauty problematic

Answer 279

Racialized (white features valued more) Class structure (middle-class woman thinner, so ideal body_ Eurocentric (devalues large parts of the world)

Question 280

Rewards for beauty/meeting conventional beauty norms (2)

Answer 280

Might make more money to other people otherwise equivalent can make more advantageous marriage (physical attractiveness of women could be leveraged to person looking to marry)

Question 281

Why does no one much study rewards for beauty/meeting conventional beauty norms?

Answer 281

because beauty seems to be randomly distributed, so sociologists would struggle to find any structural factors

Question 282

Body work. Body project. Body regime

Answer 282

People trying to work on/improve their bodies, good for low-level ethnographic studies (people lifting, training for marathon, yoga)

Question 283

Michael Atkinson 3-part typology for beauty

Answer 283

1. camouflaging 2. extending 3. adapting 4. redesigning

Question 284

camouflaging in Atkinson beauty typology

Answer 284

women with makeup, people with disfigurements and how it is hidden

Question 285

extending in Atkinson beauty typology

Answer 285

do things to make body better than what it is already, eye glasses

Question 286

adapting in Atkinson beauty typology

Answer 286

body-building, trying to make it a different body; dieting

Question 287

Redesigning in Atkinson beauty typology

Answer 287

plastic surgery, breast enhancement, leg lengthening, tattooing – how are you responding to world around you/sense of self

Question 288

Commodification of the body

Answer 288

ties to capitalism - body becomes something through which people can make money, many corporations that have something to do with the body not in a strictly health way, ties to racial/gender order Examples: beauty and weightlifting magazines, websites, so

Question 289

Example of control theoyry

Answer 289

Bonds to conformity in high school students were predictive of not being delinquent; if you think you’re doing well in school, have stakes in conformity, have positive feedback from teachers, more olikely to be conformist

Question 290

Marx view on religion (2)

Answer 290

a component of an ideology - makes them put up with lot in life, since even if life terrible might be afterlife, instead of challenging capitalism. Didn’t think religion did a lot of listing

Question 291

Weber's view on religion (3)

Answer 291

Unlike Marx, Weber thought that that religion had made big difference in the world/economic life; says modern capitalism/economic system has religious origins. Comparative sociology of world religions. “Idealist” explanation of modernity with role of religion (focus on doctrine; every religion has to have answer to problem of suffering and salvation, view on what happens after death and what purpose of life is (predestination)

Question 292

Weber's theory on Protestant ethic and predestination (4)

Answer 292

predestination is psychologically traumatic for Protestants wanted to know if they go to heaven or hell; so developed mechanism…if they do well in life financially, means God likes you, you are going to heaven, looked for beliefs of God’s favor translated itself into relentless economic activity and rational accumulation of wealth and reinvesting money…so careful counting of money rational money/acquisition led to capitalism

Question 293

This worldly activism and connection to capitalism

Answer 293

Protestants attempt to build God’s kingdom on earth, build perfect communities that worship God, so Protestants became super engaged and active in trying to make things better, “this worldly activism” drove pilgrims to Plymouth Rock to form perfect religious community, etc., also leading to capitalism.

Question 294

Weber's Asceticism and capitalism

Answer 294

Even if had money, not flashing it around.

Question 295

Weber's "Iron Cage”

Answer 295

modernity is an iron cage full of rationality

Question 296

Consequence of "iron cage" for Protestants

Answer 296

colossal unintended consequence; they started off being super religious, but process of rational cumulating and investing led to emergence of soulless modern world where God disappeared

Question 297

Key terms to connect with Weber on Protestant ethic?

Answer 297

Predestination "This worldly activism" Asceticism Iron Cage

Question 298

Eastern religions (3)

Answer 298

Retreatism and meditation as way to salvation for these people revered for being a hermit found salvation by turning inwards/retreating from world,

Question 299

Consequences on Eastern religions

Answer 299

catastrophic in terms of developing industrial modernity with science, technology, world conquest, etc.

Question 300

West: Disenchantment

Answer 300

Protestantism stripped of religious foundations, left with dull world of rationality, emotionally unsatisfying, secularization

Question 301

secularization

Answer 301

secularization (religion becoming less important in society - ironic consequence

Question 302

Two perspectives from classical sociology on religion

Answer 302

Marx Weber

Question 303

How do we measure secularization? (6)

Answer 303

Behavioral measures Cultural things What peoples about their own religion Politically, separation church/state Rise of scientific explanations and justifications Declining influence of the Pope

Question 304

Examples of behavioral measures to measure secularization

Answer 304

church attendance measures, prayer, if donate to religious organization

Question 305

Examples of cultural measures for secularization (3)

Answer 305

modesty and dress codes marriage ceremonies and where they were held/religious officiator what proportion of educational institutions are religious;

Question 306

Examples of people's own thoughts on their religion (3)

Answer 306

Spiritual/belief in God Surveys: atheist/agnostic How often do you feel sacred in your life

Question 307

Reasons for secularization (2)

Answer 307

1. Rise of science 2. Growth of tolerance

Question 308

Why is growth of tolerance leading to secularization? (2)

Answer 308

since a lot of religion thrives on the idea that there is a literal truth to religion, things start to become relativized  Migration/contact with people from other religions

Question 309

Common pushback arguments against secularization (4)

Answer 309

White Christian nationalism Eurocentric set of beliefs Displayed in different ways (spiritual just not doctrine) American exceptionalism

Question 310

Why might you say secularization is Eurocentric set of beliefs?

Answer 310

secularization literature obsessed with things in Europe, but Islam, Mormonism, evangelical Christianity is on the rise

Question 311

What is American exceptionalism argument against secularization?

Answer 311

maybe Europe becoming more secular, but people still going to church a lot in America

Question 312

Sect (5)

Answer 312

people self-select into it because of powerful beliefs charismatic community fairly egalitarian makes big demands on your time, little less extreme than cult

Question 313

Church (5)

Answer 313

bureaucratic more paperwork and organized doctrine more hierarchical, born into it, don’t self-select into it; makes less demands on you

Question 314

Examples of sect

Answer 314

: pilgrims on the Mayflower, put up with the misery because they were with other people who believed

Question 315

Ideal types

Answer 315

some churches have adopted sect-like behaviors (example: megachurches are bureaucratic, large cash-flower, yet simultaneously demand ecstatic displays of contract with the sacred with followers, try to get back to sect-type experience

Question 316

In what way are sects/churches kind of like social movement organizations?

Answer 316

start out in coffee house/bedroom, then end up being large bureaucracy, original people think they are too complacent so maybe a cycling where successful sect has to become a church since a certain number of followers require organization, but as it becomes more churchlike they become disaffected, feel sideline, lacking from intense religious feeling.

Question 317

Church and sect typology components (4)

Answer 317

Church Sect Ideal types Similarities to social movements

Question 318

A religious sociology (3)

Answer 318

religious element to everything in every life Vision of religion opposite to Weber's iron Cage the sacred has always/will be around, sacred = persistent, non-material social fact;

Question 319

The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Durkheim)

Answer 319

– looked at ethnographic materials from aboriginal Australia, looked at their religious ceremonies

Question 320

What did The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Durkheim) note? (2)

Answer 320

Sacred vs. mundane Australian corroborate/totem/ritual remnants of sacred

Question 321

Sacred vs. mundane distinction (Durkheim) - 3

Answer 321

something set aside from the mundane Profane everyday, humdrum stuff Universal to all religions

Question 322

Australian corroboree

Answer 322

tribal gathering, religious ceremonies with dance, music, chanting and contact with the totem.

Question 323

Totem

Answer 323

sacred thing for the tribe, could be a rock or a stick; ceremonies involved worshipping totem/working with it.

Question 324

Examples of ritual in Australian corroboree

Answer 324

The profane had to be set aside through fasting, self-denials of food or other things in advance feel excited/had contact with higher power

Question 325

Durkheim still thinking sacred with us today? (4)

Answer 325

soldier dying for flag in battle, sacred emblem of the nation, we think our nation is special people queasy at blood since it has supernatural power associated with it people who think the environment gives them contact with special powers, renewing family, law, property, the self (giving people personal space, people surrounded by little bubble of the sacred)

Question 326

Edward Shils and Michael Young coronation study

Answer 326

coronation of the queen not that different from the corroboree still a ritual with a goal of national renewal, the sacred nation is affirmed by the people

Question 327

W. Lloyd Warner. “Yankee City” study (4)

Answer 327

studied key rituals in annual calendar year, zeroing in on Memorial Day saw that everyone came out for it people felt sense of civic belonging and connection to the past sense of what we owe to ancestors.

Question 328

Robert Bellah. Civil Religion in America. (2)

Answer 328

bit more diffuse than Christianity and Judaism; they just talk about God in Constitution, but not Christianity; God somehow chose America, people kind of believe this, major national ceremonies celebrate this, speechmakers often talk about God and American destiny.

Question 329

Arguments for why civil religion can be good (2)

Answer 329

Can call upon people to be the best they can be for America to be better nation (democracy, freedom, inclusion, improvement) civil religion sets higher standard people can aim for in trying to make better country

Question 330

Three things supporting Durkheim's "religious sociology"

Answer 330

coronation study "Yankee City" Civil Religion in America

Question 331

Social determinants of health and illness (2)

Answer 331

health and illness map onto social inequality Tend to be poorer people and minorities

Question 332

Things already disussed medical sociology

Answer 332

social determinants of health and illness

Question 333

Health care "political economy"

Answer 333

19% of GDP, people involved in health and caring professors (doctors, nurses, cleaners, cooks), pharmaceutical taking up more and more of GDP since we have aging population 11% of workforce

Question 334

Universal care systems (2)

Answer 334

like Canada/British National Health Service everyone pays through tax dollars, get health coverage for free

Question 335

Why do sociologists like universal care systems? (2)

Answer 335

efficient, less bureaucratic overload helps poor people; the people that benefit most are people who use them a lot (older, with children, pregnant, enduring health care conditions)

Question 336

Problems with universal care systems (2)

Answer 336

people who paying taxes might not get sick not great for young, single people who are robust

Question 337

Market systems of health insurance

Answer 337

people pay for what they need or for health insurance

Question 338

Disadvantges of health insurance market systems

Answer 338

; poor people lose out, since health care expensive, rich and poor people expected to say same for health care premium

Question 339

Why is the U.S. a hybrid system? (3)

Answer 339

people over 65 have Medicaire, the population group that uses the most healthcare, so heavy users tend to be covered for free also complicated system of tax breaks for employers to provide health insurance for employees, so kind of subsidized by government; super poor people get Medicaid (emergency room treatment is free)

Question 340

Why is U.S. system inefficient/is universal model better? (3)

Answer 340

have public, health sector, insurance providers; they all have different interests regarding making or saving money, so lets of bureaucratic friction; lots of government regulation, bureaucratic overload, Universal reduces bureaucratic overload

Question 341

systems that exist cross culturally, throughout history; deeply rooted in meaningful culture and everday life

Answer 341

personalistic and holistic

Question 342

Personalistic (2)

Answer 342

believe in curses, witchcraft, fate; you’re sick b/c someone’s mad at you, God willed it, so particular focus on cure. Cures often fusion of medicine and religion (prayer, purification rituals, might also take aspirin)

Question 343

Holistic

Answer 343

focus on balance within body, example yin and yang in China, Greek’s four humors

Question 344

Biomedicine rundown (3)

Answer 344

emerges as a result of modernity; strips away sets of meanings, replaces it with dispassionate, iron cage, much less personal and holistic

Question 345

Elements of biomedicine (6)

Answer 345

1. belief in science, not supernatural 2. Separation of mind/body 3. standard playbook for cure 4. institutional forms of modernity 5. prestige of doctor 6. heroic medicine

Question 346

Argues for separation of mind and body

Answer 346

body is series of mechanical system, chemical stuff

Question 347

Standard playbook for cure (2)

Answer 347

instead of cure being adapted to who you are as a person/your social situation/life narrative mechanical fix for a mechanical system

Question 348

Associated with institutional forms of modernity

Answer 348

hospitals, pharmaceutical cooperations, legal regulation of medicine, professional closure (educational credentials used by groups to seal off access to what the do, can charge more money for them)

Question 349

Associated with prestige of doctor

Answer 349

so maybe healers have high status in all cultures, especially in modernity; doctors ranked highly on Wisconsin model)

Question 350

Heroic medicine (2)

Answer 350

things like brain surgery, heart transplants, body scanners, high-tech equipment heroic interventions involving high levels of skill and expense are great source of status

Question 351

Medicine taking over many aspects of social life that used to belong to communities/everyday culture

Answer 351

like how people became more uncomfortable with death, ti taking place in medical institutions instead

Question 352

Takes away people’s rights to medicate/cure

Answer 352

legal restrictions, control

Question 353

More and more things defined as medical problems might not actually be medical problems

Answer 353

the control of childbirth, used to be done by women in community; now become a medicalized thing, maybe intruding in women’s bodies, more meaningless form of childbirth

Question 354

o Creeping goal post:

Answer 354

medical profession establishes something is a problem, the moves goalpost so more and more people swept up in category ex: standards for obesity seem to sweep up more than half Americans; autism and twitchy leg season (there’s a medicine for that)

Question 355

Overmedicalization and overprescription

Answer 355

opioid epidemic, not looking for alternative cures

Question 356

Interpersonal aspect

Answer 356

physicians bullying people and not listening to people; often alienating, 5-minute experiences

Question 357

Institutionally

Answer 357

growth of pharmaceutical companies

Question 358

Features of medical dominance (7)

Answer 358

1. taking over many aspects of social life used to belong to communities/everday culture 2. take away right to medicate/cure themselves 3. Overmedicalization/overprescription 3. More things defined as medical problems 4. creeping goalpost 5. interpersonal aspect 6. Institutionally

Question 359

Foucault take on medical sociology (4)

Answer 359

suspicious of medicine didn’t like professions and experts (thought a vector for power over other people in our society) the medical gaze picture of objectification

Question 360

Foucault the medical gaze

Answer 360

the fact that doctors look at patients, have power over them to diagnose and heal, this was authorized with birth of physician as a profession

Question 361

Foucault picture of objectification

Answer 361

doctors used to try harder to understand/listen to people, now medicine become more formulaic/imposition of power

Question 362

Marxism take on medical sociology (2)

Answer 362

pay differentials in medical professions: lower-status jobs get paid much less, exploitation very few people from lower-class backgrounds become surgeons role of medicine in reproducing the labor force (people are patched up so they can go back to work)

Question 363

Feminist take on medical sociology (2)

Answer 363

medical system involved in oppressing ad overpolicing women/regulating their bodies Boston Women's Collective

Question 364

Boston Women's Collective (4)

Answer 364

a book by female doctors and social movement many of feminists seemed to be more radical than others, maybe it imploded men medicalize women’s issues like childbirth, menstruation, breath-feeding; excuse to survey and control women political interventions counterproductive; medical technologies like birth control not well thought through

Question 365

Two types of social movements within medicine

Answer 365

Illness-issue based Social justice based

Question 366

Social justice-based medical movement example

Answer 366

Black Panthers (had food kitchens and medical clinics for people)

Question 367

Social justice-based medical movement message (2)

Answer 367

Associate health with themes like liberation and equality arguing existing biomedical context serves affluent people

Question 368

“Antipsychiatry (2)

Answer 368

movement of philosophers in 1960s, idea that many psychiatry conditions invented, people who were different/thought outside box were labelled as mentally ill mental illness diagnoses were linked to power (people who were dissidents in Eastern Block put into mental asylums)

Question 369

Labelling theory in medical sociology

Answer 369

D.L. Rosenhan experiment – had people show up to mental asylums, had to say crazy things and be locked up, and then behave normally, and in no case was the person’s normality ever detected

Question 370

What does labelling theory experiment in medical sociology show?

Answer 370

shows stickiness of labelled, once you are labelled as mentally ill hard to shake it off, people interpret your normal behaviors through the lens of mental illness

Question 371

Doctor/patient interaction studies (4)

Answer 371

see what happens when patients mix with doctors they show doctors dominating the interaction; doctors don’t tend to listen to people, have a narrow frame for what they want to continue and want to deal exclusively with phsycial symptoms as quickly as possible higher status people get more attention, better at arguing and pushing and getting the treatment they want lower status people get bullied by doctors the most

Question 372

Qualitative health research example

Answer 372

Illness narrative

Question 373

Arthur Kleinman illness narrative (3)

Answer 373

whenever they’re ill, they always have stories about being ill, what was like before ill, how they became ill; whenever they get ill it’s deeply meaningful to them as a story, but medical establishment not interested in these stories unlike people from holistic/personalistic medicine when people listened to you

Question 374

Latrogensis (2)

Answer 374

medical systems create problems when trying to solve them, or unintended consequences to medication; side effects and negative consequences as a result of biomedicine bleeding ulcer from medicine; might need to take more drugs to manage effects from other drugs;

Question 375

Ordinary everday experiences in medical sociology/critical implication (3)

Answer 375

what’s it like to have cancer, give birth, etc.; people have different social meanings depending on social background and experiences (you lose a leg v. me losing a leg, means different things suggesting biomedicine one-size-fits-all not quite right

Question 376

Wider cultural shifts sociology of medicine

Answer 376

suspicion of authority, expertise, trust. Etc. (people think they know better than experts) distrust leading institutins of U.S., eroding confidence in modern medicine/biomedicine

Question 377

Important talking points for sociology of medicine (12)

Answer 377

Foucault Marxism Feminism/Boston Women's Collective Social Movements Antipsychiatry Labelling theory Latrogenesis Doctor/patient interaction Qualitative health research/illness narrative Ordinary everday experiences Wider cultural shifts

Question 378

Public health (5)

Answer 378

tends to focus on populations, not individuals focuses on ways to save thousands of lives as much, wholesale not retail approach (“heroic medicine” v. “soap and water”); has focus on infrastructure (housing, clean water, sanitation); mantra is prevention is better than cure, can work with thigns in the community/try to moblize communities, thinks about social context of disease, heroic medicine saved far fewer lives than public health (typhoid in London disappeared when had clean water supplies); cheap fixes

Question 379

* Complenetary and alternative medicine (“CAM”) (3)

Answer 379

accupunture, traditional Chiense/Mexican medicine, psychadelics undermining authority of biomedicine (biomedicine has struggled to deal with chronic conditions, arthritis, migraines, where CAM seems to work in many cases) the knowledge base is not scientific knowledge base, but many people use it anyway, seems to work for many people, but don’t know why scientifically

Question 380

Internet “Dr. Google” (2)

Answer 380

undermining biomedical authority can look up own symptoms and medications and what their side effects are (previously would have to have medical textbooks),

Question 381

Consumerism medical sociology (3)

Answer 381

linked to Dr. Google people start to shop around for medication/diagnosis they want (like in autism paper) with modernity, lots of options, referral networks play in, medical field no longer isolated, people keep going until they get what they want

Question 382

Shifts in medical training. Cooptation or change? (2)

Answer 382

Medical training used to be heavily focused on science side of things today a lot more about interpersonal relationships, interaction with patients, cultural sensitivity, more exposure to community issues, MCAT has sociology component

Question 383

Challenges to biomedicine (5)

Answer 383

Public health CAM Dr. Google/Internet Consumerism Shifts in medical training