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PSYC 1100 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the detection of external stimuli and the transmission of this information to the brain

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2
Q

perception

A

the processing, organization and interpretation of sensory signals

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3
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

doesn’t naturally elicit a response; presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception based on the physical features of the stimulus

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

how knowledge, expectations or past experiences shape the interpretation of sensory information

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6
Q

transduction

A

the process by which stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret

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7
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation

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8
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

theory stating that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgment; not all/nothing. there must be: - sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of distractions from other stimuli - the criteria used to make the judgment from ambiguous information

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10
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

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11
Q

retina

A

the thin inner urface of the back of the eyeball; it contains the sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals

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12
Q

rods

A

retinal cells that respond to low levels of light and result in black-and-white perceptions

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13
Q

cones

A

retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in color perception

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14
Q

fovea

A

the center of the retina, where cones are densely packed

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15
Q

learning

A

a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience

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16
Q

nonassociative learning

A

response after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

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17
Q

associative learning

A

drawing a connection between two stimuli or events that occur together

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18
Q

observational learning

A

acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior

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19
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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20
Q

sensitization

A

an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

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21
Q

classical / pavlovian conditioning

A

a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response that already produces that response

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22
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

a response that does not have to be learned; a reflex, ‘knee-jerk’ reaction, default reaction

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23
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning

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24
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that elecits a response only after learning has taken place

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25
conditioned response (CR)
a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned
26
acquisition
the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
27
stimulus generalization
learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response
28
Thorndikes' Law of Effect
When a consequence is favorable, the behavior attached to it is likely to be continued
29
Ionic memory
storage of visual information
30
Echoic memory
storage of auditory information
31
implicit memory
the system underlying unconscious memories
32
explicit memory
the system underlying conscious memories
33
Ebbinghaus' theory
within an hour of learning new information, people tend to forget up to 50% of it. Forgetting new information is exponential.
34
Serial position effect
the idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle
35
Spacing effect
long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time
36
Mnemonic devices
learning aids or strategies that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues; ex, acronyms representing information
37
Encoding
the processing of information so that it can be stored
38
amnesia
a deficit in long-term memory; a result of disease, brain injury or psychological trauma
39
interference
something that makes information difficult to recall similar material; similar memories compete, causing each to be harder to remember
40
concepts
a category or class of related items; mental representation of an item
41
prototypes
a way of thinking about concepts; there is a best example for each category, called a prototype
42
hierarchies
concepts are ranked above one another based on specific criteria
43
heuristics
shortcuts or informal guidelines used to reduce the amount of thinking needed to make decisions
44
availability
the availability heuristic is making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
45
representative
the representativeness heuristic refers to placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to one's prototype (or best candidate) for that category
46
algorithms
a set of step-by-step procedures that provide the correct answer to a specific problem
47
insight
the sudden realization of a solution to a problem
48
confirmation bias
individuals interpret new information as confirming a preexisting belief or idea and ignores evidence that contradicts these belliefs
49
belief perseverance
maintaining a belief despite information contradicting it
50
framing
the tendency to emphasize the potential losses or gains from a choice when decision making
51
mental set
a temporary readiness to perform certain functions that influences the response to a situation or stimulus; ex, applying a previously successful technique in solving a new problem; a preparedness to perform one type of task causes a decrement in the ability to perform on some other category of task
52
morphemes
the smallest language units that have meaning; including suffixes and prefixes
53
phonemes
the basic sounds of speech; the building blocks of language
54
grammar
rules related to language structure
55
syntax
rules describing how words and phrases in a language are arranged into grammatical sentences
56
semantics
aspects of language that have to do with meaning; how meaning is interpreted
57
positive reinforcement
a reward is presented to increase the probability that a behavior is repeated
58
negative reinforcement
a stimulus is removed to increase a desired behavior
59
positive punishment
a stimulus is presented to decrease the probability that a behavior is repeated
60
negative punishment
a stimulus is removed to decrease the probability that a behavior is repeated
61
continuous reinforcement
a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
62
partial reinforcement
a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
63
partial-reinforcement extinction effect
behavior persists better under partial reinforcement than continuous reinforcement
64
positive punishment
adding a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior repeating
65
negative punishment
removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior repeating
66
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses
67
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement is given after a certain number of responses have been made
68
variable interval schedule
reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time
69
fixed interval schedule
reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed
70
long-term potentiation
strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons
71
short-term memory
a memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness
72
chunking
organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
73
long-term memory
relatively permanent and infinite storage of information
74
declarative memory
information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
75
blocking
the temporary inability to remember something
76
cognition
the mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that come from thinking
77
thinking
the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world
78
language
a system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules
79
aphasia
a lsnguage disorder resulting in deficits in language comprehension and production
80
Wernicke's area
an area of the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension
81
phonics
a method of teaching English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes
82
intelligence
the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental changes

PSYC 1100 (3 decks)

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