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1
Q

The best experimental design _____

A

Includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition.

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2
Q

Which of the following best describes a model organism?

A

It is well studied, easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.

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3
Q

Which of the following can be attributed to water’s high specific heat?

A

A lake heats up more slowly than the air around it.

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4
Q

Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water?

A

A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond.

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5
Q

What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

A

C18H32O16

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6
Q

How do phospholipids interact with water molecules?

A

The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.

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7
Q

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

A

The components of the R-group.

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8
Q

What is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?

A

Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally.

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9
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein is the _____

A

Unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.

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10
Q

Which of the following best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

A

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar.

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11
Q

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

A

40

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12
Q

Cell size is limited by _____

A

Surface to volume ratios.

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13
Q

What are the two forms of lipids seen in the plasma membrane of a cell?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol.

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14
Q

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

A

Mitochondrion.

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15
Q

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which molecule?

A

Proteins.

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16
Q

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

A

Vacuole.

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17
Q

Tay-Sachs disease results in cells clogged with undigested lipids. Which organelle is involved?

A

Lysosome.

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18
Q

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

A

ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

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19
Q

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondrion.

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20
Q

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which animal cell structure?

A

Gap junctions.

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21
Q

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____

A

Endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell—the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.

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22
Q

Researchers set up microtubular tracks, added vesicles and ATP, but no movement occurred. What were they missing?

A

Motor proteins.

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23
Q

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

A

Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

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24
Q

Diffusion _____

A

Is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

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25
You collect data on the effect of pH on catalase function. Which graph would you expect?
Bell-shaped curve showing optimal pH range.
26
What describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
27
The electron transport chain _____
Is a series of redox reactions.
28
A friend lost 7kg of fat. How did the fat leave his body?
It was released as CO2 and H2O, and part was converted to heat.
29
Some cells have several nuclei. How could multinucleated cells be explained?
The cell underwent repeated mitosis but cytokinesis did not occur.
30
Movement of chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents _____
Shortening of microtubules.
31
What is metabolism?
The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions.
32
What are catabolic pathways?
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
33
What are anabolic pathways?
Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.
34
What is bioenergetics?
The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
35
What is kinetic energy?
Energy associated with motion.
36
What is thermal energy?
Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules.
37
What is potential energy?
Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
38
What is chemical energy?
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
39
What is thermodynamics?
The study of energy transformations.
40
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
41
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
42
What is entropy?
A measure of molecular disorder or randomness.
43
What is free energy?
The portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform.
44
What is an exergonic reaction?
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
45
What is an endergonic reaction?
A nonspontaneous chemical reaction that requires an input of energy.
46
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s main energy shuttle.
47
What is energy coupling?
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
48
What is an enzyme?
A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst to speed up a reaction without being consumed.
49
What is activation energy (EA)?
The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
50
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy barrier.
51
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction by producing identical daughter cells.
52
What is the cell cycle?
The life of a cell from the time it is formed until it divides into two daughter cells.
53
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).
54
What happens during the S phase?
DNA is replicated.
55
What happens during mitosis?
The division of the nucleus.
56
What happens during cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm.
57
What is a chromosome?
A DNA molecule packed together with proteins.
58
What are sister chromatids?
Two identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere.
59
What is the mitotic spindle?
A structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis.
60
What is the centrosome?
The microtubule-organizing center.
61
What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
62
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
63
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
64
What happens during telophase?
Nuclear envelopes form around the two sets of chromosomes.
65
How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow; plant cells form a cell plate.
66
What is binary fission?
A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the cell divides into two.
67
What is the cell cycle control system?
A cyclically operating set of molecules that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
68
What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Control points where the cycle can be stopped until conditions are favorable.
69
What is the G1 checkpoint?
The most important checkpoint, determining if the cell will divide.
70
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
71
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth.
72
What is a benign tumor?
A tumor that remains at the original site.
73
What is a malignant tumor?
A tumor that invades surrounding tissues and can metastasize.
74
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
75
What is heredity?
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
76
What is genetics?
The scientific study of heredity and variation.
77
What is a gene?
A unit of heredity made up of DNA.
78
What is a genome?
All the DNA in a cell.
79
What is a somatic cell?
Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
80
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs).
81
What is a karyotype?
An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.
82
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes, one from each parent, that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content.
83
What are sex chromosomes?
Chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex (X and Y).
84
What are autosomes?
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
85
What is diploid (2n)?
A cell with two sets of chromosomes.
86
What is haploid (n)?
A cell with one set of chromosomes.
87
What is fertilization?
The fusion of two gametes to form a zygote.
88
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
89
What is crossing over?
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
90
What is independent assortment?
The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes.
91
What is random fertilization?
The combination of any sperm with any egg, increasing genetic variation.
92
What are three mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation?
Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.
93
What is the molecular formula of the molecule discussed?
C6H12O6
94
Which type of bonds does the molecule C6H12O6 contain?
Polar covalent bonds
95
Why is water a good solvent for ionic compounds?
Its polarity allows it to surround charged ions and keep them separated
96
If the pH of a solution decreases from 6 to 3, what happens to hydrogen ion concentration?
The concentration increases by 1,000 times
97
What property of water helps stabilize temperature in organisms and environments?
High specific heat
98
What would happen if ice were denser than liquid water?
Lakes would freeze from the bottom up, endangering aquatic ecosystems
99
How does water’s cohesion affect plant physiology?
It helps pull water upward through xylem due to hydrogen bonding
100
Which molecules are structural isomers?
Butane and isobutane
101
Why is carbon versatile in forming organic molecules?
It has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four covalent bonds
102
What describes active transport but not facilitated diffusion?
Movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy
103
What mechanism allows water to move rapidly across cell membranes?
Aquaporins
104
What is an example of an anabolic reaction?
Synthesis of a protein from amino acids
105
How does ATP transfer energy to cellular processes?
By phosphorylating a reactant molecule
106
What is the most accurate statement about enzymes?
They lower the activation energy of a reaction
107
Why is oxygen essential in aerobic respiration?
It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
108
What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis per glucose molecule?
2
109
How do cells regenerate NAD+ in the absence of oxygen?
By converting pyruvate to lactate or ethanol through fermentation
110
What is a key distinction between cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow in photosynthesis?
Only cyclic flow produces ATP
111
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria compare in energy conversion?
Both produce glucose
112
Why is rubisco considered problematic in C3 plants?
It can catalyze a reaction with O₂, reducing photosynthetic efficiency
113
What happens to a cell with defective spindle fiber formation?
Chromosomes would not separate properly during mitosis
114
At which checkpoint do cells ensure all chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus?
M checkpoint (metaphase checkpoint)
115
Which mechanism is often defective in cancerous cells?
Cell cycle regulation through checkpoint control
116
The membrane would become too fluid at high temperatures and too rigid at low temperatures. True or False?
True

Biology 106 (5 decks)

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