Final Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ?
A
4
2
Q
Which substance is hydrophilic?
A
Cellulose
3
Q
Which of these is a Prediction?
A
If I recharge the battery, then my car will start
4
Q
Consider the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together? K + BR > K^+ BR ^- > KBR
A
Ionic
5
Q
Which structure can perform all the activities required for life?
A
DNA molecules
6
Q
The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called?
A
Cohesion
7
Q
Plants use which molecule to store in carbohydrates?
A
Starch
8
Q
Which function is not a property of life?
A
Population of organisms rarely changing over time
9
Q
How do hypotheses differ from theories?
A
Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses
10
Q
The way Earth moves about the sun is most like?
A
An electron moving around the nucleus of an atom
11
Q
What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell?
A
Organelles
12
Q
In the process of evolution by natural selection, what is the mechanism or agent of natural selection?
A
Selective predation
13
Q
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a water molecule are held together by ? Bonds
A
Covalent
14
Q
In what way(s) is the science of biology related to our society?
A
By examining the importance of biodiversity, by helping us understand the genetics of our pets, and through the study of green energy (all the above)
15
Q
All atoms of an element have the same number of ?
A
Protons
16
Q
What name is given to this reaction: galactose + glucose > lactose + water?
A
Dehydration
17
Q
? is an example of an element.
A
Nitrogen
18
Q
People with lactose intolerance do not have enough ?
A
Lactase
19
Q
The molecule CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 is best described as a(n)
A
Organic compound
20
Q
What type of cancer is treated with radioactive iodine seeds?
A
Prostate
21
Q
An atom with an electrical charge is a(n) ?
A
Ion
22
Q
Over a span of two decades in the 1900s, scientists measured changes in the beak size of a population of Galápagos ground finches. These data could provide ?
A
Evidence of natural selection in action
23
Q
Sugar dissolves when stirred into coffee. The coffee is the ?, the sugar is the ? and the sweetened coffee is the ?
A
Solvent; solute; solution
24
Q
How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C6H1206 + 6H20 + 602 - 6 CO2 + 12 H20
A
24
25
Proteins are polymers constructed from ? Monomers
Amino acids
26
If one strand of DNA double helix has the sequence GACGTCA what will the sequence of the other strand be?
CTGCAGT
27
As water freezes, ?
Its molecules move farther apart
28
Enzymes are ?
Proteins
29
Radiometric dating is based on ?
The decay of radioactive isotopes
30
DNA nucleotides include ?
Thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine
31
Isotopes of an element have the same number of ? and different numbers of ?
Protons; neutrons
32
What are the two main processes upon which ecosystems depend?
Nutrient recycling and energy flow
33
What name is given to substances that resist changes in pH?
Buffers
34
What is the main sugar found in milk?
Lactose
35
By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?
Unsaturated
36
A fat contains which molecular components?
Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
37
Which concept was proposed by Darwin?
Natural selection
38
What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds?
Hydrolysis
39
What are genes composed of?
DNA
40
Adjacent water molecules interact through the ?
Electric attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule
41
The female hormone progesterone is involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Based on its structure, what type of macromolecule is progesterone?
Steroid
42
In order to have a positive charge, an atom must have
More protons than electrons
43
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms BETWEEN two water molecules are held together by ? Bonds
Hydrogen
44
A DNA molecule has the sequence TCAACTTGA. The equivalent RNA molecule would have the sequence ?
UCAACUUGA
45
An atom’s ? are found in its nucleus.
Neutrons and protons
46
Which sequence shows the steps of the process of science in an order in which they might occur?
Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, results
47
Nucleic acids are polymers of ? Monomers
Nucleotide
48
What does 'adaptation' mean in an evolutionary context?
The accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time
49
What are the four most common elements found in living organisms?
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
50
Sometimes when I have my morning coffee, I notice a thin film floating on top of the coffee. What is this substance?
Hydrophobic substance
51
Which molecule is an example of a polysaccharide?
Starch
52
How many hydrogen atoms are in the reactants of the following reaction? C6H1206 + 6H20 + 602 - 6 CO2 + 12 H20
24
53
Which of the following is an acid?
HCl
54
Science is ?
The inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature
55
Carbohydrates typically include ?
C, H, and O atoms
56
People that are lactose intolerant have a functional copy of the lactase gene but are unable to digest lactose. Which statement must be TRUE about lactose-intolerant people?
They have the same lactase gene as lactose tolerant people
57
A protein's function is dependent on environmental factors such as pH and temperature. What property of the protein itself dictates a protein's function?
Shape
58
Complete the equation: monosaccharide + monosaccharide > ? + water
Disaccharide
59
What name is given to the following reaction? sucrose + water > glucose + fructose
Hydrolysis
60
Some tiny insects are able to walk on water. Why?
The surface tension that is a result of water’s cohesive properties makes this possible
61
All of the following are potential negative impacts of ocean acidification except one. Choose the exception.
Decreasing H+ concentrations
62
What is biology?
The scientific study of life
63
The figure below shows ?
A single strand of DNA
64
? Is a steroid
Estrogen
65
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge
66
What is the outcome of evaporative cooling in the form of sweating?
A decrease in body temperature
67
A base ?
Removes H+ from solution
68
Which function is NOT a property of life?
Populations of organisms rarely change over time
69
Which sequence shows the steps of the process of science in an order in which they might occur?
Exploration, questions, opinion, conclusion, hypothesis
70
Which makes up portions of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
71
In the figure below, how does the molecule labeled A affect enzyme function?
It is an inhibitor that changes the enzyme’s active site
72
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?
Relative elasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
73
Which process could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings and requires energy?
Active transport
74
Cells can used what to produce ATP ?
Cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP
75
Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ? and moves a substance ? its concentration gradient.
Transport proteins; down
76
A hormone that is secreted from a cell is manufactured by ribosomes ?
Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
77
A product of glycolysis is ?
Pyruvic acid
78
ATP synthase plays a role in ?
Pulling electrons down the electron transport chain
79
Energy can be defined as ?
The capacity to change or do work
80
What cellular structure do antibiotics typically target?
Cell walls
81
Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ?
Produces ATP
82
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ? Site
Active
83
The figure shows a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protist. The hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ?
Cilia
84
Glycolysis results in ?
The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
85
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ?
Metabolism
86
? are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
Phospholipids
87
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
88
Which are products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
89
The combination of sucrose, sucrase, and water produces sucrase, glucose, and fructose. Which component of the reaction is the substrate?
Sucrase
90
Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ?
Stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP
91
Digestion of organic matter inside the cell takes place in what organelle?
Lysosomes
92
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by
Decreasing activation energy
93
When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ?
Exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration
94
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ? prokaryotic cells.
Have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in
95
The nuclear envelope is composed of ?
Double membrane
96
Vacuoles are ?
Membranous sacs
97
Where does protein synthesis take place?
On ribosomes
98
A horse eating some hay is an example of ?
A consumer eating a producer
99
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ?
Oxygen
100
ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring a(n)? to those molecules.
Phosphate group
101
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ?
Oxygen
102
Which structure manufactures the components of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
103
Photosynthetic organisms are ?
Producers that make their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
104
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ?
Produce ATP without O2
105
Diffusion is an example of ?
Passive transport
106
In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ?
The movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
107
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ? Cell
Plant
108
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
109
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
110
? occurs when a white blood cell engulfs a bacterium.
Phagocytosis
111
Osmosis can be defined as ?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
112
Which is a feature of prokaryotic cells but NOT eukaryotic cells?
Fimbriae
113
When a person cries, tears are exported from cells. Which category of transport most precisely matches this process?
Exocytosis
114
The ultimate source of energy in food is ?
The sun
115
An enzyme's function is most dependent on its
Shape
116
Plant cells ?
Have chloroplasts and mitochondria
117
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ?
Conservation of energy
118
When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ? Cell
Prokaryotic
119
Transport vesicles move proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to what other organelle?
Golgi apparatus
120
Who is considered the 'Father of Genetics'?
Gregor Mendel
121
Linked genes are usually ?
Located close together on a chromosome
122
An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ?
Mendel’s law of independent assortment
123
Which event occurs during anaphase?
Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes
124
The type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT ?
Production of sperm and eggs
125
During metaphase I, ?
Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
126
What does it mean when genes are located close together on a chromosome?
They are linked genes.
127
What does an individual with the genotype AaBb produce?
Four different gametes in equal proportions.
## Footnote
This is a demonstration of Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
128
What event occurs during anaphase?
Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.
129
What type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells?
Mitosis.
## Footnote
This is important for all functions EXCEPT the production of sperm and eggs.
130
What happens during metaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
131
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human female?
44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes.
132
What is the process of photosynthesis?
It turns light energy into chemical energy.
133
What is the structure where sister chromatids are joined?
Centromere.
134
Why do all offspring from a yellow-seeded and green-seeded purebred plant have yellow seeds?
The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
135
What occurs in sexual reproduction in humans?
Haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg cell.
136
Where does an H+ ion gradient form during photosynthesis?
Across the thylakoid membrane.
137
What does a duplicated chromosome consist of?
Two sister chromatids.
138
How does photosynthesis contribute to plant growth?
By taking in carbon dioxide and making sugar (carbohydrates).
139
What does Mendel's law of segregation indicate?
Gametes have one allele copy for each gene.
140
What are chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of an individual called?
Autosomes.
141
Where are eukaryotic cell chromosomes packaged?
In the nucleus.
142
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place?
In the thylakoid membrane.
143
What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?
Dd.
144
What is a discrete packet of light called?
Photons.
145
What does the Calvin cycle require from the light reactions?
ATP and NADPH.
146
What is Marfan syndrome an example of?
Pleiotropy.
147
What equation best summarizes photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
148
What is the function of stomata?
Gas exchange.
149
What are the offspring of Mendel's purple-flowered and white-flowered plants?
All heterozygotes; the allele for purple flowers is dominant.
150
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
151
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color from an F1 x F1 cross?
3:1.
152
What happens to a cell that completes the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis?
It will have 2 nuclei.
153
How does prophase I differ from prophase II in meiosis?
Prophase I has one diploid cell; prophase II has 2 haploid cells.
154
What do we see when looking at a pigmented object?
The wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object.
155
How do plants obtain carbon dioxide?
Through their leaves.
156
What is the probability that a couple with two female children will have a male child next?
50%.
157
What happens during prophase?
The mitotic spindle begins to form.
158
What is the correct sequence of stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
159
What is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem?
H2O.
160
What does it mean to be heterozygous for cystic fibrosis?
An individual is a carrier.
161
What does it mean to be homozygous?
Carries 2 copies of the same allele for a gene.
162
What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture in curly and straight hair parents?
Incomplete dominance.
163
What does the Calvin cycle make direct use of?
CO2, ATP, and NADPH to make sugar.
164
What are the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast?
Thylakoids.
165
What are interconnected sacs of membranes inside chloroplasts called?
Thylakoids; they are suspended in a thick fluid called the stroma.
166
What molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
O2.
167
What is a correct comparison between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.
168
What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not.
169
In what form may energy be released when a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon?
All of the above (Heat, light, and fluorescence).
170
How does plant cell cytokinesis differ from animal cell cytokinesis?
Plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not.
171
What stage of mitosis do cells complete before cytokinesis?
Telophase.
172
What characteristic seen in prophase I does NOT occur in prophase II?
Crossing over occurs.
173
What happens during interphase?
Chromosome duplication occurs.
174
What is the most commonly found trait in nature?
Wild-type trait.
