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Question 1

What is the hypothesis Dr. Harrison studies regarding testosterone and male sexual behavior in rabbits?

Answer 1

Testosterone acting at neurons in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) is associated with mounting behavior.

Question 2

What behavioral measures does Dr. Harrison take in her experiment?

Answer 2

1. Binary measure of whether the male mounted the female. 2. Amount of time spent mounting the female.

Question 3

What should the control group for Dr. Harrison’s experiment consist of?

Answer 3

Male rabbits not receiving testosterone infusion.

Question 4

If Dr. Harrison’s hypothesis is correct, what are the expected results?

Answer 4

Higher levels of testosterone will increase the probability of mounting behavior and time spent mounting.

Question 5

What experiment could Dr. Harrison conduct to show testosterone’s action at the mPOA?

Answer 5

Infuse testosterone directly into the mPOA and use control groups with saline infusion.

Question 6

What are the dependent variables in Dr. Harrison’s follow-up experiment on mPOA?

Answer 6

Behavioral measures of mounting, similar to the first experiment.

Question 7

What hypothesis does Dr. Harrison form about male rabbits that engage in more sexual behavior?

Answer 7

Males that father more kits may produce more testosterone.

Question 8

What is an alternative hypothesis for different levels of sexual behavior in male rabbits?

Answer 8

Variations in social dominance or individual behavioral differences.

Question 9

What is the formal name for the effect estrogen has on proceptive behavior in female hamsters?

Answer 9

Activational effect.

Question 10

What happens to female hamsters after an ovariectomy?

Answer 10

They will not demonstrate proceptivity and will only show aggression.

Question 11

What does Prof. Clarendon predict about estrogen receptor expression in female hamsters?

Answer 11

Longer proceptive periods are associated with ERα expression in the VMH.

Question 12

What experiment can Prof. Clarendon perform to test her hypothesis?

Answer 12

Compare estrogen receptor expression in VMH of females with different proceptive periods.

Question 13

What results would support Prof. Clarendon’s hypothesis?

Answer 13

Females with longer proceptive periods have higher ERα expression.

Question 14

Why is the experimental technique appropriate for Prof. Clarendon’s hypothesis?

Answer 14

It directly correlates receptor expression with behavioral outcomes.

Question 15

What does Dr. Dartmouth predict about neuronal activity in female hamsters?

Answer 15

Longer proceptive periods correlate with higher VMH activity projecting to the PAG.

Question 16

What experiment can Dr. Dartmouth perform to test her hypothesis?

Answer 16

Measure VMH neuron activity in females during proceptive periods.

Question 17

What results would support Dr. Dartmouth’s hypothesis?

Answer 17

Higher neuronal activity in VMH correlates with longer proceptive behaviors.

Question 18

Why is the experimental technique appropriate for Dr. Dartmouth’s hypothesis?

Answer 18

It assesses the direct relationship between neuronal activity and behavior.

Question 19

Typical (Type 1) antipsychotics primarily exert their effects by blocking which receptors?

Answer 19

Dopamine D2 receptors.

Question 20

A key difference between typical and atypical (Type 2) antipsychotics is that atypicals do what?

Answer 20

Combine D2 and serotonin receptor modulation.

Question 21

Chronic PCP use may worsen schizophrenia symptoms because it acts as what?

Answer 21

An NMDA receptor antagonist.

Question 22

NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia is associated with dysregulation of which systems?

Answer 22

GABA and glutamate systems.

Question 23

What may treatment resistance in schizophrenia involve?

Answer 23

Dopamine receptor supersensitivity.

Question 24

MAOIs primarily exert their antidepressant effect by inhibiting what?

Answer 24

Neurotransmitter breakdown enzymes.

Question 25

A key difference between MAOIs and SSRIs is that MAOIs increase what?

Answer 25

Multiple monoamines while SSRIs target serotonin.

Question 26

Patients taking MAOIs must avoid aged cheeses because they contain what?

Answer 26

High tyramine causing hypertensive crisis.

Question 27

Which neurotransmitters are MOST affected by MAO-A inhibition?

Answer 27

Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine.

Question 28

MAOIs are particularly indicated for what condition?

Answer 28

Treatment-resistant depression.

Question 31

What are negative feedback mechanisms essential for?

Answer 31

Maintaining homeostasis in biological systems ## Footnote These mechanisms detect deviations from a set point and trigger actions to restore balance.

Question 32

What are the three main components of negative feedback systems?

Answer 32

* Sensor * Control Center * Effector ## Footnote These components work together to restore variables to their set points.

Question 33

What happens when body temperature drops below the set point?

Answer 33

The hypothalamus activates mechanisms like shivering to generate heat ## Footnote This is part of the negative feedback loop for temperature regulation.

Question 34

What is osmotic thirst triggered by?

Answer 34

Increased salt concentration in extracellular fluid ## Footnote This occurs due to the extracellular fluid becoming overly concentrated with solutes.

Question 35

Which type of thirst requires replenishment of both water and electrolytes?

Answer 35

Hypovolemic thirst ## Footnote This type of thirst is triggered by significant fluid loss.

Question 36

What role do osmosensory neurons play in thirst regulation?

Answer 36

They detect increased osmolality in the extracellular fluid and signal the brain to initiate osmotic thirst ## Footnote This response helps restore isotonic balance.

Question 37

Which neural structure regulates drinking behavior by anticipating changes in fluid balance?

Answer 37

Subfornical organ (SFO) ## Footnote It integrates sensory inputs to manage drinking behavior effectively.

Question 38

What is the primary function of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)?

Answer 38

Regulating hunger and energy expenditure ## Footnote Dysfunction in the VMH can lead to hyperphagia and weight gain.

Question 39

Which hormone signals satiety by inhibiting appetite-stimulating neurons?

Answer 39

Leptin ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in appetite regulation.

Question 40

What is the primary function of ghrelin in appetite regulation?

Answer 40

Stimulate appetite by activating NPY/AgRP neurons ## Footnote Ghrelin is often referred to as the hunger hormone.

Question 41

What is the consequence of bilateral lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)?

Answer 41

Hyperphagia and weight gain ## Footnote This is due to the loss of appetite regulation.

Question 42

What hormone is released in response to darkness and helps regulate sleep onset?

Answer 42

Melatonin ## Footnote It plays a vital role in sleep-wake cycles.

Question 43

Which stage of sleep is crucial for physical restoration?

Answer 43

Stage 3 (NREM 3 or slow-wave sleep) ## Footnote This stage is characterized by the presence of delta waves.

Question 44

What can prolonged sleep deprivation lead to?

Answer 44

Severe cognitive and physical impairments ## Footnote This includes symptoms like hallucinations and microsleeps.

Question 45

How did Randy Gardner's brain compensate during his recovery sleep?

Answer 45

By increasing the intensity of REM sleep with more rapid eye movements per period of time ## Footnote Recovery sleep compensates for lost sleep through increased intensity.

Question 46

What is the evolutionary perspective on the necessity of sleep?

Answer 46

It allows organisms to conserve energy and repair their bodies during rest periods ## Footnote This perspective highlights the adaptive value of sleep.

Question 47

Fill in the blank: Negative feedback loops ensure stability within a narrow range of _______.

Answer 47

36–38°C (97–100°F) ## Footnote This range is crucial for human body temperature regulation.

Question 48

True or False: Osmotic thirst occurs due to the loss of fluids containing solutes and water.

Answer 48

False ## Footnote Hypovolemic thirst is triggered by fluid loss, while osmotic thirst is due to increased extracellular solute concentration.