Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are Osteichthyes?
A
Bony-fish
2
Q
WHat are CHondricthyes?
A
Cartilaginous fish
3
Q
What are Holocephali?
A
Chimeras. whole/fixed head cranium and upper jaw fused together
4
Q
What are Neoselachii?
A
Selachii and Batomorhi
5
Q
WHat are Selachii?
A
Sharks
6
Q
WHat are Batomorhi?
A
SKates/Rays
7
Q
What are features of all Chondricthyes?
A
tribasic fins
cerebral hemisphere inverts
loss of dermal bone
keratin fin rays
8
Q
What are the two divisions of Osteichthyes?
A
Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii
9
Q
WHat are Sarcopterygii?
A
lobe finned fish
10
Q
WHat are Actinopterygii?
A
ray-finned fish
11
Q
What are the groups within the sarcopterygii?
A
Tetrapods
Dipnomorpha
Actinista (Coelocanths)
12
Q
What are features that separate osteichthyes from Chondrichthyes?
A
fin rays of bone (lepidotrichia)
increase of endochondral bone
teeth in dermal bone
gas lungs
13
Q
WHat are the major groups within Actinopterygii?
A
polypteriformes
acipenseriformes
neopterygii (holostei and teleosti
14
Q
What are polypteriformes?
A
bichir’s
15
Q
what are acipenseriformes?
A
sturgeon’s and paddlefish
16
Q
What arefeatures that differentiate the actinopterygii?
A
evert cerebral hemispheres
ganoine scales
loss of dorsal fins (1 only)
heterocercal caudal tail
17
Q
What is a unique feature of polypteriformes?
A
1 dorsal fin in finlets
18
Q
What are features that differentiate acipenseriformes and onwards?
A
single dorsal lung
19
Q
What is a development within acipenseriformes?
A
lung into gas bladder
20
Q
WHat are features that differentiate the neopterygii?
A
loss of basals in fins
mobile maxilla
21
Q
whAt are Holostei?
A
Gars and Bowfins
22
Q
WHat are Teleostei?
A
96% of fish
23
Q
What are developments that occured within all teleosts?
A
gas bladder
elasmoid scales
mobile pharyngeal jaws
mobile premaxilla
24
Q
What are Elopomorpha?
A
Teleosts - tarpons and eels
25
WHat are osteoglossomorpha?
teleosts - bony tongue fish - Araipama
26
What are dupeomorphs?
herring
27
What are ostariophysi?
cypriniforms
characiformes
siluriformes
gymnotoformes
28
What are cypriniformes?
carps
29
What are characiformes?
characins
30
What are siluriformes?
catfish
31
WHat are gymnotoformes?
electric eels
32
What are characteristics that differentiate the ostariophysi?
Schreckstoff and Webarian apparatus
33
What are Euteleostei?
'true' tteleosts
- salmoniformes
-esociformes
-dragonfish
-gaviformes
-acanthopterygii
34
WHat are Salmoniformes?
Salmon
35
WHat are Esociformes?
pike
36
WHat are gaviformes?
cod
37
HWat are Acanthopterygii?
spiny-finned teleosts
38
What are notable features of Acanthopterygii?
phyoclistic gas bladder
pectorals on side
ctenoid scales
39
What are Dipnomorpha?
lungfish
40
What are features of all sarcopterygii?
cosmine scales
monobasic muscular limbs
1 bone - 2 bone pattern
41
What did the sarcopterygii lose as development into tetrapogomorpha?
cosmine scales
42
What are the groups of tetrapodomorpha?
tetrapodomorpha fish, tetrapods (stem tetrapods and crown tetrapods)
43
What are features of all tetrapods?
digits (fin rays lost)
zygapophyses on vertebrae
44
What are the major groups within tetrapods?
'stem' tetrapods, lissamphibia, reptiliomorpha
45
WHat are the major groups within reptiliomorpha?
'stem' reptiles, amniota (synapsids, and sauropsids)
46
WHat are synapsids?
mammals (and extinct relatives)
47
WHat are the two major groups in Sauropsids?
parareptilia, and reptilia
48
What are most reptilia?
diapsids
49
WHat are diapsids groups?
lepidosaurs, turtles, archosaurs
50
What are features developed in stem tetrapods?
digits
ohecranon process
zygapophyses
4 part vertebral column
51
What are features of lissamphibia?
occipital condyle
less than or equal to 5 digits
52
What are featreus of reptiliomorpha?
pleurocentrum dominance
53
What re features of all amniotes?
amniotic egg
costal ventilation
ankle joint modified
1-2-2 wrist digits
greater than or equal to 2 sacral vertebrae
54
What are major lineages of Lissamphibians?
Caecilians, Caudata, Anura
55
What are Caudata?
Salamanders
56
What are Anura?
Frogs and Toads
57
What are features developed within the caudata?
loss of middle ears
skull modifications
external gills and gill slits in larva
lateral undulation and limb extension
58
What salamander lineage has completely lost lungs?
plethodontidae
59
What are features of anura?
pelvic patch
levator bulbi muscle
less than or equal to 9 sacral vertebrae
spine limit lateral undualtion
elongated fused pelvises with urostyle
finia-tibula and radius-ulna fused
60
WHat rae features of Caecilians?
loss of green rods
reduced eyes
short tails
good parental care
61
What are differences between anaspid, diaspid and synapsid skull?
anaspid - no hole
synapsid -1 hole (1 temporal bar)
diapsid - 2 holes (2 temporal bar)
holes for muscles attachment
62
What type of lungs do synapsids have?
alveolar lungs
63
What type of lungs do sauropsids have?
faveloar lungs (w/ faveoli (cups))
64
What are the major groups of lepidosaurs?
tuatara, and squamata
65
What are squamata?
lizards and snakes
66
What are feautures of lepidosuars?
epidermis shed in patches
paired hemipenis
transverse cloaca
autonomy planes in caudal vertebrae
67
What are features of squamata?
cranial kinesis
pleurodont dentition
loss of gastralia
68
What is features of arboreal snakes?
long tails
sharp edges on belly
69
What are the two types of turtles?
cryptodires and pleurodires
70
What separates cryptodires and pleurodires
neck retraction
cryptodires - pull straight back
pleurodires - slide sideways
71
WHat are the synapomorphies of turtles?
keratinized scutes ocer plastron and carapace
carapace -> fused ribs, verts etc.
plastron -> clavicle and gastralia
jaws covered w/ keratine beak
carapace covers both girdles
72
What are groups within Archosaurs?
crocodilians, Dinos, Aves
73
What are features of Crocodylians?
Skin covered w/ keratin scutes
Secondary palate
Modern nostrils at tip of snout
Semi-erect gait
74
What are the types of feathers on birds?
Contour feathers - penacceous
Plumulaceous
Semi plumes
Down
Bristles
Filoplumes
75
What are types of bird beaks?
Generaust
Probers
Bludgeon
Tearing
Fishing (long hooked)
Fishing (wide hooked)
Pelican
Filter feeding
Flamingo
Crossbill
76
What types of tongues do birds have?
Barbells for piercing
Split tips for sponging up liquids or soft foods
Grasping for seeds
77
What are groups within mamaliformes?
Stem mammals
Monotremes
The rains (Metatherian and Eutherians)
78
What are characteristics of mamaliformes?
Dentary-squamosal jaw
Prismatic enamel
Dorsoventral flexion
Double root molars
79
What are features of mammalia?
Enclosed middle ear
Hair and milk production
80
What are characteristics of therians?
Narrow pelvis
Loss of shell glands
Unidirectional elbow
Separation of reproduction of excretory orifices
Pinna and long cochlea
Lost coracoid and scapula
Nipples
81
What are characteristics of Eutherians?
‘True’ placenta
Epipubic bones loss
Longer gestation
82
What are features of all monotremes?
Electroteceptive beaks
Longer tailed sperm
Males are venomous
83
What is plantigrade movement?
Heel on floor
84
What is digit grade movement?
Digits on ground
85
What is unguligrade movement?
Tips of digits on ground
86
What are Afrotheria?
Elephants, Ardvarks
87
What are Xenarthra?
Sloths and Anteaters
88
What are Glires?
Rodents and Lagamorphs
89
What are Primates?
Lemurs
Tree shrews etc.
90
What are Eucipotyphyta?
Hedgehogs and Moles
91
What are Chiroptera?
Bats
92
What are Perrisodactyla?
Odd toed ungulates - horses, rhinos, tapirs.
93
What are Arteriodactyla?
Even toed ungulates - deer, pigs, hippos, whales
94
What are Carnivora?
Bears, Racoobs, Wolves, Dogs, Cats, Seals etc.
95
What are Pilosa
Pangolins
96
What are main divisions of primates?
Strepsirrhini
Haplorrhini
97
What are examples of strepsirrhini?
Lorises and Lemurs
98
What does Strepsirrhini mean?
Twisted/wet-nozed primates
99
What are groups within Haplorrhini?
Tarsiers
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini (Cerapitholoidea and Homininoidea)
100
What does Haplorrhini stand for?
Simple-nosed
101
What does platyrrhini stand for?
Flat-nosed monkeys
102
What does catarrhini stand for?
Downward-nose
103
What does Cercopitheloidea stand for?
Tailed monkeys
104
What does Homonoidea stand for?
Man like
105
What are some animals in Homonoidea?
Gibbons, orangutans, gorilla, chimps, humans
106
What do all primates have?
Opposable digits
Digit pads
Nails
Post orbital bar closed off behind eye
3 premolars
107
What do all Haplorrhini have?
Dry noses and short snouts
108
What do all Platyrrhini and Catarrhini have?
Post orbital septum closed off completely
Frontals and mandibles fused
Loss of grooming claws
Diurnal foraging
109
What are features of all Catarrhini?
Loss of vomeral nasal organ
2 premolars
Nostrils facing downward
110
What are features of Homonoidea?
Loss of tail (coccyx)
Broadening of rib cage
