final

Question 1

supremacy clause

Answer 1

a clause of Article IV of the constitution that states that all laws and treaties approved by the national government are superior to all laws adopted by any state or other divison

Question 2

inherent power of the president

Answer 2

“rights, duties and obligations of the president”;
not explicitly stated in the Constitution;
come from Article II, Section 1: Vesting Clause; declaring emergency, deploying troops, etc

Question 3

independent regulatory commission

Answer 3

federal agencies created by Congress to regulate specific economic activities or interests;
they operate independently from the executive branch, allowing them to make decisions without direct political pressure, ensuring unbiased regulation

Question 4

pluarlity voting

Answer 4

electoral systems in which the candidates in an electoral district who poll more than any other are elected; “first-past-the-post” voting where the winner takes all

Question 5

writ of certiorari

Answer 5

a formal request to have the Supreme Court review a decision of a lower court; certiorari - Latin - to make more certain

Question 6

race/gender/religion and voting

Answer 6

central to partisianship, especially in the U.S.; civil rights movements lead to minorities often being part of the party that benefits them most; democrats will vote more minorities into office

Question 7

principal-agent problem

Answer 7

the relationship between a principal and their agent may be affected by the fact that each is motivated by self-interest and their interests may not be well-aligned

Question 8

race and public opinion

Answer 8

1960s brought forth isues of whites shifting towards the Republican party; also segregation, affirmative action, healthcare, immigration, voter ID laws;

Question 9

partisan voting

Answer 9

one’s tendency to align their voting patterns with the political party they identify with or belong to

Question 10

judicial ideology

Answer 10

the beliefs, values and attitudes that influence how judges interpret and apply the law; presidents appoint judges who agree with their attitudes toward regulation, civil liberties and social affairs

Question 11

bureaucratic drift

Answer 11

the phenomenon of bureaucratic implementation that produces policy more to the liking of the bureaucracy than faithful to the legislation that created it, but doesn’t trigger a political reaction from elected officials; pulling policy towards the bureaucrat’s preferences

Question 12

partisanship

Answer 12

a psychological attachmen to a group in one’s political environment; central variable in public opinion and voting behavior, due to being acquired early through parental socialization

Question 13

legal model of judicial behavior

Answer 13

stare decisis: justices should defer to existing case law when deciding a current case

Question 14

writ of habeas corpus

Answer 14

a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention; guaranteed by the constitution, suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion

Question 15

party identification/partisanship

Answer 15

an individual’s attachment to a particular political party, which msy be based on issues, ideology, past experience, upbringing, or a mixture of these elements

Question 16

bureaucratic discretion

Answer 16

the authority granted to government agencies and their employees to interpret and apply policies based on individual circumstances while still following laws and regulations;

Question 17

institutional presidency

Answer 17

the growth and change of federal government through pre-established processes that link the presidency to other parts of the political system

Question 18

bureaucracy

Answer 18

the offices, tasks, rules, people that large institutions use to function

Question 19

appellate court

Answer 19

higher court; reviews the cases of lower courts

Question 20

war powers resolution (1973)

Answer 20

the president can send the U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, “statutory authorization”, or in case of “a national emergency

inherent powers of the president

Question 21

attidudinal model of judicial decision making

Answer 21

opposite to the legal model, which strictly follows constitutional interpretation; proposes that justices’ decisions are influenced by their personal ideologies

Question 22

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)

Answer 22

the Court recognizes the power of the government to detain enemy combatants, but if they are US Citizens, they are entitled to due process;
Yaser Esam Hamdi was being detained as an enemy combatant. It was found that he was born in the US and entitled to due process;
inherent powers of the president, due process

Question 23

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)

Answer 23

During Korean War, US steel workers strike for higher wages. President Truman seized control of steel production facilities to prevent this. Steel companies challenged the seizure.

established the president cannot seize private property

Question 24

Hamdan v. Rumsfield (2006)

Answer 24

Salim Ahmed Hamdan was a bodyguard of Osama bin Laden. He was captured by militia in 2001 and charged with conspiracy to commit terrorism in 2004;

It was found that a military commission could not be held unless it was shown that the detainee was not a prisoner of war.

Question 25

Libyan airstrikes (2011)

Answer 25

NATO intervenes with thr Libyan Civil War in 2011, intending a ceasefire; Obama orders airstrikes against Muammar Gaddafi's forces The president had the authority to direct the use of military force in Libya because it was in the national interest; inherent powers of the president

Question 26

independent agency

Answer 26

federal agencies thst don't fall under the authority of the president; agencies outside of the presidential cabinet USPS, Federal Election Commission

Question 27

political knowledge

Answer 27

"the range of factual information about politics that is stored in long-term memory"; better political knowledge encourages people to participate in politics, and a more politically educated public contributes to citizens achieving their own interests

Question 28

unilateral powers

Answer 28

decisions enacted by a president without the consent of Congress; foreign policy, national security

Question 29

voting heuristic

Answer 29

voters employ heuristics to make judgments about candidates without detailed knowledge. the affect heuristic refers to people making decisions based on emotional reactions and impressions of a candidate rather than facts and issues; the ideology heuristic refers to people choosing the candidate with the ideology or political party most similar to theirs; some voters choose candidates based on a single factor of their campaign, background or opponent.

Question 30

presidential cabinet

Answer 30

President, Vice, 15 executive dept heads such as Attorney General, Defense, Commerce, Energy, Health..;

Question 31

administrative legislation

Answer 31

rules established by government agencies to enforce laws passed by the legislative branch;

Question 32

polarization

Answer 32

the increasing ideological distance between the two major parties in the US

Question 33

bureaucratic rulemaking

Answer 33

the process by which government agencies create and enforce regulations; new rules being created and backed by force of law

Question 34

southern realignment

Answer 34

south defected from the democratic party after civil/voting rights acts (1964/65), leading to Republican takeover, resulting in two polarized parties