final Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is Associationism?
A
A theory explaining how ideas and experiences become linked in the mind through associations of mental states.
Roots trace back to Aristotle, who identified laws of association: contiguity, similarity, and contrast.
2
Q
What are the three laws of association identified by Aristotle?
A
- Contiguity
- Similarity
- Contrast
3
Q
What does Attachment Theory emphasize?
A
The impact of early emotional bonds between a child and caregiver on psychological development.
Developed by John Bowlby.
4
Q
What are the types of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth?
A
- Secure attachment
- Avoidant attachment
- Ambivalent (anxious) attachment
- Disorganized attachment
5
Q
What is the significance of ‘internal working models’ in Attachment Theory?
A
Mental representations of relationships formed based on early attachment experiences, shaping future relationships.
6
Q
Who developed the theory of Constructivism?
A
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are key figures associated with this theory.
7
Q
What are the two main forms of Constructivism?
A
- Cognitive Constructivism
- Social Constructivism
8
Q
What is the focus of Cognitive Constructivism?
A
Individual discovery and development through stages.
9
Q
What is the focus of Social Constructivism?
A
The role of culture and social interaction in learning.
10
Q
What are key experimental techniques for studying infant cognition?
A
- Preferential Looking
- Habituation/Dishabituation
- Violation of Expectation
- High-Amplitude Sucking
- EEG/ERP
11
Q
What does the ‘Violation of Expectation’ technique measure?
A
Infants’ awareness of physical rules based on their looking behavior at conforming versus violating events.
12
Q
What did Kurt Koffka contribute to psychology?
A
He was a founder of Gestalt Psychology, emphasizing holistic perception and development.
13
Q
What is the concept of ‘moral intuition’ in infants?
A
Early signs of moral evaluation, showing preferences for helpful characters over mean ones.
14
Q
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?
A
- Sensorimotor Stage (0–2 yrs)
- Preoperational Stage (2–7 yrs)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7–11 yrs)
- Formal Operational Stage (12+ yrs)
15
Q
What does Nativism propose?
A
Certain skills and abilities are innate and hardwired in the brain from birth.
16
Q
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
A
The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.
17
Q
Who founded Individual Psychology?
A
Alfred Adler.
18
Q
What is the ‘Inferiority Complex’?
A
Feelings of inadequacy that arise in childhood and influence behavior.
19
Q
What is Moral Therapy?
A
A humane treatment movement advocating for kindness and moral discipline in treating the mentally ill.
20
Q
What did Albert Ellis develop?
A
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
21
Q
What is the focus of Cognitive Therapy developed by Aaron Beck?
A
Identifying and changing distorted thinking patterns contributing to emotional distress.
22
Q
What is the significance of the Belmont Report?
A
It outlines ethical principles for research with human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
23
Q
What is the concept of the ‘collective unconscious’?
A
An inherited layer of the unconscious shared by all humans, containing universal symbols called archetypes.
24
Q
What is the Lexical Hypothesis?
A
The theory that important personality traits become encoded in language.
25
What is Factor Analysis?
A statistical method used to identify clusters of traits.
26
Who demonstrated that neurons are separate cells?
Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
27
What did Otto Loewi discover?
The role of chemical transmission in neurons.
28
What is a Connectome?
A comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain.
29
What is Gestalt psychology's main focus?
How humans perceive patterns and wholes rather than isolated stimuli.
30
What did Solomon Asch study?
Conformity using line-judgment tasks.
31
What is the attitude-behavior gap studied by LaPiere?
The discrepancy between stated attitudes and actual behavior.
32
What is the significance of the Dunedin Study?
A long-term study tracking individuals’ mental, physical, and behavioral health over decades.
33
What did Freud introduce to psychology?
Psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious mind and internal conflicts.
34
What is 'hypnotism'?
An altered state of consciousness involving deep focus and suggestibility.
35
What is the Seduction Theory proposed by Freud?
The idea that neuroses were caused by childhood sexual abuse.
36
What is Psychodynamic Theory?
An evolution of psychoanalysis emphasizing unconscious processes and early development.
37
What is the Mind-Cure Movement?
A belief in the healing power of positive thinking and mental discipline.
38
What did the Emmanuel Movement combine?
Religion and psychotherapy to treat nervous disorders.
39
What are projective tests?
Tests like the Rorschach and TAT that use ambiguous stimuli to uncover unconscious thoughts.
40
What did Henry Murray contribute to personality theories?
He introduced personology and developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
41
What is the focus of personology?
The study of personality through an idiographic lens, emphasizing the whole person.
42
What is the role of the mind according to Descartes' Dualism?
The mind is a non-material entity responsible for thought and consciousness, separate from the body.
43
What did Darwin's theory of evolution suggest about behavior?
Behavior and mental processes are adaptive and have evolved over time.
44
What is the debate between free will and determinism?
Whether human behavior is determined by external factors or if individuals can make independent choices.
45
What foundational idea did Aristotle contribute to psychology?
The interconnectedness of the mind and body.
46
What does the debate between free will and determinism address?
Whether human behavior is determined by external factors or if individuals can make independent choices.
47
Define consciousness in the context of psychology.
Awareness of one's thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.
48
What foundational ideas did Aristotle contribute to psychology?
Causality and cognition, emphasizing the interconnectedness of mind and body.
49
What was Spinoza's view on the universe?
A deterministic universe where everything, including human thoughts and actions, results from natural laws.
50
Describe Hume's perspective on human knowledge.
Human knowledge arises from sensory experiences; the mind is a 'bundle of perceptions.'
51
What does the 'common sense' philosophy emphasize?
Reliability of human perception and reason without deep philosophical analysis.
52
What is the significance of John Stuart Mill in psychology?
Expanded on empiricism and utilitarianism, emphasizing individual liberty.
53
What discovery is Luigi Galvani known for?
Electrical stimulation of nerves in frogs’ legs, leading to bioelectricity.
54
What did Emil du Bois-Reymond contribute to neuroscience?
Understanding of nerve conduction and action potentials.
55
What is the neuron doctrine proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal?
The nervous system is composed of distinct, individual cells (neurons) communicating across synapses.
56
Explain the law of mass action.
Cognitive functions depend on the total amount of brain tissue involved.
57
What did Wilhelm Wundt establish in psychology?
The first psychology laboratory and the method of introspection.
58
What is the focus of Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
59
What is behaviorism?
Focus on observable behaviors and environmental factors, rejecting internal mental states.
60
What is classical conditioning as discovered by Pavlov?
Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.
61
What are the 'Four Idols' as described by Francis Bacon?
Idols of the Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theater that hinder understanding.
62
Define empiricism.
The theory that knowledge comes from sensory experience.
63
What is the philosophical theory of atomism?
Everything in the universe is composed of indivisible particles called atoms.
64
What was the contribution of William Harvey to physiology?
Discovered the circulation of blood in the body.
65
Who is considered the father of medicine?
Hippocrates.
66
What is the focus of cognitive science?
Study of the mind and its processes, including perception and learning.
67
What did John Locke argue about the mind at birth?
The mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) and knowledge is acquired through experience.
68
What is the principle of causality?
Every effect has a cause that brought it about.
69
What does the term 'materialism' refer to in philosophy?
The view that everything that exists is made of matter.
70
What is the significance of the Age of Enlightenment?
Focus on reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.
71
What does the ethical theory of Aristotle emphasize?
Living a life of virtue to achieve eudaimonia (flourishing or well-being).
72
What was the contribution of G. Stanley Hall to psychology?
Founder of American psychology and proponent of child development and educational psychology.
73
What was the main idea behind the philosophy of pragmatism as developed by William James?
Consciousness is a stream of thought that cannot be broken down into elements.
74
What did Edward Tolman introduce in psychology?
The concept of latent learning and cognitive maps.
75
What does 'reactology' focus on?
Study of human and animal behavior as responses to environmental stimuli.
76
What is the philosophical view that everything that exists is made up of matter?
Materialism
## Footnote
This view holds that consciousness and mental states are the result of physical processes in the brain.
77
What belief explains that natural processes can be understood through the interaction of physical forces?
Mechanism
## Footnote
It suggests the universe operates like a machine, governed by physical laws.
78
What is the branch of philosophy that deals with the fundamental nature of reality?
Metaphysics
## Footnote
It includes questions about existence, objects, properties, space, time, causality, and knowledge.
79
What philosophical theory suggests humans have an innate ability to perceive moral truths?
Moral Sense Philosophy
## Footnote
Often associated with Francis Hutcheson and David Hume.
80
What view states that everything arises from natural properties and causes?
Naturalism
## Footnote
It posits that scientific laws govern the universe without supernatural intervention.
81
What branch of metaphysics is concerned with the nature of being and existence?
Ontology
## Footnote
It addresses questions such as 'What is there?' and 'What does it mean to exist?'
82
What is the scientific study of the history of life on Earth through fossils?
Paleontology
## Footnote
It involves understanding ancient organisms and their environments.
83
Which of Plato's dialogues details his view of the universe as a living being?
Timaeus
## Footnote
In this dialogue, he describes the cosmos as created by a divine craftsman.
84
What is Plato's theory that reality is fundamentally non-material?
Idealism
## Footnote
It posits that the physical world is a shadow of the eternal Forms.
85
What interpretation of Plato's Timaeus suggests the physical world has a role?
Materialism
## Footnote
It indicates that the physical realm is secondary to the realm of the Forms.
86
Who are the philosophers known for explaining the universe in terms of natural elements?
Pre-Socratic Philosophers
## Footnote
Key figures include Heraclitus, Pythagoras, and Anaximander.
87
What are properties of objects that exist independently of perception called?
Primary Qualities
## Footnote
Examples include shape, size, and motion.
88
Who invented the printing press, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge?
Johannes Gutenberg
## Footnote
This invention contributed to the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution.
89
Who developed the Ptolemaic model of the universe?
Ptolemy
## Footnote
He placed the Earth at the center and used epicycles to explain planetary motion.
90
What philosophical theory claims that knowledge is primarily gained through reason?
Rationalism
## Footnote
Notable rationalists include Descartes and Spinoza.
91
What cultural movement began in the 14th century and marked the transition to the modern world?
Renaissance
## Footnote
Characterized by a revival of classical learning and the flourishing of arts and sciences.
92
What are the philosophical schools of thought developed during the Roman Empire?
Roman Philosophies
## Footnote
Includes Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Cynicism.
93
What medieval school of philosophy sought to reconcile faith with reason?
Scholasticism
## Footnote
It often used the writings of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas.
94
What method uses logic, empirical evidence, and experimentation to understand the natural world?
Scientific Reasoning
## Footnote
It is foundational to the scientific method.
95
What are qualities that depend on the observer, such as color and taste?
Secondary Qualities
## Footnote
These qualities arise from the interaction between the object and the perceiver.
96
What concept refers to the understanding of one's own existence and personality?
Self and Identity
## Footnote
Identity expresses how individuals define themselves in relation to others.
97
What is the philosophical attitude of doubting the certainty of knowledge?
Skepticism
## Footnote
Skeptics question the possibility of knowing anything with certainty.
98
What ancient Greek philosophy teaches the development of self-control and virtue?
Stoicism
## Footnote
It emphasizes overcoming destructive emotions and accepting the natural course of events.
99
What theory posits that children understand the world by developing theories about how things work?
Theory Theory
## Footnote
It compares children's understanding to how scientists create theories.
100
Who synthesized Christian theology with Aristotelian philosophy?
Thomas Aquinas
## Footnote
His work 'Summa Theologica' addresses existence, ethics, and the nature of God.
101
What work by Plato outlines his cosmological views?
Timaeus
## Footnote
It describes the universe as a rationally ordered and divinely created being.
102
What moral theory emphasizes the greatest good for the greatest number?
Utilitarianism
## Footnote
Founded by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
103
Who published 'De humani corporis fabrica', revolutionizing the study of human anatomy?
Andreas Vesalius
## Footnote
His work provided detailed illustrations and challenged previous misconceptions.
