final

Question 1

shoulder girdle muscles

Answer 1

pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, levator scapulae, trapezius, rhomboids

Question 2

depression (2)

Answer 2

pectoralis minor, lower trapezius

Question 3

elevation (4)

Answer 3

rhomboids, levator scapulae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius

Question 4

protraction (3)

Answer 4

pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, middle trapezius

Question 5

retraction (3)

Answer 5

rhomboids, middle trapezius, lower trapezius

Question 6

shoulder flexion (3)

Answer 6

pectoralis major (clavicle), ant. deltoid, biceps brachii

Question 7

shoulder extension (5)

Answer 7

pectoralis major (sternal), post. deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps brachii

Question 8

shoulder abduction

Answer 8

deltoid (all three parts)

Question 9

shoulder adduction (5)

Answer 9

pectoralis major (clavicle), pectoralis major (sternal), latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps brachii

Question 10

shoulder horizontal adduction (5)

Answer 10

pectoralis major (clavicle), pectoralis major (sternal, coracobrachialis, ant. deltoid, biceps brachii

Question 11

shoulder horizontal abduction (2)

Answer 11

post. deltoid, triceps brachii

Question 12

what are the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 12

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Question 13

myotatic/stretch reflex

Answer 13

responds to quick stretch with muscle contraction

Question 14

where/what is receptor in stretch reflex

Answer 14

muscle spindle in the muscle belly

Question 15

tendon reflex

Answer 15

responds to muscle tension with muscle relaxation

Question 16

where/what is receptor in tendon reflex

Answer 16

golgi tendon organ in tendon

Question 17

force

Answer 17

pushes or pulls through direct mechanical contact or through force of gravity to alter motion of an object
-ability to accelerate or decelerate
-ability to deform object

Question 18

vector quantity

Answer 18

has magnitude, direction, and point of application

Question 19

force of muscle determined by

Answer 19

• # of muscle fibers contracting
• muscle size, shape, and fiber arrangement

Question 20

parallel fiber arrangement

Answer 20

parallel to length of the muscle, produce most ROM
-brachioradialis, sartorius, rectus abdominus, pectoralis major

Question 21

pennate fiber arrangement

Answer 21

arranged obliquely to the tendon, produce the most force
- tibialis posterior, rectus femoris, deltoid

Question 22

what is maximal force influenced by

Answer 22

• nervous system activation
• muscle length
• muscle velocity

Question 23

how does muscle length influence maximal force

Answer 23

close to resting generates more force than shortened or lengthened position

Question 24

how does muscle velocity influence maximal force

Answer 24

as resistance increases, maximal velocity a muscle can contract concentrically decreases

as resistance increases, eccentric velocity increases

Question 25

moment force (rotary force)

Answer 25

when a muscle pulls straight up from the bone, it has the most movement force (90 degree angle of pull) -closer to 90 degrees, the more movement force

Question 26

stabilizing force (non-rotary force)

Answer 26

smaller angle of pull = higher stabilizing force

Question 27

destabilizing force (non-rotary force)

Answer 27

greater angle of pull is more destabilizing >90

Question 28

patella role

Answer 28

changes the angle of pull of muscle providing force - increases AOP - increases moment arm - increases movement force - increases effort torque - decreases stabilizing force

Question 29

torque

Answer 29

a turning effect produced by a force - force not through center of mass or axis of rotation produces torque

Question 30

torque equation

Answer 30

force magnitude * length of the moment arm

Question 31

moment arm

Answer 31

perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis of rotation or center of mass

Question 32

rotary force

Answer 32

does not pass through axis of rotation, produces torque

Question 33

non-rotary force

Answer 33

passes through axis of rotation, no moment arm, doesn't produce torque

Question 34

effort arm

Answer 34

moment arm of the effort force - perpendicular distance from LOA of a muscle to the joint

Question 35

resistance arm

Answer 35

momement arm of the resistance force - perpendicular distance from the resistance force to the joint

Question 36

mechanical advantage

Answer 36

MA > 1 easier to move resistance

Question 37

mechanical disadvantage

Answer 37

MA < 1 more effort for less resistance but resistance moves further and faster

Question 38

MA equations

Answer 38

R/E EA/RA

Question 39

stabilizer (fixator)

Answer 39

contract isometrically to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another segment to move

Question 40

Neutralizers

Answer 40

prevent undesired action of one of the agonists

Question 41

axial skeleton

Answer 41

head, neck, trunk

Question 42

appendicular skeleton

Answer 42

appendages, clavicle, scapula, pelvis

Question 43

kinesiology

Answer 43

study of movement

Question 44

3 fold purpose of studying kinesiology

Answer 44

safety, effectiveness, efficiency

Question 45

diaphysis

Answer 45

long cylindrical shaft of bone

Question 46

epiphysis

Answer 46

ends of long bones

Question 47

cortical bone

Answer 47

compact, low porosity

Question 48

cancellous bone

Answer 48

spongy or trabecular, high porosity

Question 49

3 structural types of joints

Answer 49

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 50

3 functional types of joints

Answer 50

synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial

Question 51

synarthrodial

Answer 51

no movement, between skull bones and teeth

Question 52

amphiarthrodial

Answer 52

slight movement

Question 53

diarthrodial

Answer 53

lots of movement, synovial joints

Question 54

skeletal muscle properties

Answer 54

extensibility, elasticity, contractility

Question 55

tendon muscle properties

Answer 55

extensibility, elasticity

Question 56

fasicle

Answer 56

bundle of muscle fibers

Question 57

muscle fiber cell wall

Answer 57

sarcolemma

Question 58

sarcomere

Answer 58

distance between two z lines

Question 59

3 types of neurons

Answer 59

sensory (towards cns) interneurons motor (away from cns)

Question 60

radiocarpal joint

Answer 60

condyloid

Question 61

intercarpal joint

Answer 61

gliding

Question 62

1st carpometacarpal joint

Answer 62

saddle

Question 63

2nd-5th carpometacarpal joints

Answer 63

gliding

Question 64

1st metacarpophalangeal joint

Answer 64

hinge

Question 65

2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints

Answer 65

condyloid

Question 66

interphalangeal joints

Answer 66

hinge

Question 67

anterior compartment of leg

Answer 67

tibialis anterior

Question 68

lateral compartment of leg

Answer 68

peroneus longus

Question 69

superficial posterior compartment of leg

Answer 69

gastrocnemius, soleus

Question 70

deep posterior compartment of leg

Answer 70

tibialis posterior

Question 71

atlanto occipital joint

Answer 71

head and c1, hinge

Question 72

atlantoaxial joint

Answer 72

c1 and c2, pivot joint