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1
Q

What is the approximate area of the cerebral cortex?

A

1500-2000 cm²

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2
Q

How many miles of nerve fibers are estimated to be in one cubic inch of cerebral cortex?

A

10,000 miles

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3
Q

What is the typical number of neighbors a neuron is connected to?

A

1,000-2,000

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4
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Pyramidal cells
  • Granule (stellate) cells
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5
Q

How many layers are arranged in the cerebral cortex?

A

6 layers

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6
Q

What type of neurons are found in the molecular layer of the cortex?

A

Local inhibitory interneurons

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7
Q

What type of neurons are found in the external granular layer of the cortex?

A

Association neurons

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8
Q

What is the function of the internal granular layer in the cortex?

A

Receives thalamocortical projections

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9
Q

What type of neurons are primarily found in the internal pyramidal layer?

A

Projecting neurons

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10
Q

What is the significance of the multiform layer in the cortex?

A

Contains corticothalamic neurons

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11
Q

What distinguishes agranular cortex from granular cortex?

A
  • Agranular cortex = motor
  • Granular cortex = sensory
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12
Q

How many Brodmann’s areas are there?

A

52

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13
Q

What does Brodmann’s areas classification rely on?

A

Cytoarchitecture

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14
Q

What are the two types of fibers in cortical connections?

A
  • Intracortical Fibers
  • Association Fibers
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15
Q

What do commissural fibers connect?

A

Homologous areas of two hemispheres

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16
Q

What is the primary commissural fiber in the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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17
Q

What are the two types of projection fibers?

A
  • Corticopetal (afferent)
  • Corticofugal (efferent)
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18
Q

What connects the cerebral cortex with subcortical nuclei?

A

Projection (subcortical) fibers

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19
Q

What does the internal capsule connect?

A

Thalamus and corpus striatum/basal nuclei

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20
Q

What are the main functional areas of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Primary motor
  • Pre-motor
  • Supplementary motor
  • Frontal eye field
  • Pre-frontal
  • Broca’s speech
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21
Q

What major change occurred in Phineas Gage after his accident?

A

His personality changed drastically

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22
Q

What are the primary functional areas of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Primary somatosensory
  • Secondary somatosensory
  • Gustatory
  • Association
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23
Q

What are the primary functions associated with the temporal lobe?

A
  • Primary auditory
  • Areas associated with emotions and higher mental functions (memory, speech)
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24
Q

What are the primary functions of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Primary visual
  • Visual association areas
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25
What is aphasia?
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage
26
Which area of the brain is responsible for directing muscle movements involved in speech?
Broca's Area
27
Where is Wernicke’s Area located and what is its function?
Left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression
28
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
The primary function of the cerebral cortex is to process sensory information and coordinate voluntary movements.
29
True or False: The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain.
True
30
What are the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex?
The four main lobes are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
31
Fill in the blank: The ______ lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information.
occipital
32
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is involved in decision-making and problem-solving?
frontal lobe
33
Multiple choice: Which lobe is responsible for processing auditory information? A) Frontal B) Parietal C) Temporal D) Occipital
C) Temporal
34
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
The parietal lobe processes sensory information related to touch, temperature, and pain.
35
True or False: The cerebral cortex is involved in higher-order brain functions.
True
36
What is the significance of the prefrontal cortex?
The prefrontal cortex is crucial for executive functions such as planning, reasoning, and social behavior.
37
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the area of the brain associated with language comprehension.
Wernicke's area
38
Which area of the brain is known for language production?
Broca's area
39
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex? A) Sensory processing B) Emotion regulation C) Blood circulation D) Motor control
C) Blood circulation
40
What type of cells are primarily found in the cerebral cortex?
Neurons and glial cells
41
True or False: The cerebral cortex has a uniform thickness across all regions.
False
42
What is the term for the folds of the cerebral cortex?
Gyri
43
What are the grooves in the cerebral cortex called?
Sulci
44
Fill in the blank: The ______ lobe integrates sensory information from different modalities.
parietal
45
Which hemisphere of the brain is typically associated with language in right-handed individuals?
Left hemisphere
46
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
The primary motor cortex is responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements.
47
True or False: The cerebral cortex is involved in memory formation.
True
48
What is the role of the somatosensory cortex?
The somatosensory cortex processes sensory input from the body, including touch and proprioception.
49
Multiple choice: Which lobe is primarily responsible for emotional regulation? A) Occipital B) Temporal C) Frontal D) Parietal
C) Frontal
50
What is the function of the association areas in the cerebral cortex?
Association areas integrate information from different sensory modalities and are involved in complex cognitive processes.
51
Fill in the blank: The ______ lobe is involved in auditory processing and memory.
temporal
52
What is the significance of the corpus callosum?
The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, facilitating interhemispheric communication.
53
True or False: The cerebral cortex is responsible for involuntary actions.
False
54
What is cortical plasticity?
Cortical plasticity is the ability of the cerebral cortex to change and adapt as a result of experience and learning.
55
Multiple choice: Which of the following structures is NOT part of the cerebral cortex? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Occipital lobe D) Brainstem
D) Brainstem
56
What is the function of the visual cortex?
The visual cortex processes visual information from the eyes.
57
Fill in the blank: The ______ cortex is involved in processing tactile information.
somatosensory
58
True or False: The cerebral cortex can regenerate neurons.
False
59
What is the role of the frontal eye fields?
The frontal eye fields are involved in controlling eye movements.
60
Multiple choice: Which lobe is responsible for spatial awareness? A) Frontal B) Parietal C) Temporal D) Occipital
B) Parietal
61
What is the role of the insular cortex?
The insular cortex is involved in consciousness, emotion, and the perception of bodily sensations.
62
Fill in the blank: The ______ lobe is associated with higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and judgment.
frontal
63
True or False: The cerebral cortex contains both gray matter and white matter.
True
64
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
The primary auditory cortex is responsible for processing basic auditory information.
65
Multiple choice: Which area of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in visual processing? A) Parietal B) Occipital C) Frontal D) Temporal
B) Occipital
66
What is the role of the angular gyrus?
The angular gyrus is involved in language processing and spatial awareness.
67
Fill in the blank: The ______ cortex is important for integrating sensory information.
association
68
True or False: The left hemisphere is generally more analytical than the right hemisphere.
True
69
What is the significance of the primary somatosensory cortex?
The primary somatosensory cortex is crucial for processing sensory input related to touch and body position.
70
Multiple choice: Which lobe is least involved in sensory processing? A) Frontal B) Parietal C) Occipital D) Temporal
A) Frontal
71
What is the role of the cingulate cortex?
The cingulate cortex is involved in emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory.
72
Fill in the blank: The ______ lobe plays a key role in auditory and visual memory.
temporal
73
True or False: The cerebral cortex is uniform in its function across all areas.
False
74
What is the right ear associated with in terms of cranial nerves?
V, VII, X ## Footnote These cranial nerves relate to various functions of the ear, including sensory and motor functions.
75
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
VII ## Footnote The facial nerve (VII) is involved in taste sensation for the anterior part of the tongue.
76
What are the components of the auditory ossicles?
* Malleus (hammer) * Incus (anvil) * Stapes (stirrup) ## Footnote These three small bones are essential for sound transmission in the ear.
77
What structure is associated with the internal acoustic meatus?
Temporal bone, Internal jugular vein, Internal carotid artery ## Footnote These structures pass through or are located near the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone.
78
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
VII ## Footnote The facial nerve (VII) innervates these glands via the submandibular ganglion.
79
The facial nerve enters the temporal bone through which canal?
Facial canal ## Footnote The facial canal is the pathway through which the facial nerve travels within the temporal bone.
80
What is the function of the facial nerve regarding muscles?
Motor to muscles of facial expression ## Footnote The facial nerve controls the movement of facial muscles.
81
Fill in the blank: The _______ part of the temporal bone is where the facial nerve is located.
Petrous ## Footnote The petrous part of the temporal bone houses important structures, including the inner ear.
82
What is the role of the pterygopalatine ganglion in relation to the facial nerve?
Parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal & nasal glands ## Footnote The pterygopalatine ganglion is involved in the secretion of tears and nasal mucus.
83
What cranial nerve is associated with V3?
V ## Footnote V3 refers specifically to the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V), which provides sensory and motor functions.
84
What is the location of the stylomastoid foramen?
Facial Nerve exit point ## Footnote The stylomastoid foramen is where the facial nerve exits the skull to innervate facial muscles.
85
What is the distinction between the lateral and medial surfaces in terms of cranial nerve innervation?
Lateral surface (V, VII, X) vs Medial surface (IX) ## Footnote This distinction pertains to the innervation provided by different cranial nerves in the ear.
86
Which structure is located at the petrotympanic fissure?
Sensory cell bodies ## Footnote The petrotympanic fissure is an important anatomical feature related to the sensory functions of the ear.
87
What is the role of sound in the movement of the basilar membrane?
Sound makes basilar membrane move up and down
88
What causes sound transduction in the cochlea?
Relative motion of basilar and tectorial membranes
89
What are the three main parts of the cochlea?
* Scala tympani * Scala vestibuli * Scala media
90
What characteristics define sound waves?
* Frequency * Amplitude
91
What drives the vibrations of the basilar membrane?
Tympanic membrane vibrations
92
Where does the location of basilar membrane vibration depend?
Frequency of sound stimulus
93
How many rows of outer hair cells are there in the cochlea?
3 rows
94
How many inner hair cells are there approximately per ear?
About 3500
95
What is the consequence of inner hair cell damage?
Hearing loss
96
What can damage or kill hair cells?
Loud sounds
97
Do hair cells regenerate in mammals?
No
98
What is a major contributor to age-related hearing loss?
Environmental noise
99
What is the function of tip links in hair cells?
Linked to transduction channels
100
What happens to the open probability of transduction channels when hair bundles are deflected towards the kinocilium?
Open probability increases
101
What happens to the open probability of transduction channels when hair bundles are deflected away from the kinocilium?
Open probability decreases
102
What does tonotopic organization in the auditory nerve refer to?
Labeled Lines
103
What is the pathway for conscious audition in the auditory system?
* Superior olivary complex * Lateral lemniscus * Inferior colliculus * Medial Geniculate Nucleus * Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei * Spiral ganglion * Cochlea
104
How do frequency maps differ across species?
Bats have a 'fovea' near 60 kHz for ultrasonic echolocation sounds
105
What is the organization of frequency in the auditory cortex called?
Tonotopic organization
106
What type of hearing loss occurs when sound cannot reach the inner ear?
Conductive hearing loss
107
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Damage to hair cells or auditory pathway
108
What type of hearing loss involves both conductive and sensorineural factors?
Mixed hearing loss
109
What are the three divisions of the ear?
External Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear ## Footnote Each division serves a specific function in the hearing and balance system.
110
What is the function of the cochlea?
Hearing via the organ of Corti ## Footnote The cochlea transduces mechanical energy into neural signals.
111
What cranial nerve carries signals from the cochlea and vestibular organs?
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) ## Footnote This nerve is crucial for transmitting auditory and balance information to the brainstem.
112
What is the role of the vestibular nerve?
Transmits signals from hair cells in the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule ## Footnote This is essential for balance and spatial orientation.
113
Which structures do the vestibular nuclei project to?
Cerebellum, Oculomotor nuclei, Thalamus and cortex, Spinal cord ## Footnote These projections facilitate coordination, eye movement, conscious perception of motion, and posture.
114
What is the mnemonic for vestibular neurocircuitry?
Some Very Lively Inner Paths Create Opposing Senses ## Footnote This mnemonic helps remember the pathways and connections involved in vestibular processing.
115
What is the striola?
A central landmark in the maculae of the utricle and saccule ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in detecting linear acceleration and head tilt.
116
What happens when the striola is damaged?
Impaired direction-specific postural reflexes ## Footnote Damage affects the ability to detect changes in head position.
117
What is the purpose of caloric reflex testing?
To test the integrity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and brainstem ## Footnote This test assesses how the body responds to temperature changes in the ear.
118
What does the mnemonic COWS stand for?
Cold Opposite, Warm Same ## Footnote It describes the expected direction of nystagmus during caloric testing.
119
What is the expected eye movement when cold water is introduced into the left ear?
Slow eye movement toward the left, followed by fast phase to the right ## Footnote This response indicates normal vestibulo-ocular reflex function.
120
What is the effect of a peripheral lesion (e.g., CN VIII)?
Vertigo, nausea, horizontal nystagmus ## Footnote These symptoms indicate dysfunction in the balance system.
121
What are the symptoms of a vestibular nucleus lesion?
Vertigo, Nystagmus, Ataxia, Contralateral pain/temp loss ## Footnote These symptoms result from damage to the vestibular pathways.
122
What deficits are associated with cerebellar flocculonodular lobe lesions?
Truncal ataxia, VOR deficits ## Footnote These lesions impact coordination and balance.
123
What does a lesion to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) cause?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia ## Footnote This condition affects eye movement coordination.
124
What is the expected response to caloric reflex testing with warm water?
Fast phase toward the irrigated side ## Footnote This indicates the direction of nystagmus associated with warm irrigation.
125
Which nucleus receives direct input from the vestibular nerve and projects to spinal motor neurons?
Lateral vestibular nucleus ## Footnote This nucleus is key in maintaining posture and balance.
126
What function would be most affected by a lesion in the striola region?
Detection of direction-specific linear acceleration ## Footnote This is critical for understanding head movements and balance.
127
A stroke affecting the lateral medulla may result in damage to which nucleus?
Vestibular nucleus ## Footnote This damage can lead to symptoms such as vertigo and nystagmus.
128
What is the main function of the olfactory pathway?
To process the sense of smell (olfaction) and transmit signals to the brain ## Footnote The olfactory pathway includes receptors, the olfactory nerve, and brain regions associated with smell.
129
What are the two chemical senses?
Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation) ## Footnote These senses respond to chemical stimuli and are crucial for flavor perception.
130
How are olfactory receptors different from other neurons?
They are modified neurons that are continually regenerated ## Footnote This regeneration allows for the continuous perception of odors.
131
How many different receptor types are there for olfaction?
Approximately 1,000 different receptor types ## Footnote This diversity allows for the detection of a wide range of odors.
132
What percentage of human DNA codes for olfactory receptors?
~1% ## Footnote This makes olfactory receptors the largest single gene family in humans.
133
What structure do olfactory nerve axons lead to?
Olfactory bulbs ## Footnote The olfactory bulbs are where the initial processing of smell occurs.
134
Which part of the brain is involved in the conscious awareness of smell?
Olfactory region of the cerebral cortex in the temporal lobe ## Footnote This region receives direct signals from olfactory neurons.
135
What is the role of the limbic system and hypothalamus in olfaction?
They are involved in emotion and memory related to smells ## Footnote This connection explains why certain smells can trigger memories or emotions.
136
What are the four parts of olfactory receptors?
* Cilia * Olfactory knob * Olfactory rod * Axon ## Footnote These components work together to detect and transmit smell information.
137
What is anosmia?
The inability to perceive smells ## Footnote Anosmia can be congenital or acquired and may be permanent or temporary.
138
What distinguishes anosmia from olfactory agnosia?
Anosmia is the inability to perceive a smell, while olfactory agnosia is the inability to recognize a smell ## Footnote Both conditions affect smell but in different ways.
139
What is hyperosmia?
Increased sensitivity to odors ## Footnote Individuals with hyperosmia may find smells overwhelming.
140
What is hyposmia (or microsmia)?
Decreased sensitivity to odors ## Footnote This condition can affect the ability to detect certain smells.
141
What is dysosmia?
Distortion of smell sensation ## Footnote Individuals may perceive smells differently than they actually are.
142
What is parosmia?
Inability to identify an odor’s natural smell ## Footnote Individuals may perceive smells as altered or different from their true nature.
143
What is cacosmia?
A distortion of smell that is extremely unpleasant ## Footnote This can lead to a negative perception of otherwise normal odors.
144
What are phantosmias?
Olfactory hallucinations where non-existent stimulation is perceived ## Footnote These are usually unpleasant and can affect daily life.
145
What is the gustatory pathway?
The pathway through which taste information is transmitted from taste receptors to the brain. ## Footnote It includes the chemical senses of smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation).
146
What are the chemical senses?
Senses that respond to chemical stimuli, specifically smell and taste. ## Footnote They involve gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) receptors.
147
What is gustatory reception?
The process by which taste receptor cells detect different taste qualities. ## Footnote Each taste quality has a unique chemosensory mechanism.
148
List the five basic taste qualities.
* Salty * Sour * Bitter * Sweet * Umami ## Footnote These qualities are detected by different mechanisms in taste receptor cells.
149
What are the four types of papillae involved in taste?
* Circumvallate * Folliate * Filliform * Fungiform ## Footnote Each type of papillae has a different structure and function in taste perception.
150
What cranial nerves innervate the taste buds?
* Facial nerve (VII) * Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) * Vagus nerve (X) ## Footnote These nerves are responsible for transmitting taste sensations from different areas of the tongue and throat.
151
Where do the afferent fibers of the facial nerve enter the brainstem?
At the ponto-medullary junction. ## Footnote This is where the facial nerve afferents begin their pathway to the brain.
152
Where do the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve afferents enter the brainstem?
In the rostral medulla. ## Footnote This entry point is crucial for the transmission of taste information to higher brain centers.
153
What is the role of the rostral solitary nucleus?
It collects afferent fibers from cranial nerves in the gustatory pathway. ## Footnote This nucleus is located in the medulla and plays a key role in processing taste information.
154
How do axons in the gustatory pathway ascend?
Ipsilaterally in the central tegmental tract of the brainstem. ## Footnote This pathway leads to the thalamus for further processing of taste information.
155
Where do neurons project from the thalamus in the gustatory pathway?
To the insular cortex and operculum (primary gustatory areas). ## Footnote These areas are involved in the perception of taste.
156
What is the gustatory cortex's location?
Completely beneath the cortical surface. ## Footnote It is involved in the processing of taste information and is part of the limbic system.
157
What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in taste?
It receives projections from the insular cortex and is involved in the emotional and behavioral significance of taste. ## Footnote The orbitofrontal cortex integrates sensory information and influences decision-making related to taste.
158
Define ageusia.
Complete loss of taste. ## Footnote This condition can significantly affect quality of life and nutrition.
159
What is hypogeusia?
Decreased taste sensitivity. ## Footnote This may lead to reduced enjoyment of food and potential dietary deficiencies.
160
What does hypergeusia refer to?
Increased taste sensitivity. ## Footnote Individuals may find certain flavors overwhelming or unpleasant.
161
What is dysgeusia?
Distortions of taste perception. ## Footnote This condition can create unpleasant or unusual taste experiences.
162
Define parageusia.
Perverted taste. ## Footnote Similar to dysgeusia, it leads to abnormal taste sensations.
163
What is cacogeusia?
An unpleasant or revolting taste. ## Footnote This term describes a negative taste experience that can affect appetite.
164
What is phantogeusia?
A non-existent taste sensation, usually unpleasant, such as a metallic taste. ## Footnote This phenomenon can occur without any actual food stimulus.
165
What is the primary function of the auditory ossicles?
To transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear ## Footnote The auditory ossicles consist of the malleus, incus, and stapes.
166
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
VII (Facial Nerve) ## Footnote VII also provides parasympathetic innervation to submandibular and sublingual glands.
167
Fill in the blank: The _______ part of the temporal bone houses the internal acoustic meatus.
Petrous ## Footnote The petrous part is a dense section of the temporal bone.
168
Which cranial nerves have their lateral surface associated with the ear?
V, VII, X ## Footnote These cranial nerves are involved in various functions including sensation and parasympathetic innervation.
169
What are the three auditory ossicles?
* Malleus (hammer) * Incus (anvil) * Stapes (stirrup) ## Footnote These bones play a crucial role in hearing.
170
True or False: The internal jugular vein is located in the petrous part of the temporal bone.
True ## Footnote The internal jugular vein runs near the internal acoustic meatus.
171
What is the function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal and nasal glands ## Footnote This ganglion is associated with the Facial Nerve (VII).
172
Which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen ## Footnote This is where the facial nerve branches to innervate facial muscles.
173
What is the sensory function of cranial nerve IX?
Medial surface functions related to taste and sensation ## Footnote IX is also involved in other functions like innervating the pharynx.
174
What is the V3 division of cranial nerve V responsible for?
Sensory and motor functions in the lower jaw ## Footnote V3 is the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
175
Fill in the blank: The facial canal is located within the _______ bone.
Temporal ## Footnote The facial canal houses the facial nerve as it traverses the temporal bone.
176
What structure moves up and down in response to sound?
Basilar membrane ## Footnote The movement of the basilar membrane is critical for sound transduction.
177
What two membranes have relative motion that causes sound transduction?
Basilar and tectorial membranes ## Footnote This relative motion is essential for converting sound waves into neural signals.
178
What are the three parts of the cochlea?
* Scala tympani * Scala vestibuli * Scala media ## Footnote These structures play a role in the mechanics of hearing.
179
What characteristics define sound waves?
* Frequency * Amplitude ## Footnote These characteristics influence how we perceive sound.
180
What drives the vibrations of the basilar membrane?
Tympanic membrane vibrations ## Footnote The tympanic membrane is crucial in transmitting sound to the inner ear.
181
Where does the location of basilar membrane vibration depend on?
Frequency of sound stimulus ## Footnote Different frequencies stimulate different locations along the basilar membrane.
182
How many rows of outer hair cells are there in the cochlea?
3 rows ## Footnote Outer hair cells are important for amplifying sound.
183
How many inner hair cells are typically found per ear?
About 3500 ## Footnote Inner hair cells are primarily responsible for transmitting sound information to the brain.
184
What type of damage leads to hearing loss?
Inner hair cell damage ## Footnote Protecting hair cells is essential because they do not regenerate in mammals.
185
What can damage hair cells?
Loud sounds ## Footnote Exposure to high noise levels is a significant factor in hearing loss.
186
What is a major contributor to age-related hearing loss?
Environmental noise ## Footnote Continuous exposure to loud environments can lead to cumulative damage over time.
187
What are tip links associated with?
Transduction channels ## Footnote Tip links are crucial for the function of hair cells in converting sound vibrations into electrical signals.
188
What happens to the open probability of transduction channels when hair bundles deflect towards the kinocilium?
Increases ## Footnote This increase is essential for activating the hair cells.
189
What happens to the open probability of transduction channels when hair bundles deflect away from the kinocilium?
Decreases ## Footnote This decrease reduces the activation of hair cells.
190
What type of organization exists in the auditory nerve?
Tonotopic organization ## Footnote This means that different frequencies are processed in different locations within the auditory pathway.
191
Name two components of the auditory pathway leading to the cortex.
* Superior olivary complex * Inferior colliculus ## Footnote These structures are involved in processing auditory information before it reaches the cortex.
192
What is the role of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus in the auditory pathway?
Relay station for auditory information ## Footnote It serves as a critical hub in transmitting sound information to the auditory cortex.
193
What distinguishes frequency maps across species?
Different frequency sensitivities ## Footnote For example, bats have specialized frequency maps for echolocation.
194
What type of hearing loss occurs when sound cannot reach the inner ear?
Conductive hearing loss ## Footnote This type of loss is often due to blockages or damage in the outer or middle ear.
195
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Damage to hair cells or auditory pathway ## Footnote This type of hearing loss is often permanent and results from damage to the inner ear.
196
What type of hearing loss combines both conductive and sensorineural factors?
Mixed hearing loss ## Footnote This condition involves elements of both types of hearing loss.
197
What is the primary function of the ear related to balance?
Equilibrium ## Footnote The ear plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and spatial orientation.
198
What term describes the line that divides the macula in the utricle and saccule?
Striola ## Footnote The striola is an important anatomical feature in the vestibular system.
199
What reflex is associated with the stimulation of the vestibular system through temperature changes?
Caloric Reflex ## Footnote This reflex is often tested in clinical settings to assess vestibular function.

INS FINAL (2 decks)

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