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English 126 Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do individuals make arguments?

A

To convince/inform, to persuade, to make decisions, to understand and explore.

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2
Q

Define ‘rhetoric’

A

Art of persuasion.

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3
Q

Arguments about the past are called?

A

Forensic arguments.

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4
Q

Description of forensic arguments?

A

What happens in a courtroom.

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5
Q

Purpose of convincing arguments?

A

Make another see your side.

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6
Q

Purpose of persuasive arguments?

A

Make another do what you want.

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7
Q

Purpose of decisive arguments?

A

Examine the options and pick the best one.

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8
Q

Purpose of understanding/exploring arguments?

A

Explore a problem and respond to it.

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9
Q

Arguments about the present are called?

A

Ceremonial arguments.

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10
Q

What is the description of ceremonial arguments?

A

Ceremonial arguments explore the current values of a society.

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11
Q

What are arguments about the future called?

A

Deliberative arguments.

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12
Q

What is the description of deliberative arguments?

A

Deliberative arguments influence policies or legislation for the future.

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13
Q

What are the four kinds of argument?

A

Arguments of fact, arguments of definition, arguments of evaluation, arguments of proposal.

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14
Q

What is an argument of fact?

A

An argument of fact involves a statement that can be proven or disproven; did something happen?

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15
Q

What is an argument of definition?

A

An argument of definition questions the definition of a word or phrase; what is the nature of the thing?

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16
Q

What is an argument of evaluation?

A

An argument of evaluation presents standards and then measures something against those standards; what is the quality or cause of the thing?

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17
Q

What is an argument of proposal?

A

An argument of proposal decides what should happen next; what actions should be taken?

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18
Q

Define ‘intended reader’.

A

The intended reader is the reader the writer thinks about when writing.

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19
Q

Define ‘invoked reader’.

A

The invoked reader is the reader that is represented in the text.

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20
Q

What is pathos?

A

Pathos appeals to emotions; may invoke fear, sadness, etc.

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21
Q

What is ethos?

A

Ethos makes the author trustworthy; what is their motive?; what is their background?

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22
Q

What is authority?

A

author know what they are talking about

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23
Q

What is credibility?

A

the author is trustworthy

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24
Q

What is logos?

A

appeals to logic; facts, statistics, etc.

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25
What is an artistic proof?
argument the author creates
26
What is an inartistic proof?
argument the author is given
27
What is an enthymeme?
a sentence with a claim and reason but contains an implicit assumption
28
What is rhetorical analysis?
knowing what appeals the author uses
29
Why is rhetorical analysis important?
figure out how a text functions; why or why not certain strategies used worked
30
What are either-or choices?
giving the audience a choice between two options
31
What are scare tactics?
fear mongering
32
What is a slippery slope?
snowball effect; exaggerates the consequences of an action
33
What are overly sentimental appeals?
use tender emotions to distract readers from the facts
34
What are bandwagon appeals?
urge people to follow the same path everyone else is taking
35
What are appeals to false authority?
Using claims from a bad source; taking credit for another’s ideas
36
What is dogmatism?
Implying that there is no other argument.
37
What is an ad hominem argument?
Going after the person speaking, but not their claim.
38
What does stacking the deck mean?
Only presenting one side of the argument.
39
What is faulty casualty?
Assuming that because one thing follows another, the first causes the second.
40
What does begging the question refer to?
Circular argument.
41
What is equivocation?
Half truths / arguments that give lies as an honest appearance; tricks of language.
42
What does non sequitur mean?
Claims, reasons, and warrants don't connect logically.
43
What is a straw man argument?
Attack arguments that no one is actually making.
44
What is a red herring?
Providing a distraction.
45
What is a faulty analogy?
Trying to compare two things but it doesn't work.
46
What is hasty generalization?
Inference drawn from insufficient evidence.
47
How can you shape visuals to convey appropriate feelings?
To appeal to your audience/readers, think about the point you want to get across or how it may affect people.
48
How can you consider the effects of the emotional responses to color?
Color has a big effect on how readers take in information, affecting their mood and response to the argument.
49
How can you organize information visually?
It allows readers/audience to understand the image or item, including evidence, data, and other important information.
50
How can you use visuals to convey data efficiently?
Using charts, graphs, drawings, maps, etc., can be more effective than just using words to get your point across.
51
What types of visuals can you use in your arguments?
Charts, graphs, tables, illustrations, timelines, snapshots of websites, and video clips.
52
How can you avoid violating copyright?
Document all the information about who created it, when it was created, and all other important details.
53
What are the steps to developing an academic argument?
- Choose a topic - Get to know the conversation surrounding your topic - Assess what you know and need to know - Come up with a claim about the topic - Consider rhetorical stance - Concentrate on material you're gathering - Work cited
54
What are belief speeches?
Designed to change what the audience believes if true or false.
55
What is topical organization?
Uses the reasons that support the thesis statement as main points.
56
What is criteria-satisfaction organization?
uses the main pint to develop the relevant definition, with a second point showing that research confirms or denies the existence of the definition
57
What are stock issues?
The four main issues required to develop a good argument.
58
What is a motivated sequence?
A method of speech organization which reflects the way audiences think when making decisions.
59
What is language intensity?
The degree to affect in language.
60
What is powerless language?
The lack of certainty or confidence in expressing ideas.
61
What is refutation?
A persuasive strategy that involves attacking opposing arguments in order to weaken or eliminate these arguments.
62
What is relevance?
The quality of information that indicates the information makes a difference in a decision.
63
What are author credentials?
Qualifications in the form of degrees, posted on websites, amount of books written, speeches performed, or positions held.
64
What is author stance?
Position set forth about a topic in a piece.
65
What are publisher credentials?
Amount of circulation, length of time in existence, awards won, name recognition.
66
What is publisher stance?
Kinds of stories or articles generally produced or appearing in the publication.
67
What is accuracy?
Information cited within the work is from credible sources; opinion is limited.
68
What is audience?
Who the piece of text was originally written for. ## Footnote Example: in a letter, look at who the letter is addressed to (Dear Mom).
69
What is omission?
What is missing from the source; this may be deliberate or accidental.
70
What is Critical Mass?
Many pieces of evidence that support a single claim.
71
What does it mean to synthesize?
The use of research to effectively support and amplify a claim.
72
What does it mean to summarize?
Recording the gist or key idea from a source in a shortened version.
73
What does it mean to paraphrase?
Placing an author's ideas into the essay writer's own words and sentence structures.
74
What are signal words?
Precedes a quotation to alert the reader to introduce borrowed material.
75
What does it mean to establish context?
Providing enough information about all facets of a topic before making the claim.
76
What is technical material?
Using language specific to a topic- also known as jargon- to add an expert feel to the writing.
77
What is patchwriting?
The process of stitching a paper together from sources that have been lightly reworked or copied; usually with little, incomplete, or no documentation.
78
What is academic writing?
The kind of writing generally undertaken by scholars and students, in which a writer responds to another's work or uses multiple sources to develop and support an original idea.
79
What is Selective Quotation Use?
Wording expresses a point so well that you cannot improve upon it; comes from a respected author; language that challenges or seriously disagrees with others in the field.
80
What is Circumstantial Evidence?
Indirect evidence used to imply or suggest a fact but not prove it directly.
81
What is the Fabric of the Argument?
A writer's words infused with evidence to create a coherent argument that addresses all aspects of a topic.
82
What is Infotention?
A term coined by Howard Rheingold to describe the digital literacy skills of managing the technology we use and synthesizing the information we find online.
83
What is Rheingold's Triangulation?
Using three pieces of evidence to support an argument.
84
What does it mean to paraphrase?
Putting an author's ideas—including major and minor points—into your own words and sentence structure following the order the author has given them.

English 126 Final (1 decks)

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