Final Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is the function of insulin and where is it released?
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels and is released from the pancreas.
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
What is the function of glucagon and where is it released?
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels and is released from the pancreas.
Glucagon promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition leading to insulin deficiency; Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity.
Type 1 usually develops in childhood, while Type 2 typically occurs in adults.
What is the role of oxytocin in labor?
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor.
It is often referred to as the ‘love hormone’ and plays a role in social bonding.
What are lipid-soluble hormones in relation to the receiving cell?
Lipid-soluble hormones can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.
Examples include steroid hormones like cortisol and testosterone.
What are water-soluble hormones in relation to the receiving cell?
Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane and activate intracellular signaling pathways.
Examples include insulin and adrenaline.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
Each kidney contains about a million nephrons.
What is the importance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
This system is activated in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume.
What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor.
When does filtrate become urine?
Filtrate becomes urine after it passes through the collecting ducts and is excreted.
The process involves further concentration and modification of the filtrate.
What percentage of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
About 65-70% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
This includes reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients.
Where are the adrenal glands located?
The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney.
They are responsible for producing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.
How do kidneys help maintain homeostasis?
Kidneys regulate electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and waste elimination.
They also play a role in acid-base balance.
What are the structures of the kidneys?
The main structures include the cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, and nephrons.
The cortex contains the glomeruli and proximal tubules.
What are the aging effects on kidneys?
Aging can lead to decreased kidney function, reduced glomerular filtration rate, and increased risk of kidney disease.
These changes can affect overall fluid and electrolyte balance.
What is a zygote?
A zygote is the fertilized egg that results from the union of a sperm and an egg.
Where must a fertilized egg implant to make it viable?
A fertilized egg must implant in the uterus to be viable.
Functions of the testes:
The testes produce sperm and secrete hormones, primarily testosterone.
Pathway of sperm ejaculation:
Sperm travels from the testes to the epididymis, then through the vas deferens, and finally out through the urethra.
What does spermatogenesis mean, and when does it begin in males?
Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production, which begins at puberty.
How many chromosomes are in a single sperm cell?
A single sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes.
What is the corpus luteum and which hormone does it secrete?
The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that secretes progesterone.
What does the release of FSH cause in the mature secondary follicle (egg)?
The release of FSH stimulates the maturation of the egg and the production of estrogen.
What is ovulation?
Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
