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Final Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

1st Crusade (1096-1099)

A

The pope ordered Crusaders to successfully take over Jerusalem(Israel) because Christians were being denied access and were threatening Constantiople. Murdered 1000’s of Muslims and Jews after a month long siege of the city.;

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2
Q

2nd Crusade (1147-1149)

A

A failed attempt to recapture Jerusalem after 1st crusaders were pushed out;

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3
Q

3rd Crusade (1189-1192)

A

King’s Crusade - Richard the Lionheart. Saladin has Muslim opposing forces. The agreement between the king’s and Saladin allows Christians to pilgrim to Jerusalem;

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4
Q

4th Crusade (1202-1204)

A

Frustrated Crusaders attacked and looted Constantinople - which made it much easier for Muslim invaders to conquer it in 1453.;

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5
Q

New Rome

A

Constantine’s name for Constantinople;

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6
Q

Constantinople

A

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire;

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7
Q

Bosporus Straight

A

A straight that connects the Black sea to the Mediterranean.;

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8
Q

Constantine

A

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337);

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9
Q

Justinian and Theodora

A

Eastern Roman Empire (later named as Byzantine Empire) partners and rulers that attempted to reunite the empire by waging war against barbarians in the west. They wanted to return the Empire to that during the time of Augustan period. Created the Justinian code

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10
Q

Nika Riots (532)

A

Riots broke out at the Hippodrome against Emperor Justinian

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11
Q

Code of Justinian

A

The collection of laws that were taken from old Roman law and rewritten so that they could be easily understood;

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12
Q

Hagia Sofia

A

Byzantine

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13
Q

Hippodrome

A

An ancient Greek stadium used for horse and chariot racing;

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14
Q

Ottomans

A

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks;

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15
Q

Byzantine Golden Age

A

Iconoclasm outlawed. Strong age of Byzantines. Recovered after loss of land to Muslims Macedonian Dynasty helped farmers and expanded empire;

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16
Q

iconoclasm/iconoclast

A

the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments

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17
Q

Basil 2

A

conquers Slavs from Bulgaria

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18
Q

Byzantine Decline

A

geographicly close to Arabs

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19
Q

Battle of Manzikert

A

(1071 CE) Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium;

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20
Q

Charles Martel

A

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

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21
Q

Charlemagne

A

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire

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22
Q

Middle Ages

A

Also known as the medieval period

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23
Q

Clovis

A

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity;

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24
Q

Pope Leo III

A

Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day

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25
Holy Roman Empire
a medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire
26
Otto the Great
Formed a close alliance with the Church. Built power by gaining support of clergy. Invaded Italy on pope's behalf. Rewarded by being crowned emperor 912-973. Created the Holy Roman Empire which was the strongest in Europe until the 12 century.
27
Duchies
A region ruled by a duke or duchess
28
William the Conqueror
duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England
29
Great Schism
the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054
30
Excommunication
Banishment from the church
31
Pope vs. Patriarch
arguments over the source of religious authority in the Christian church & dispute over the use of icons
32
Manorialism
Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.
33
Serf
A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
34
Knights
in the Middle Ages
35
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king
36
Vassal
A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land
37
Guilds
Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests
38
Clergy
Church officials
39
cathedral
A large and important church
40
Vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people
41
Manuscripts and the Middle Ages
Books written and decorated by hand Artists and scribes were often monks Beauty and detail of manuscripts encouraged long contemplation;
42
Romanesque and Gothic
Two popular Medieval cathedral architectural styles;
43
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims
44
Alexius Comnenus
Byzantine emperor who appealed to the pope for Christian knights to fight against the Turks
45
Godfrey of Bouillon
a French knight and Duke of Lower Lorraine in the Holy Roman Empire who led one of the First Crusades and helped establish the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem
46
Saladin
(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade
47
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice against Jews
48
Heretics
those who hold to a belief opposed to the established teachings of a church
49
Inquisition
a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
50
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain
51
Black Death/Bubonic Plague
This killed between one-third and two-thirds of the population in less than five years. The epidemic spanned from China to England to North Africa
52
Great Famine
A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change.
53
Hundred Years War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France
54
Schism of 1378
Split within Catholic Church
55
1378 to 1417
56
Bishops claimed to be pope
57
Islamic Empire
Lands under Muslim control that included the Middle East
58
5 Pillars of Islam
belief, fasting, charity, hajj, and prayer
59
Muhammad
the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
60
Sharia
Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life
61
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.
62
Hijra
The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622
63
Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca
64
Mosque
Muslim house of worship
65
Caliph
A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
66
Abu Bakr
first caliph after death of Muhammad
67
Shiite
A group of Islamic religion that believes that its religious leader should be chosen based on heredity.
68
Sunni
a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam
69
Ali
the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites
70
Umayyad Caliphate
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus
71
al-Ma'mun
- An Abbasid caliph
72
- Tried to give the office of caliph religious power
73
- Declared himself an Imam and ordered people to submit to his religious primacy
74
- This didn't work at all
and the capital was moved to Samarra to lessen his power
75
- The title of caliph lost power and wouldn't last long after this
76
Minaret
A distinctive feature of mosque architecture
77
Religious Tolerance
Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs
78
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate
79
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
80
Islamic Golden Age
period of 750 years when islam contributed greatly to med.
81
Ibn Rushd
Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam
82
al-Razi
Greatest Muslim physician
83
Rumi
Persian poet; he was a Sufi mystic and founded a Sufi order whose members use music and dancing in their rituals. His poems are still read by many today.
84
Omar Khayyam
A Muslim poet
85
Charlemagne Empire
established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe
86
Charlemagne achievements
saving pope
87
Pepin the Short
Frankish king; son of Charles Martel
88
Fall of Rome
476 CE
89
Charlemagne unified Europe using which tactics?
He defeated and annexed territories like: The Lombards in Italy, The Saxons in northern Germany (after a long and brutal campaign), Parts of Spain from the Muslims (Reconquista efforts), The Avars in Central Europe Charlemagne closely allied with the Roman Catholic Church reinforcing his authority. In 800 AD Pope Leo III crowned him "Emperor of the Romans
90
Charlemagne closely allied with the Roman Catholic Church
reinforcing his authority.

History (8 decks)

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