Final 2 Flashcards
1
Q
veil of ignorance
A
if you take away people’s experiences you can’t empathize
experiments like veil of ignorance highlights influence of self interest, cuts through the crap, highlights prejudice, strips rationalization, strips hypocrisy on concept of social justice that are imbued with perspective of wealth and privilege
2
Q
how has political community transformed since 16th century England?
A
political power is more concentrated within strict territorial borders, and there is increased social/economic/cultural variation among states but less within states
this culminated in ideas of sovereignty, sovereign equality, and non-intervension
3
Q
essential goals of foreign policy
A
power and security, can only be acquired at the expense of others, which means that confrontation and competition is inevitable
4
Q
how is the exclusiveness of representative democracy justified?
A
by identifying members of other states as potential enemies
5
Q
traits of democratic nation states
A
- democracy in nation states, non-democratic relations among states
- accountability inside state boundaries, pursuit of reasons of state outside state boundaries
- democracy and citizenship rights for “insiders”
- frequent negotiation of rights for those beyond borders
6
Q
assumption of territorial political community
A
is flawed; political communities overlap at sites of power
(ex: economy, political, military, cultural). globalization captures changes in nature of political community ie a shift of human organization to transcontinental/interregional activity
7
Q
historical globalization can be understood in relation to…
A
- exclusiveness of networks
- intensity of flows of activity
- impact on bounded communities
8
Q
Fundamental changes in political community
A
- Global economic processes
- Democratic state not as much an independent, accountable centre of power bound by fixed borders
- Environmental problems as an example of global shift in human organization
- Individuals, governments, and NGos are placed under new systems of legal regulation in the form of international law
- Increase in emphasis on cooperative security
9
Q
How have the global economic processes changed?
A
especially in trade!, production, financial transaction
growth of productive/financial multinational corporations
-essential to diffusion of skills and technology
-key players in international money markets
alteration in balance of economic/political resources within/across borders
-thus, autonomy of elected government is increasingly constrained by unelected economic powers
10
Q
what does is mean that the democractic state is not as much an independent, accountable centre of power bound by fixed borders?
A
internationalization of telecommunications
multimedia conglamerates have developed
increase in tourism, language barriers less prominent with spread of English as language of elites/knowledge
11
Q
how are environmental problems an example of global shift in human organization?
A
pressure on state-centric democratic politics
3 Problems
1. shared problems: involving global community (ex global warming)
2. global environmental problems: interlinked challenges of demographic expansion and resource consumption (ex biodiversity, desertification)
3. transboundary pollution (ex river pollution, acid rain)
12
Q
how are actors placed under new systems of legal regulation?
A
in form of international law; sovereignty is no longer a guarantee of international legitimacy, particularly in human rights law
13
Q
Increase in emphasis on cooperative security means that..
A
conception of sovereignty and autonomy are being challenged and eroded
14
Q
Characterizing the Changing Relationship b/w Globalization and Demographic Political States
A
- Locus of effective power can no longer be assumed to be national governments (instead, shared by diverse forces and agencies at state and international level)
- Significant areas are marked by criss-crossing loyalties, conflciting interpretations of rights and duties, interconnected legal structures challenge notions of sovereignty as single exclusive form of power
- Idea of self determining collectivity can no longer be located within borders of a single nation-state
- If we live in a world that overlaps communities of fate, tragectories of countries will be intertwined and new boundary problems will emerge
- there is a growing disjuncture between the formal authority of the state and the actual practices/structures of the state and economic systems
15
Q
what is relevant community?
A
what is proper constituency/realm of jurisdiction for developing and implementing policy? basically everything now is relevant to global community, but we obvious can’t relegate every single decision to global community.
ex: health issues, nuclear energy/waste, rain forests, instability of global financial market, non-renewable resources, etc
16
Q
cosmopolitan democractic law
A
- democratic law must be institutionalized to be effective
- sovereignty stripped from idea of fixed borders
- become attribute of basic democratic law and entrenched in diverse self-regulating realms at regional and global levels
- -enables people to express/deliberate upon their aims/objectives in an interconnected global order
17
Q
cosmopolitan democracy
A
wherever anyone is in the world, people have a voice, input, and political representation in international affairs, in parallel with and independently from their governments
18
Q
what is the main argument against cosmopolitan democracy?
A
what is the place of democracy in a globalizing world?
- tension between international and domestic policy making
- global forces invade political space of nation state by challenging democratic polity
- things like human rights law restrict the range of democratically contested, domestic policies
19
Q
critiques of cosmopolitan democracy
A
what is the differences between regional/state/global jurisdiction?
economic and social inequalities must be addressed (IGOs and INGOs are shaped by/benefit global north)
regional formations are intermediated and institutionalized at the national level (ex: EU)
20
Q
is the nation state still relevant?
A
+capitalism is manged at the state level
+state can instigate ecological reform
+local affects global just as global affects local
+states must bestow legitimacy upon IGOs like UN, WTO, IMF, etc
+legal/material infrastructure required by regional projects like EU, NAFTA, etc
+this critique suggests the importance of specifying more fully the p/e/c preconditions and changes for democracy and democratization in the age of globalization
21
Q
Global citizens
A
believe they have duties that extend beyond borders, esp concerned with protecting human dignity, maintaining international peace and security, governing shared resources
22
Q
United Nations 1945
A
193 states
decolonization, UNDHR, nuclear non-proliferation, peace keeping, global summits
created for post-wartime international order
23
Q
critiques of UN
A
limited efficiency; political disputes in attempting to develop norms/ideals in operational forms of global governance
24
Q
4 Purposes of UN
A
ultimately to save future generations from war
- maintain international peace/security; take effective measures for prevention and removal of threats to security
- develop friendly relations between states
- achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
- centre for harmonizing actions of countries to meet common ends
25
Hobbesian political theory
citizens contract with each other to create good government, the primary purpose of which is to protect citizen from domestic crime and foreign invasion
-defeat in war, civil war, etc = breached contract
26
affect of veto
1945-90, 246 resolutions were vetoed, only 15 passed
27
has UN recognized global citizenship
recognition of global citizenship has not penetrated far into the UN. Consider the decline in Official Development Assistance (0.7% of GDP)
28
R2P
humanitarian intervention; more aspirational than a realized goal
29
History of R2P
After Rwandan Genocide -- debating the right to humanitarian intervention
High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Changes -- endorsed R2P as emerging norm; the international community is responsible for the protection of all human rights (unlike Chapter 6/7 that refers to external/international human rights violations)
United Nations World Summit 2005 -- all member states formally accepted R2P
R2P is often viewed as a Western document; Canada paid for/created/endorsed R2P
30
Responsibilities of R2P
responsibility to prevent (protect populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing)
responsibility to react (obligation to assist states in fulfilling their responsibility to prevent mass atrocities before, during, and after conflict; diplomacy first)
responsibility to rebuild (responsibility to use diplomatic, humanitarian, and other means to protect populations)
31
Strengths of R2P
means to prevent mass atrocities
-gives UN power to interfere
supported by majority of the international community
-states cannot claim ignorance
helps stretch and diminish sovereignty
-places power over states; changes absolute power of the state
added responsibility of rebuilding after conflict
ties sovereignty to citizen rights
-abuse of power results in power not being recognized
solidifies human rights into UN agency
32
weaknesses of R2P
main symbolic
-new bottle for old issues
justification of R2P can be used by both ides
-Syrian rebels attacked under justification of saving citizens from terrorists
may escalate situations while being enacted
-slow to be initiated
-escalation of situations by revels to force outside involvement
veto of the Big 5
-if a state has a relationship with a state in conflict, reaction can't happen as quickly
bound to America's willingness to participate
no autonomy within the doctorine
-nothing can force action to go through
33
Use of R2P in Libya
• February 2011, echoing neighbouring countries
• demanding for greater rights, representation, and end to Muammar Gaddafi’s reign
• Lybian government immediately used force, committed mass atrocities and violated human rights to suppress protestors
• February 22, Gaddafi used language in a speech that paralleled language used in Rwanda
⁃ prompted international concern
• Arms embargo, restricted travel were placed
• Citizens were still being targeted
• Declaration that the revolution was going to be crushed in 48 hours
⁃ clear intent was expressed toward violence against citizens
⁃ in response, no fly zone was enacted
⁃ Within 48 hours, NATO began bombing campaign, provided strategic support to rebels
⁃ October 20, 2011, Gaddafi was captured and died in custody under questionable circumstances
⁃ October 23 the opposition government officially declared the country’s liberation
• Libya quickly deteriorated as rebel groups turned against ash other
• state of lawlessness in the country even to this day
34
General Criticisms of R2P in Libya
- concern that the organization has gone beyond its mandate to protect population by causing regime change
- NATO air strikes resulted in injury and deaths of civilians despite efforts to minimize civilian damage
- did not bring lasting peace to region and failed to prevent further violence
35
how did R2P in Libya affect R2P in Syria?
-concerns about Libyan situation justified inaction in Syria
-this lead China and Russia to veto 3 UNSC resolutions that would've condemned the actions of the Syrian government and demand end to violence
Reasons to Veto
-believed council overstepped mandate in Libya
-as non-interventionist country, China didn't want to set precedent
-concerns about establishing precedent where R2P is used to remove sovereign governments in conflict with democratic Western states
-China and Russia enjoyed friendly political/economic relationship with Syria
36
R2P and Global Citizenship
-Libyan case demonstrates international community shares commitment to fulfilling global obligations
-In many cases global obligation only done when it works in favour of state self interest
-the Syrian case shows realignment in global power of those predisposed towards sovereign rather than individual rights
-implementation of R2P needs to be figured out better
how do we reconcile regional interest with R2P?
-Is R2P a Dead Letter Norm or next step to something stronger?
37
1% Doctorine
Between 9/11 and 2005 that says we have a right to preemptively strike if there's a 1% chance that a state can use weapons of mass destruction; if we don't the consequences would be too big
- where Iraq War was justified
- disavowed because it wasn't working out for them in terms of ability to lead/be powerful on international level
38
UN relationship to peace and violence
Went from a tool to create peace within themselves to peace in other places
Used to be non-violent
39
League of Nations
- first international global organization
- liberal, democratization of states
- universality is important --> platform for states to father, discuss, debate
goals: 1. create peace and order 2. collective security vs collective defense 3. social rights
- LofN failed with big powers, who didn't want or need to commit to the League
40
collective security vs collective defense
collective security: collective policing, obligation to gang up on screw-ups. True collective security would allow for minimalistic military presence but if one person lies and nobody notices, the one0eyed man is king
collective defense: group promises to protect each other in time of attack, like after 9/11, everyone had obligation to be involved in Iraq with America
41
UN ideology
mix of liberal internationalism (reason/rationality/progress' GA, ECOSOC, ICJ) and conservative internationalism (deal with major powers, look towards liberalism as future goal; SC, SCJ)
42
4 Principle Objectives of UN
1. International peace
2. Cooperation among states
3. Facilitate solutions to global problems (state based, onus is on the states)
4. Provide forum for states to meet UN goals
43
Weaknesses of UN
- represents political realities of 1965
- doesn't have a robust policy on how to evolve
- heirarchical and Eurocentric
- is it actually democratic with veto powers?
44
Successes of UN
Norm generation
-Important UN norms: human rights, development, human security
UN bodies include: SC, GA, SG
-creates standard of how things should be
45
how does UN promote global citizenship?
UNHCR defines and acts on behalf of refugees (basically institutionalized refugee camps and created instiutionalized no-mans land)
UN coordinates agencies
Internatioanl financial institutions like IMG (EU/US), WTO (EU/US/Japan) and WB dominated by US and EU ideologically and in practice
46
Voluntourism
UN: "creating a positive impact, focus on leisure"
| Voluntourism = an opportunity to travel and asset in the development of foreign states’ infrastructure and stability
47
4 Walls of Voluntourism
1. how long?
2. level of obligation; motivation
3. setting (where/why?)
4. remuneration (compensation/salary?)
48
History of Voluntourism
• Voluntourism = an opportunity for self-enrichment; to form new networks and empower oneself
• 1909: Red Cross asked for Volunteer Aid Detachment during WWI
⁃ offered medical non-partisan assistance
• 1953: USA created International Voluntary Services
⁃ government and public funded
⁃ ended early 2000s
• 1958: UK Voluntary Service Overseas
⁃ for students to pursue altruistic goals internationally and work towards alleviating poverty
• Recent: travel companies and NGOs take over industry
⁃ mostly north-south, north-north, only some examples of south-south (voluntoldism?)
49
5 Rs of Successful Voluntourism
respect (cultural awareness, don't treat people like project or charity), responsibility, relationships, realistic expectations, results
think about duration, voluntourism vs grassroots initiatives, neocolonialism, who is benefiting, job displacement, impact, locally driven, qualifications, money going to where?, mutual and reciprocal relationship building, global community building
50
critiques of voluntourism
- companies have bad practices
- participants, no community, benefits
- lack of participant training
- disruption of local economy
- creation of dependence
- unequal power, perpetuating stereotypes
- commodification of charity/aid
- neocolonialism; promoting western-like projects
- our band aid is not your band aid
51
benefits of voluntourism
- effective in reaching poorest/marginalized members of society; aid often doesn't reach poorest
- empower community, grassroots groups/initiatives
- provides opportunity for multiculturalism through genuine cultural exchange
52
coluntourism and global citizenship
- growing awareness of problems outside of one's own country
- changing understanding of the "other"
- importance of cultural sensitivity and cultural knowledge
- encouraging intercultural connection/communication
- opportunity to make a difference in the world
- provides greater understanding of the world than travelling
- promotes a global identity
- discourse of voluntourism and on global citizenship is very similar (not walking the talk)
53
world order in 20th century
everything was guided by American values
- all international organizations like WB were America's
- we can identity global ethic --> liberal internationalism
54
world order in 21st century
we don't have a dominant civilization which means...
no common knowledge/expectations
20th century global ethic has gone to hell
the more we became the same, the more people pushed back
-clashes within nations ex: fundamentalists
deterritorialization of companies
-ex: Ford used to equal America, now no longer represents countries/citizens
-companies are now a new actor on global stage; people trying to constrain
interconnectedness
-knowledge of other
-netizens
55
the lack of global ethic means...
conflict. no one is guiding the system, we have no common core of ideas (although R2P was pretty close), no consensus on global ethic (laws can be reinforced, but ethic is internal)
56
R2P as common core of ideas?
pretty close but not quite working. laws and conventions and treaties can't be the basis of global governance, states only do what's required (ex: students + syllabus) but it needs to go beyond. P6 was given unique right to use force and a responsibility to protect but by vetoing anything against their best interest, they failed this responsibility
57
why do we need a new global ethic?
global economics have permeable borders, real global free trade needs free movement (need to be able to move according to one's skills) laws require ethic or force. conventions require ethic or centralized authority. treaties require ethic or conditions of self interest. international ethic is transcendent.
58
alternative to global ethic?
global governance ie force
treaties need enforcement
-Kyoto
-WTO ability to impose 5% tariff as punishment
treaties only upheld in country's self interest
-without global ethic, self-interest encourages conflict/peace
-last time we did this was post-Napoleonic Europe but it won't work anymore because of the rise of Asia, Africa, etc and these regions don't have the same goals as Europe
59
Possible sources of global ethic
religion (big following, minimalist understanding of human empathy), universal rights, categorical imperative (do unto others...)
if interests conflict, we should be able to discuss without violence
what we should do is stronger than what we must do
60
what is global ethic?
a core set of ideas that inform decision making on global level for nation and individual
61
how thick should our global ethic be?
thick = very rigid shared norms/values
if nobody agreed on which side of the road to drive on (ie global thick isn't agreed upon) the biggest car on the road decides
global ethic thickens as we agree more
-thesis is challenged by antithesis which results in coalescence of synthesis which become the new thesis
maybe the question is "should we have a thicker global ethic?" because we already have a global ethic; admittedly we don't all agree with it
62
common cores of global ethic
1. global scope of responsibilities
- responsibility to act in accordance to and duty to advocate for
- belief that we are all in this together (ex: global warming)
2. attitude towards the state
- influencing foreign policy
- state = preeminent global actor
- as an individual, how does having a global ethic change the relationship to the state? ex: landmines
3. all humans have equal moral status
- universalism: either through first principles or through negotiation
- humans have innate worth regardless of happenstance of fate
63
current varieties of global ethic
```
consequentialism/utilitarianism
fundamentalism
human rights
libertarianism
kantianism
environmentalism
```
64
consequentialism/utilitarianism
think of consequence vs utility
| rightness is dettered by outcome
65
fundamentalism
religious and political
| if we aren't self reflexive, good intention can harm
66
Kantianism
humans are equally possessing rationality
| equals universality; humans as ends not means
67
libertarianism
promotes western values
| undermines duty to others
68
human rights (as variety of global ethic)
innate rights compel cosmopolitan obligations
- negative rights: privacy, life, freedom, etc; almost every UN document takes care of these
- positive rights: require support like health, education, food, shelter
69
environmentalism (as variety of global ethic)
protection of the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community
70
NGOs
operated by people independently from government; emphasis on issues related to the human cause
-delivery of services to people in need
-organization of policy advocacy and public campaigns for social transformation
not part of the government, not conventional for-profit organization
made up of volunteer groups organized on local, national, and international levels
71
roles of NGOs
role of implementer: provide goods/services to those who need it, delivered across many fields like agriculture, health care, micro finance
role of catalyst: ability to inspire, facilitate, or contribute (in groups or individually)
role of partner
72
history of NGOs
1983: first NGO established, focused on slavery and peac e
1910: World Congress of International Associations
Post WWI: repaired Europe
73
NPO
not driven by profit
dedicated to furhtering a social cause
offers services and programs through federal, local, state entities
74
types of NGOs
Self benefiting: require membership, provide benefit mainly to members
Other benefiting: doesn't require membership, provide beneficiary goods to public
Advocacy: work to maintain s/e/p system; promote ideology
Watchdog: not trying to create social change
Social movement: trying to create social change
Service: provide service to clients with unmet needs (ex: Red Cross)
75
Bottom-up NGOs
- work along with community members to understand their needs
- produced out of need community has identified
- reduces risk of failure
- emphasize local decision making and community participation, which empowers the people and makes it more likely for people to participate/support/follow through
- focus on sustainability/self reliance to ensure the project continues after NGO leaves community
76
strengths of bottom-up NGOs
```
+increase local/regional development
+increase project acceptance
+gives people agency while providing structure
+addresses needs of the people
+empowers the people
```
77
weaknesses of bottom-up NGOs
- hard to provide economic growth
- do not always function as unit (different NGOs in the same area aren't standardized, and they compete for funds)
- vulnerable if they do not have backing from area elites/strongmen
- change is slow
78
top-down NGOs
well developed country helps underdeveloped country
79
strengths of top-down NGOs
known to reduce mortality rates
80
weaknesses of top-down NGOs
- planners look for solutions rather than focusing on specific problems
- lack of community input
- if project fails, lots of money/time is wasted
- planners often want to achieve beyond capacity
- potential for failure
81
NGOs and Global Citizenship
sovereign states are still main institutions
-period of transition
-human rights are not kept within borders (ex: Amnesty Intl, Mercy Corps, Mission Innovation)
tension between two NGO approaches
-effectiveness of problem solving on a global vs community level
--local empowerment and community validation
NGO is specific, unique global actor
International NGOs
- mo' money, mo' problems?
- need vs dignity (ex: save the children)
- needs of many vs needs of the few (ex: Gulu village vs Ebola outbreak)... some have guidelines for situations like this
- money (capital controls to prevent investing abroad; accountability)
82
Norweigan Model of Development
trickle up, trickle down
positionality
being self-reflexive on power relations
83
NGOs as civil society
NGO --> civil society --> global democracy
means to add democratic accountability for institutionalized decision making (esp if bottom up)
democratic deficiency in NGOs (ex: person who runs Green Peace /runs/ Green Peace)
84
what sparked contemporary debate about global justice?
John Rawls' a Theory of Justice, which was taken to international level by Beltz, Pooge, and Bary
85
Veil of Ignorance hopefully results in....
1. equal liberty for all people
| 2. equal distribution of benefits/burdens (only exception is when helping the disadvantaged)
86
justice as a global discussion
no longer involving self contained states
-rise of non-state actors, global problems like global warming, internet; ie rise of global interdependence
In 80s, justice was thought to be contained to the state because state had monopoly on use of force and itw as argued that international justice was impossible because there was no way to enforce it. If we extend this position to nationality and resource distribution, we can go beyond limitations of sovereign state in order to talk about greater form of justice.
87
explain the notion that we vote with our dollar
we prefer $5 shirt to $20 shirt; even though we don't approve of ethics behind $5 shirt, we're still fine with buying them. Our system is built to maintain transfer of goods from north to south, weak to strong rights through multinational corporations
88
CSR
corporate social responsibility
created because global south was advocating for stronger social rights
-seeking reparations for past colonial actions
-seeking transfer of resources/knowledge because our economy is stronger now, and in the long run, all economies would be stronger but it short term corporations would lose, and as a result, voluntary CSR was created
89
global justice
global principles of justice are those that no one can reasonably deny like life and shelter
90
what is an institution?
bodies that can enforce rules, like state, churches, UN, EU, U of S
any concrete organization with explicit rules/standards, and implications if you cross them
91
need for an institutional response for justice
justice requires poltiical and economic (latter more robustly reinforced) institution with enforcement power like SC, ICJ, UN, EU, WHO
normative power ex: UNDHR
ex: Canada + UN Declaration of Rights of Indigenous People
- for UNDRIP, Canada held out because we are legally liable because we have broken virtually every treaty we made
- finally signed on saying it is aspirational, not actually law
- but now we can point to the UNDRIP because it has normative power.... ideas have power insitutionally
92
institutional options re: justice
sovereign rights
global taxation
cosmopolitan democracy
93
institutional cosmopolitan democracy
in form of justice system
decisions not limited to jurisdiction
new Charter of Rights and Obligations, global parliament, interconnected legal system
currently, we have ICJ (two consenting states) and ICC (allows for prosecution of human rights, can track down former leaders of state that allowed violations to occur, first for only signed states, but can cheat in cases like Sudan because the security council can send any threat to global security. fairly colonial, founded by EU, signed on by Western states, so far has only prosecuted African leaders.... but better than nothing? has protected human rights
interconnected legal system wants a place people can seek redress
- minimalist law only; things everyone can agree with
- can hold multinational corporations to account abroad
- operationalize shared rules, known jurisdiction/problems with multi-nationals/institutional etc
- can easily track/prosecute terrorists, international criminals, etc
94
horizontal institutions
institutions have power to police state actors (think: EU)
- we kind of already have but we need a more robust version
- based on jurisdiction, subsidarity, transparency
- intergovernmental vs supranational
- creates rules that are more binding
- hybrid of EU (reinforcement) and UN (state based)
- EU prefers to bribe, has spent money making buffer zone between them and the rest of the world
95
global citizens/actors
individuals (Henry Dunant founder of Red Cross)
civil society (medecins sans frontieres)
institutions (UN norm generation, UNDP... human security previously positive rights like "you must seek basic levels of human rights" and now negative rights "you cannot rape")
96
new model of global citizenship?
```
recognition of global community
-protect citizens from the state and multinational corporations
-react to global calamities
enact a role of redistributer
-rights to shelter and sustenance
-rights to education and health
-civil and political rights
building to higher levels like good education and good health care, means more productive people which means better economics which means more cooperation among states!
```
97
Sustainable Development Goals
followed MDGs, launched in 2015. learning from past mistakes.... MDGs got us halfway, let's finish the job
17 SDGs that build upon 8 anti-poverty MDGs with an aim to end poverty, economic development, fight ineqaulity/injustice, tackle climate change
Broad, not legally binding but states are encouraged/expected to take responsibility/develop frameworks to implement/achieve goals
98
UNDP's Strategic Plan + SDGs
1. supporting countries to accelerate progress of SDG targets
2. supporting governments to reflect new global agenda
3. making UN's policy emphasis on sustainable development
99
Differences between MDGs and SDGs
MDG focus more on quantity, not quality, have nothing on monitoring and accountability
SDGs are statistical "Zero Goals" and universal goals, have inclusive goal settings, more bottom-up, distinguish poverty and hunger, have more funding, focus on peace building , and data revolution
100
how can we achieve main aims of SDGs?
cooperation between states
| ending poverty must be linked to meeting social needs and economic prosperity
101
Brundtland Commission 1987
coined term "sustainable development"
provided obligations for states
state roles in achieving SDGS:
policies, education/research, programs, aid/technology/laws, follow-up and review
(follow up and review tracks progress, identifies challenges, is voluntary and led by individual states. focused on individuals and human rights, follow up on by international community)
102
SDGs in global citizenship context
maintain focus on states
success requires international cooperation
creates international community of people working toward same goal
states have to make global community a priority
participation of all countries, people, stakeholders (like NGOs, civil society, private enterprise, etc) is critical
if states cooperate and implement policies correctly the SDGs will go a long way in fixing global problems
103
critiques of MDGs
- measured, set statistical goals
- before 1990s = developmental fatigue (no measurable success, no unified criteria for achievements... if you want actual change, you want measure but measures can be damaging too)
- who defined the target
- economists/statisticians can lie their asses off
- set by the west, fails in the south (transfer of blame)
- if numerical goals aren't met, labelled a failure even if it is a success
104
SDGs are more inclusive than MDGs
- more inclusive of civil society
- more inclusive of scientists
- more exhaustive in goals
- more pressure on developed countries to contribute, not simply finance
105
how has economics grown?
exponential growth in the movement of goods and finances
technology enable money to low in microseconds
economic globalization
106
economic globalization
greater flow of people, less institutional barriers
increase in global inequality, decrease in global poverty
-growing inequality between and within states
-increase in inequality/decrease in poverty because of globalization of economy
107
effects of globalized economy
undermines state borders
- states are slow to regulate
- transnational/multinational corporations dictate a lot of economic activity and limit state's ability to interfere (interfering is very expensive)
creates degree of democratic accountability
- democracy only counts for the rich
- undermining the ability of global south to determine their SPI, to define policies that benefit their people
- "some people deserve democracy, some don't" ie rich make the rules
108
intensity vs extensity
intensity: degree to which national economic borders are traversed by flows ie aggregate numbers
extensity: degree to which flows are globally dispersed
- most economies are hub/spoke wherein hubs = goods dispersed throughout region
- question of how embedded country is in global system
ex: FDI, Japan vs American cars
ex: BRICS trying to foster south-south trade to break hub/spoke model. neighbouring countries try to trade between to maximize potential. loans from WB are usually contingent
109
Bretton Woods
IMF
110
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
| -removing obstacles to free trade ie tariffs
111
WTO
world trade organization, after 50s, took on financial services, intellectual property rights, etc
pre 90s wealth = material
112
Gold Standard
abandoned in 1971, UK though US was becoming a predatory hegemon
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NIEO
New International Economic Order, from global south
-developing countries are entitled to regulate/control activities of MNCs
-free to nationalize or expropriate foreign property
-free to create cartels without interference from other states
-international trade would provide stable/equitable prices
provide transfer of technology to developing countries
provide economic/technical assistance w/o strings attached
-undo advantages given to western countries when colonized states became independent
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elements of neoliberalism
liberalization (remove s/e/p market barriers)
privatization (move enterprises from national to private ownership)
deregulation (remove government regulation)
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pros/cons of economic globalization
pros: decreased poverty, transfer of knowledge/technology
cons: increased ineqaulity, decreased soverignty, imposition of western values like race to bottom mentality
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why talk about environment in debate about global citizenship?
unbordered problem in bordered world
ex: sound pollution from island to Windsor
developed world created problem but it's developing world that is paying the price
ex: natural disasters like earthquakes caused by fraking
ex: nestle and baby formula
ex: fallout of Fukushima
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Global environment is an abstraction, a fallacy
-environment is relational/constructed
-trying to image environment as single global thing is very left wing
-how we think of environment is a product of culture
what we think differs from place to place
part of identity, self-concepts, cultural narratives
related to economy --> oil
how nation was established -- conquest of north, civilization of wilderness
+we have more awareness of our impact on global issues
+increasingly robust epistemic community telling us we are screwed
+globalization means condensed patterns of trade, everything we eat/consume/etc has ecological footprint, globalization shrinks what we think/see, pollution from water to air to ideas
+environment is all encompassing, has no defined borders
+we are part of the environment because we are biological as well; we rely on the system and we change the system
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global ethics of environmental stewardship
-environmental responsibilities differ by locality/capacity
-different places face different impacts (ex Canada doesn't have much at stake re: global warming)
-not everyone has the same self-interest (recently decolonized country in global south with high unemployment are probably more concerned with job creation than environment)
-developing and developed worlds are at tension because developed only wants to make efforts like policies if developing countries also do it or else they'll have an economic advantage (ex: Brazil)
-global ethic cannot be shared because not everyone has the same capacity to reduce global bads
+localization; environmental impact also transcends state boundaries
+a narrow, self-preservation look on Canada's part would screw over the world
+agency should be differentiated by material circumstances and capacity
+it is illogical to expect poor to pull equal weight
+what we do should be linked to what we have
^ wealth, ^ action
^ benefit, ^ action
take historical privilege into account (colonial states have generally benefited from imperial states)
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anthropocentrism
-environmental policy must not run counter to human prosperity
-policy must be built to benefit humans first
-we should look at policy in terms of progress, getting people out of poverty
ex: traditional peoples of Africa vs elephants
-hierarchy of agency
+species extinction is a loss to all
ex: anti biotics
we need a middle ground between environmentalism and anthropocentrism, moral agency and moral responsibility
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global civil society and environemtn
-representation of left leaning elites
we can't talk about civil society as a formative element of global citizenship because it's just left wing rhetoric
-David Suzuki critique
global crusaders trying to save the world through the environment but in so doing are doing as much harm as those they are critiquing
+civil society defined as groups/associations acting independently from state and across state borders, often implies "good" actorness
+apply pressure on domestic and foreign actors (states, MNCs, institutions, organizations, individuals
+environmental civil society explicitly embodies global citizenship
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in ideal form, soverignty confers three absolutes
power, authority, legitimacy
