Final 2

Question 1

list all the protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 1

Aminoglycosides (kanamycin and gentamycin), tetracyclines, Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin), Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, everninomycins, oxazolidinones

Question 2

Which antibiotics act on the 30s ribosome subunit?

Answer 2

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines

Question 3

Which antibiotics act on the 50s ribosome subunit?

Answer 3

Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin), Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, everninomycins, oxazolidinones

Question 4

List all the DNA synthesis inhibitors:

Answer 4

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones (naladixic acid, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin), metronidazole, and novobiocin

Question 5

List 3 examples of Bacterial porins

Answer 5

Rc porin, E. coli ompF, and E. coli lamB

Question 6

how are aminoglycosides inactivated?

Answer 6

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes either N-acetylate, O-phosphorylate, or O-adenylate the antibiotic

Question 7

How is choloramphenicol inactivated?

Answer 7

acetyltransferases acetylate the antibiotic

Question 8

How is streptogramin inactivated?

Answer 8

acetyltransferases acetylate the antibiotic

Question 9

How do B-lactam targets protect themselves?

Answer 9

alteration of transpeptidase or
one of the other penicillin-
binding proteins (PBPs) in the cell

Question 10

Give an example of a penicillin binding protein:

Answer 10

mecA gene of Staphylococcus

aureus encodes modified PBP2

Question 11

How does a bacteria become resistant to glycopeptides through modification of the target?

Answer 11

alteration of the peptide portion of peptidoglycan

Question 12

Give an example of modifying peptidoglycan to defend against glycopeptides?

Answer 12

the VanH, A, and X genes protect the bacteria from vancomycin through peptide modification

Question 13

how does resistance to tetracycline occur?

Answer 13

“ribosome protection” or alteration of the ribosome

Question 14

How does a bacteria have resistance to macrolides, streptogramins, and lincosamides?

Answer 14

RNA methylases add a methyl group(s)

to 23S rRNA (part of 50S subunit)

Question 15

what does metronidazole target?

Answer 15

DNA itself

Question 16

What does ciprofloxacin target?

Answer 16

DNA gyrase

Question 17

What does novobiocin target?

Answer 17

DNA gyrase

Question 18

The tetB gene encodes what, and in what bacteria?

Answer 18

TetB efflux pump in E. coli

Question 19

what does the blaZ gene encode and in what bacteria?

Answer 19

B-lactamase in MRSA

Question 20

what does the erm gene encode and in what bacteria?

Answer 20

RNA methylase in Gram-positive bacteria

Question 21

how is the blaZ gene regulated?

Answer 21

by repression

Question 22

The vanHAX genes are regulated by:

Answer 22

activation

Question 23

What species have vanHAX genes?

Answer 23

enterococcus

Question 24

the ampC gene is regulated by:

Answer 24

activation

Question 25

the ampC gene encodes what? in what bacteria?

Answer 25

B-lactamase in E. coli

Question 26

in what order are the integrase gene, promoter, and att gene in an integron?

Answer 26

<<>>

Question 27

Conjugative transposons are like a combination of what?

Answer 27

a self transmissible plasmid that can integrate into the host chromosome like a prophage or transposon

Question 28

Gram positive bacteria have what proteins to deal with DNA uptake? which ones do gram negative have?

Answer 28

- ComEA, ComG and ComEC | - PilQ, PilE and ComA

Question 29

what protein mediates plasmid conjugation?

Answer 29

relaxase

Question 30

what protein signals relaxes?

Answer 30

coupling protein

Question 31

Genomic islands typically carry multiple _____ elements, and a functional ____ gene

Answer 31

- insertion sequence | - integrase

Question 32

list 2 tRNA genes that often flank PAI's

Answer 32

leuX and selC

Question 33

What bacteria has a hyaluronic acid capsule?

Answer 33

S. pyogenes

Question 34

List a bacteria that can have a capsule and is example in notes

Answer 34

Vibrio vulnificus

Question 35

Opsonization can occur from what 2 things binding to bacteria

Answer 35

C3b or IgG

Question 36

What are 2 internalins that Listeria has?

Answer 36

InlA and InlB

Question 37

what does InlA bind to? | what does InlB bind to?

Answer 37

- E-cadherin | - HGF-SF

Question 38

What 3 bacteria can perform actin based motility?

Answer 38

Listeria monocytogenes, Rickettsia ricketsii, | Shigella flexneri

Question 39

what bacteria utilizes ActA protein?

Answer 39

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 40

What does VacA do?

Answer 40

apoptosis, vacuolation, pore formation, immune suppression

Question 41

What does BabA do?

Answer 41

aids in colonization

Question 42

What does fosfomycin do to attack peptidoglycan?

Answer 42

stops conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM in the cytoplasm

Question 43

what does tunicamycin do to attack peptidoglycan?

Answer 43

it prevents NAG from binding to NAM on a peptidoglycan monomer in the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 44

What do B-lactams and glycopeptides do to attack peptidoglycan?

Answer 44

block transpeptidation as well as transglycosylation by attacking transpeptidase

Question 45

what doe bacitracin do to attack peptidoglycan synthesis?

Answer 45

prevents recycling of bactoprenol

Question 46

what does bactoprenol do?

Answer 46

carry peptidoglycan monomers across the cell membrane to be polymerized

Question 47

what is the MAC composed of?

Answer 47

C5b, C6789

Question 48

What kind of pump is Tet? NorM? AcrAB-TolC? MacAB?

Answer 48

antiporter (secondary transporter) antiporter antiporter ABC transporter

Question 49

Genomic islands are established when plasmids with integrase genes inter the host chromosome and lose their _______ or _______

Answer 49

mobile character or ability to replicate autonomously (loss of tra and ori)