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Final 2024 Flashcards

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1
Q

w

A

vertical velocity

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2
Q

(T or F) The omega equation is derived from the OG vorticity and thermodynamic equations

A

True

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3
Q

Compressibility

A

The physical mechanism of an acoustic (sound) wave

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4
Q

Conservation of potential vorticity

A

The physical mechanism of a Rossby wave

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5
Q

Buoyancy

A

the physical mechanism of a gravity wave

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6
Q

If a wave is dispersive, it’s speed depends on

A

wavelength

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7
Q

(T or F) An extratropical cyclone can be considered to be a type of baroclinic Rossby wave

A

True

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8
Q

Extratropical cyclones develop due to

A

baroclinic instability

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9
Q

Which condition will a mid-level ridge grow?

A

warm advection under the ridge

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10
Q

The speed of the barotropic Rossby wave is determined by:

A

zonal wind speed, wavelength, latitude

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11
Q

Equation Newton’s 2nd law is based from

A

Momentum Eq

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12
Q

The equation of State is based from

A

Ideal Gas Law

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13
Q

Equation Conservation of Mass is based from

A

Continuity Equation

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14
Q

Equation 1st Law of Thermo is based from

A

Thermodynamic Eq.

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15
Q

Effective gravity =

A

Gravity + centrifugal

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16
Q

Changes in wind over time =

A

PGF + gravity + friction + Coriolis

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17
Q

Time change for a parcel =

A

Time change at a location - advection

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18
Q

∇ (dot) V

A

Divergence of wind, divergence

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19
Q

∇T

A

Gradient of T, spatial change

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20
Q

∇ X V

A

curl of wind, rotation

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21
Q

-V (dot) ∇T

A

advection of T

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22
Q

Thermal wind =

A

hydrostatic + geostrophic

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23
Q

Hypsometric Equation

A

thickness is proportional to temperature

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24
Q

What is the thickness of an atmospheric layer proportional to?

A

The average temperature of the layer

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25
What is the simplest explanation for the movement of troughs and ridges?
Vorticity Advection
26
What can be calculated from vorticity?
winds and the heigh fields can be approximated
27
What does potential vorticity combine?
QG vorticity and thermodynamics
28
What does the vertical component of the vorticity vector correspond to?
Horizontal rotation
29
What is the most important aspect of rotation for synoptic scale flow?
Horizontal rotation
30
meridional momentum symbol?
v
31
zonal momentum symbol>
u
32
Absolute vorticity tendency:
rate of change of the vertical component of absolute vorticity following the flow
33
What does potential vorticity consider?
both rotation and how mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation
34
What kind of relationship is between the height of the column and local stability?
inverse relationship
35
What can Potential vorticity be considered as?
absolute vorticity multiplied by static stability or absolute vorticity divided by height of the column
36
Rotation/heigh stays constant with:
incompressible, mass conserving columns
37
What contributes to relative vorticity?
shear vorticity and curvature vorticity
38
What can be calculated when conditions are near geostrophic?
winds, vorticity, temperature, vertical velocity, height changes
39
What is conserved during large-scale conditions?
potential vorticity
40
What is conserved during non-divergent conditions?
absolute vorticity
41
what is conserved during non-divergent, no rotation conditions?
Relative vorticity
42
Potential Vorticity:
the relationship between the divergence/convergence and height of column
43
Vorticity equation describes:
changes in geopotential on a pressure level
44
thermodynamic equation describes:
changes in Geopotential between levels
45
Lows:
positive vorticity (NH)
46
Highs:
negative vorticity (NH)
47
Smaller waves =
bigger vorticity
48
What does the Q-vector describe?
change in gradient of potential temperature following the geostrophic flow
49
What is the LHS of a traditional Omega Eq?
diff vorticity advection and lap temp advection
50
What is the LHS of the omega equation in thermal wind form?
vort advection by thermal wind
51
what is the LHS of the omega equation in Q-vector form?
Divergence of Q-vector
52
Fourier Series:
can build any well-behaved function out of just sines and cosines
53
Group velocity and phase velocity:
groups of waves can move at different speeds (and in different directions) than individual waves
54
Refraction:
changes in the speed of a wave determine its direction as well. If you know what determines the wave speed, you know what determines its directions as well
55
Dispersive wave:
has a speed that depends on wavelength, Any initial disturbance that is a sum of these waves will lose its structure because all the waves will move away at different speeds (disperse)
56
Adiabatic compressibility of air is a example of what wave?
acoustic wave
57
Parcel buoyancy of air is a example of what wave?
gravity waves
58
conservation of potential vorticity of air is a example of what wave?
Rossby waves
59
Coriolis force of air is a example of what wave?
inertial oscillations
60
Buoyancy and the Coriolis force of air is a example of what wave?
inertio-gravity waves
61
Rossby wave mechanism:
conservation of potential vorticity
62
Rossby wave speed:
determined by PV gradient and wavenumber
63
Rossby wave Meteorological importance:
planetary waves, synoptic storms, large-scale orographic forcing, El Niño teleconnections, Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW)
64
Barotropic RW:
horizontal movement at single level
65
Baroclinic RW:
interaction between different levels, can have horizontal and vertical movement
66
Speed and direction of RW's are controlled by:
mean wind, latitude, and wavenumber
67
Positive feedback for baroclinic instability if:
there is westward tilt with height
68
Vorticity advection with upper level troughs and ridges can cause
surface level lows and highs to develop

Dynamics (2 decks)

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