Final

Question 0

HIV Replication

Answer 0

1-Virus attaches to the CD4 membrane receptor & sheds its protein coat, exposing its RNA core
2- Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into proviral DNA
3- The proviral DNA is integrated into the genome (genetic complement of host cell)
4- New virus particles are produced as a result of normal cellular activities of transcription & translation. Once the viral genome is integrated into host cell DNA, the potential for viral production always exists & the viral infection of new cells can continue.
5- New particles bud from the cell membrane

Question 1

HIV Structure

Answer 1

Pol- produces DNA polymerase, produces endonuclease
Gag- codes for p24 & for proteins such as p17, p9, & p7
Env- codes for 2 glycoproteins, gp41 & gp120

Question 2

HIV Type 1

Answer 2

Responsible for main AIDS epidemic, divided into 9 subtypes (Group M, N, O, P)

Question 3

HIV Type 2

Answer 3

Endemic in parts of West Africa, strains have been classified into at least 5 subtypes (A-E), primary mode of transmission is via heterosexual contact

Question 4

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 4

Enables the virus to convert viral RNA into DNA, this reverses the normal process of transcription in which DNA is converted to RNA, “retrovirus”

Question 5

HIV Detection

Answer 5

Detection of HIV antibodies, antigens (particularly p24), detection or quantification of viral nucleic acid
HIV 1 antibodies detected by EIA
HIV antigen & genome testing

Question 6

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Rxn

Answer 6

• Anaphylactic
• IgE antibody
• no complement involved
• Mast cells, basophils, granules (histamine)
• Cytokines involved
• Antibody mediated, immediate
• Allergic & anaphylactic reactions
• Anaphylaxis, hay fever, asthma, food allergy

Question 7

Type 2 Hypersensitivity Rxn

Answer 7

• Cytotoxic
• IgG, possibly other immunoglobulins
• Complement involved
• Effector cells (macrophages, PMNs)
• No cytokines involved
• Antibody dependent; complement or cell mediated
• Target cell lysis; cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• Transfusion rxns, hemolytic disease of the newborn, thrombocytopenia

Question 8

Type 3 Hypersensitivity Rxn

Answer 8

• Immune complex
• Antigen-Antibody complexes (IgG, IgM)
• Complement involved
• Macrophages, mast cells
• Cytokines involved
• Immune complex mediated (immune complex disease)
• Immune complex desposition, inflammation
• Arthus rxn, serum sickness, SLE

Question 9

Type 4 Hypersensitivity Rxn

Answer 9

• T-cell dependent
• No antibody
• No complement involved
• Antigen specific T-cells
• T-cell cytokines involved
• T-cell mediated, delayed type
• Inflammation, cellular infiltration
• Allergy or infection, contact dermatitis

Question 10

SLE form Discoid (Cutaneous)

Answer 10

Limited to the skin & is identified by the appearance of a characteristic butterfly rash across the nose, neck, & scalp

Question 11

SLE form Drug-Induced

Answer 11

Occurs after the use of certain prescribed drugs

Question 12

SLE form Mixed Connective Tissue

Answer 12

Affects 10% of Lupus cases, symptoms & signs of more than one connective tissue disease

Question 13

Systemic Lupus

Answer 13

More severe than discoid, affects shin, joints, and most any organ/system in the body, including lungs, kidneys, heart, or brain

Question 14

Neonatal Lupus

Answer 14

Rare condition acquired from the passage of maternal antibodies that can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus

Question 15

SLE Etiology

Answer 15

Unknown, primary defect in the regulation of the immune system, genetic predisposition, hormones & environmental factors by trigger disease (antibiotics, UV light, stress, drugs *synergistic)

Question 16

SLE S&Ss

Answer 16

Acute & chronic inflammation, mimic other less serious illnesses, cutaneous, renal, lymphadenopathy, serositis, cardiopulmonary, GI, musculoskeletal, neuropsychiatric, pregnancy

Question 17

SLE Manifestations

Answer 17

Production of multiple autoantibodies: Antibody-forming B lymphs are stimulated in a relatively nonspecific fashion

Question 18

Hallmark of SLE?

Answer 18

Circulating Immune Complexes- multiple serum antibodies that react with native or altered self-antigens

Question 19

Diagnostic evaluation of SLE?

Answer 19

Histologic changes, hematologic, & serologic abnormalities

Question 20

SLE antibodies

Answer 20

Nonspecific elevation of IgS-IgM & IgG

Question 21

SLE Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs)

Answer 21

IgM, IgG, & IgA

Antibodies to: DNA, histones, nonhistones proteins, nuclear antigens

Question 22

Lab Evaluation of ANAs

Answer 22

Indirect Immunoflourescent Technique of ANAs

Question 23

Immunology

Answer 23

The study of the molecules, cells, organs, & systems responsible for the recognition & disposal of foreign (non self material)

Question 24

Function of the Immune System

Answer 24

To recognize self from non self & to defend the body against non self

Question 25

Innate Immune System

Answer 25

Ancient form of host defense, germline- encoded receptors, specificity of each receptor is genetically predetermined (natural immune system)

Question 26

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 26

Augmentation of body defense mechanisms in response to specific stimulus, which can cause the elimination of organisms & recovery from disease, response frequently leaves the host w/ a specific memory (acquired resistance), which enables the body to respond effectively if reinfection w/ the same organism occurs, adaptive immunity is organized around T & B lymphocytes: adaptive immune response

Question 27

Artificial Passive Immunity

Answer 27

Infusion of serum/plasma

Question 28

Artificial Active Immunity

Answer 28

Vaccinations

Question 29

Specificity

Answer 29

Ability of a particular antibody to combine w/one antigen

Question 30

Memory

Answer 30

Immunologic response to an antigenic stimulus that usually leaves the immune system changed

Question 31

Mobility

Answer 31

Ability of specific (T&B cells) & non-specific (macrophages, neutrophils) cells of the immune system to circulate

Question 32

Replicability

Answer 32

Ability of specific & non specific cells of the immune system to produce daughter cells (memory cells)

Question 33

Non self substances

Answer 33

microorganisms, allergens, & lifesaving organ transplants

Question 34

Desirable consequences of immunity

Answer 34

natural resistance, recovery, & acquired resistance