Final

Question 1

22. What are some tips/strategies/solutions for women who would like to be leaders in their organizations?

Answer 1

a. Combine agentic and communal behaviors
b. Express sensitivity and strength
c. Show masculine behaviors but do not forego gender-congruent behaviors
d. Combing direct and competent behaviors with communal attributes
e. Increase human capital
f. Build female network
g. Intertwine command giving with relationship building
h. Use group-centered language rather than self interest

Question 2

What issues are defined as “men’s” and “women’s” in political campaigning?

Answer 2

a. Men’s Issues
i. National defense
ii. Crime
iii. Economy
iv. Agriculture
b. Women’s issues
i. Environment
ii. Childcare
iii. Concerns of the Elderly

Question 3

Define Sociocultural Theory.

Answer 3

a. cultural and social forces impact a person’s thinking and behavior

Question 4

19. What are some gender differences in PR?

Answer 4

a. Men move into management more easily
b. Females have greater difficulty
c. Oversupply of females brings the wages down

Question 5

18. How can feminism and Christianity be reconciled?

Answer 5

a. Misunderstandings have caused these two powerful groups to work against each other, even though they have similar goals of equality. They could be doing much more good by working together.

Question 6

17. Define sticky floor

Answer 6

a. keeps a certain group of people at the bottom of the job scale

Question 7

16. Who do female athletes blame for a loss in comparison to male athletes? (i.e., self or others?)

Answer 7

a. Females blame self. Males blame others

Question 8

ow do male and female education students differ (e.g., when did they decide to pursue education? What are their concerns? What are their plans for the future?)

Answer 8

a. Males made decision during college

Question 9

14. Who was the first openly gay player in the NBA?

Answer 9

a. Jason Collins

Question 10

13. What are the advantages of educating women about sex?

Answer 10

a. Women that are educated are less likely to become pregnant or get an STI
b. Educated women have fewer abortions
c. Women are more comfortable talking to peers than they were educators, doctors, and their parents
d. We need to be able to educate women without making them feel like they are being educated

Question 11

12. How do Disney movies (fairy tales) reward beauty?

Answer 11

a. implying that if one is beautiful they are also nice and trustworthy
b. Characters that are not considered beautiful are punished

Question 12

11. What are some general findings related to heterosexual dating scripts/roles/expectations?

Answer 12

a. Males desired sexual intimacy on the first date
b. Males expected to have increased sexual contact when a female initiated the first date
c. Females attractiveness would decrease as she became more direct in initiating/planning the date
d. Females can initiate the date, pay, or even have the date at her apartment

Question 13

10. What are the potential problems of gender stereotyping in advertising?

Answer 13

a. Sex appeal
i. Reinforces negative behaviors between men and women
ii. Unrealistic desires for body images
b. Contributes to rigidly socialized gender roles

Question 14

9. What historical factors contribute to the gender pay gap?

Answer 14

a. Women’s lack of capital
i. Division of labor
ii. Women seen as emotionally, mentally, and physically weaker than men
iii. Employed in jobs that required little capital
iv. Belief remains today that women are less valuable and less productive
b. Glass wall
i. Women in feminine jobs

Question 15

8. How does sex of the player vs. the sex of the character affect aggression in video games?

Answer 15

a. Increases either way

Question 16

7. Define/Explain Title IX.

Answer 16

a. No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

Question 17

6. Define Secondary Victimization.

Answer 17

a. Blaming the victim for the crime that was committed against them

Question 18

5. Explain General Strain Theory (GST)

Answer 18

a. Both genders experience strain
b. Men: financial strain
c. Women: interpersonal strain
d. Men respond with anger/aggression
e. Women respond with self-blame/depression

Question 19

3. Explain the differences between not for profit and for profit sources in regard to media coverage of women athletes.

Answer 19

a. For Profit. Female achievements reported less positively and female athletes were emphasized as being feminine. Sexist language.
b. Not for Profit. Focused on facts. Still inadequate.

Question 20

2. How do parents/nonparents and moms/dads differ in regards to cross-sex toy play (Campenni study and Freeman study)?

Answer 20

a. Parents have a stong influence

b. Only 2 toys labeled gender neutral across the board

Question 21

1. What did longitudinal studies conclude about women sport’s journalists and their commitment to family vs. career?

Answer 21

a. Women would sacrifice their jobs for prospective family

Question 22

1) Why study gendered organizational communication?

Answer 22

a) Americans are working longer hours
b) Co-workers make job enjoyable
c) Relationships between men and women are complicated
d) More women are entering the workforce but inequities still exist

Question 23

2) According to Kanter, what are 4 basic stereotypes of women in the work place? Give examples of each. What are the implications of these stereotypes?

Answer 23

a) Sex Object
i) Defines women’s roles through their appearance and sexuality, reinforcing cultural views of femininity
ii) Gay men and lesbians also are devalued by the stereotype of sex object.
b) Mother
i) Defines an individual by her nurturing, supportive, deferential nature
(1) Indirectly, through job segregation, expectations for behavior
(2) Literally, if have children not considered “serious” about work
c) Child
i) Reflects a view that women are less mature and competent at making decisions and being professionals.
(1) This stereotype is justified as protecting women from the harsh realities of the world.
(2) The medical community adopts this stereotype when women’s health concerns are not taken seriously.
d) Iron Maiden
i) Defines a woman as unfeminine or manly
(1) Views being independent, aggressive, and competitive as inappropriate for women
(2) Defines a female employee as a professional, but not a woman
ii) Women that are stereotyped because they are not moms/feminine enough. Not ‘real women’.
iii) Not sexy. More likely to perceive as asexual.

Question 24

3) According to the Women in America Report what 5 jobs are 20% of women working in?

Answer 24

a) Secretaries
b) Registered nurses
c) Elementary teachers
d) Cashiers
e) Nursing aides

Question 25

4) What is the pink ghetto?

Answer 25

a) These jobs are traditionally low-paying. b) 70% of professional women work in education ($887 median weekly income) and health care ($970 median weekly income) compared to only 32% of male professionals.

Question 26

5) Explain 3 stereotypes of men in the work force? Offer examples of each

Answer 26

a) Sturdy Oak i) They are expected to be tough, in control of their feelings, self-reliant, and unaffected by problems and concerns. ii) Stress-related health conditions may result from men withholding their problems rather than admitting or sharing concerns. iii) Unwise decision making may result if men are unable to express concerns and seek assistance from others. b) Fighter i) They are expected to be tough, in control of their feelings, self-reliant, and unaffected by problems and concerns. ii) Stress-related health conditions may result from men withholding their problems rather than admitting or sharing concerns. iii) Unwise decision making may result if men are unable to express concerns and seek assistance from others. c) Breadwinner i) They are expected to be tough, in control of their feelings, self-reliant, and unaffected by problems and concerns. ii) Stress-related health conditions may result from men withholding their problems rather than admitting or sharing concerns. iii) Unwise decision making may result if men are unable to express concerns and seek assistance from others.

Question 27

6) Why is the breadwinner stereotype especially problematic/dangerous?

Answer 27

a) Men more likely to lose job than woman. If men’s self-worth is tied to this, he loses part of his identity. b) Suicide easier to cope with than loss.

Question 28

7) What are 4 effects of stereotyping women and men in the workforce?

Answer 28

a) Getting a job- appearance. Not safe. b) Advancing- promoted, mom pass over c) Managing- women and men do it differently d) Climates- hostile environment/ sexual harassment/

Question 29

8) Define affirmative action.

Answer 29

a) A plan to increase the representation in education and in the work place of available and qualified women, minorities, and other historically marginalized groups

Question 30

9) What are 3 key ideas of affirmative action?

Answer 30

a) Address historical patterns that have affected groups of people b) Involve preferential treatment for members of groups that have suffered discrimination c) Stipulate that the effectiveness of efforts to correct discrimination rests on the results not the intent behind the policies

Question 31

10) How is the power of affirmative action limited?

Answer 31

a) Intend to increase the representation of qualified women and minorities in educational and professional environments. (Qualified does not necessarily mean the most qualified individual.)

Question 32

11) Explain US leave policies and how they may affect women and men.

Answer 32

a) Passed in 1993, it was intended to compel employers to grant reasonable leaves to workers with new children or family emergencies. i) Employers must have 50 employees ii) Employees must have worked 1 year (1,250 hours) iii) The law does not apply to the top 10% of the company’s pay scale

Question 33

12) What organizational changes are occurring?

Answer 33

a) In 1979 only about 100 employers provided any kind of child-care support; ten years later over 4000 did. b) We now have a family leave policy. c) Firms are adopting some kind of elder-care assistance programs. d) Organizations are experimenting with flextime.

Question 34

13) Define glass ceiling and glass walls.

Answer 34

a) Glass ceiling- Restricts the advancement of women and minorities into the upper ranks of businesses; reflects subtle discrimination in the workplace. b) Glass Walls- Restricts the advancement of women and minorities into the upper ranks of businesses; reflects subtle discrimination in the workplace.

Question 35

14) How do work schedules, authority gap, and management styles affect women's advancement?

Answer 35

a) Work schedules i) Work days are longer, making child care more difficult to secure ii) Often women are forced into part-time positions or have fewer chances of advancement as a result b) Authority gap i) Women are still acquiring skills and education ii) Sex segregation places women in jobs which don’t advance iii) Cultural biases prevent women from being promoted to high positions c) Management styles i) Feminization of management (1) Share responsibility for decision-making (2) Help and develop employees (3) Build networks

Question 36

15) What is the feminization of management? Explain its 3 themes.

Answer 36

i) Share responsibility for decision-making ii) Help and develop employees iii) Build networks

Question 37

16) How do communication climates affect men and women in the work place?

Answer 37

a) Workplaces include language and behavior that men find familiar and comfortable, but some women do not. i) Many organizations use language taken from sports, sex and the military. b) Many informal networks are largely or exclusively male. i) Hiring and promotion are often accomplished in these informal networks. c) Both women and minorities are less likely to have mentors than are men of the majority race.

Question 38

17) Define microinequities

Answer 38

a) verbal comments and behaviors that devalue member of one group, but are not specific legal violations.

Question 39

18) Explain the 3 components of the hidden curriculum in education.

Answer 39

a) Organization of institutions reinforces gender stratification b) Curricular content marginalizes women’s contributions c) Educational processes, including teachers’ communication and style, privileges male students

Question 40

19) What does it mean when scholars say that education has a "cumulative impact" on women's self-esteem?

Answer 40

a) who are constantly less valued, less respected, and portrayed as less able than their male peers. b) Women have lower self-esteem

Question 41

20) How does the organization of schools affect the education of female students?

Answer 41

a) Positions of authority within schools and universities are typically occupied by men. i) Women typically occupy lower status teaching and support positions. ii) Every Division I college pays male coaches more than female coaches (Suggs, 1999) b) Schools instill beliefs of appropriate positions that may limit career aspirations. c) The prominence of white male faculty limits role models for female students and people of color.

Question 42

21) Explain how curricular content underrepresents women and minorities.

Answer 42

a) Textbooks overrepresent white males as standard and underrepresent women and minorities. i) Despite improvements males are represented in more active and visible ways (photographs & content) ii) Theories taught in schools often involve studies conducted on male subjects iii) Disciplines like psychology, economics, sociology, and art rarely mention female contributors iv) Women’s contributions to literature, history, and science are minimized or “given the nod.” b) Using the white male as standard misrepresents the breadth of human experience.

Question 43

22) What are 3 general themes in children's literature/fairy tales?

Answer 43

a) Characters are physically attractive b) Females compete with each other for male attention (counter to cooperation) c) Rewards are given to those who conform to sex stereotypes (marriage, wealth, happily ever after)

Question 44

23) How do communication processes affect the education of boys and girls?

Answer 44

a) Teachers consistently give more attention—positive and negative—to male students (Chilly climate). b) Teachers may perpetuate stereotypical behaviors through reward/punishment c) Professors and teachers tend to take female students less seriously than male students. i) Females typically are praised for their appearance, personalities, or nurturing nature; male students receive praise for their academic accomplishments

Question 45

24) In what ways is teacher communication biased?

Answer 45

a) More likely to know names of male students b) Maintain more eye contact and attentive postures when talking to males c) Ask more challenging questions of males d) Give longer and more significant verbal and nonverbal responses to males e) Call on males students more often f) More willing to make time and devote longer periods of time to confer with males g) Female contributions are interrupted, ignored, dismissed more often h) Pursue comments by males students more often (pp. 455-456)

Question 46

25) What are some of the effects of these communication processes?

Answer 46

a) Dropping or avoiding certain classes b) Minimizing relationship with faculty c) Diminished career aspirations in certain fields d) General undermining of self-confidence e) Women’s grades, career goals, and self-esteem decline over 4-year span of college

Question 47

26) Define chilly climate.

Answer 47

a) Teachers consistently give more attention—positive and negative—to male students

Question 48

27) Explain 4 indicators of equity in college professors?

Answer 48

a) Employment Status i) Even given an extremely optimistic hypothetical projection based on equality of hiring and retention rates between men and women, the researchers concluded that it would take 57 years for women to reach parity with men and make up 50 % percent of the full-time faculty. b) Tenure status (women outnumber men in non-tenure positions, and lag behind in tenure positions) c) Rank (women less likely to be full professors) d) Salary (women get paid less—81% of male salaries)

Question 49

28) What is the “boys crisis” and what 4 factors explain why it exists?

Answer 49

a) In elementary school, boys are two times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with learning disabilities and twice as likely to be placed in special-education classes. b) The number of boys who said they didn't like school rose 71 percent between 1980 and 2001, according to a University of Michigan study. c) Thirty years ago men represented 58% of the undergraduate student body. Now they're a minority at 44 percent. d) Four factors i) Feminist agenda misrepresented girls treatment in the classroom and boys needs became neglected. ii) Education about inequities were addressed for girls, and girls surged ahead. iii) Boys and girls brains develop differently. iv) New academic standards in elementary school favor girls.

Question 50

29) How can education be made more equitable for female and male students?

Answer 50

a) Sit boys near the front of the classroom and speak louder. b) Use strict discipline. Teach collaboration. c) Work shoulder to shoulder with boys rather than face to face. d) Allow free time for rough and tumble play. e) Do not eliminate recess. f) Consider same-sex classrooms and redshirting. g) Use technology h) Encourage writing for boys, regardless of content. Celebrate boys’ literacy. i) Hire more male teachers in elementary grades. `

Question 51

30) Explain 4 mass media theories.

Answer 51

a) Magic Bullet or Direct Effects Theory i) Audience passively consumes media messages ii) Audience are vulnerable to media and easily persuadable iii) People respond to messages in similar and predictable ways b) Uses and Gratifications Theory i) People seek out specific media and content to generate specific gratifications or results ii) Audience is active iii) Audience member’s choice of medium to fill gratification can vary (Friends to laugh, CNN to get informed or be entertained iv) Media compete with other sources for need satisfaction (speaking with friends, going to a movie vs. renting one) c) Agenda-Setting Theory i) Media sources don't force us to believe certain things, but instead by the nature of the profession they give us a limited number of options to think about ii) Media guides us to think certain topics or issues are important d) Cultivation Analysis i) Mass media, especially TV, foster certain beliefs about reality that are inaccurate ii) TV is different from other forms of mass media (1. Pervasive 2. Requires little skills to access 3. Virtually free 4. New technology has extended its influence) iii) TV shapes societies way of thinking and relating; it has become the cultural mainstream iv) Influence of TV is limited (long term viewing is what leads to distorted view of life)

Question 52

31) Explain how the media under represents women and minorities

Answer 52

a) The number of women in the population b) People of color c) Older people i) Older men appear more than older women although there are more older women. d) There is a lack of women in charge of media.

Question 53

32) How do the media stereotype men and women? In advertisements, in television sitcoms, in film, and music?

Answer 53

a) Men are tough, independent, aggressive, active, and in control of emotion and feelings. Rarely do men perform domestic chores or care for others b) Women are younger and thinner than the general population. Women are dependent, decorative, and passive c) Men in Ads i) Corporate Success (1980, 90s) ii) Great Dad (90s) iii) Bumbling Idiot (Himbo) iv) Others include Rambo, stud, jock, handyman, blue collar sex object, helpless, childlike, couch potato d) Women in ads i) Homemakers (competence at homemaking) (1) Kitchen & bathroom products (2) Hygiene products (3) Serving men and boys ii) Sex objects (promote appearance) (1) Sleepwear, lingerie (2) Thin, beautiful

Question 54

33) Define feminized/reconstructed male, mock-macho/playful patriarch, and himbo.

Answer 54

a) Feminized or reconstructed male- nurturing progressive figure b) Mock-macho, playful patriarch (lovable non-PC man)- liked despite chauvinism c) Himbo- an attractive but unintelligent man.

Question 55

34) What are 3 implications of the media portrayal of men and women? How does the media foster unrealistic and limited ideals, pathologize the body, and normalize violence against women?

Answer 55

a) Implications i) Unrealistic ideals of women and men ii) Pathologizes human body iii) Normalizes violence b) Foster unrealistic and limited ideal i) Influence how individuals feel about themselves and their relationships ii) Individuals dissatisfaction with her/his own body and life when compare to the media has been linked to (1) Emotional difficulties (2) Eating disorders (3) Cosmetic surgery c) Pathologize the body i) Natural state of body is abnormal and objectionable (1) Menopause/PMS (2) Pimples (3) Excessive thinness (4) Wrinkles (5) Body Hair d) Mediated images of violence normalizes violence against women i) Pornography presents subordination and degradation of persons as enjoyable and normal in sexual activities. ii) Viewing sexually violent material tends to desensitize individuals to and normalize acceptance of rape. iii) Popular music often portrays women as sex objects.