Final

Question 1

What are the benefits of breast milk?

Answer 1

• The act of breastfeeding makes the upper eye stronger - switching sides
• The act of breast feeding makes the baby used their whole jaw to suck - makes the roof of mouth flatter
• Drains the baby’s Eustacian tube & prevents middle ear infection
• Boosts the immune system (mother’s antibodies are in breast milk)
• Breast milk is high in cholesterol (is needed for the brain to grow
• Less likely to have mental health problems
• Less likely to be obese - don’t make a baby finish their bottle even if they stopped because theyre full

Question 2

What is colostrum?

Answer 2

the first milk - concentrated
full of antibodies for right after delivery
acts as a laxative for babies right after delivery as well
-Very thick and syrupy, orangish, high in protein, low in sugar and fat
-If you dont plan to breast feed you should at least give them the colostrum

Question 3

How long is colostrum present?

Answer 3

It is present for 1-3 days after birth

Question 4

What is foremilk?

Answer 4

The first milk that comes in - it is very watery
Has much less fat and doesn’t satiate
Why a newborn has to feed much more often in the beginning
It becomes a normal consistncy after

Question 5

What factor determines the consistency of the breast milk?

Answer 5

How often the baby nurses
The less time between feedings, the lower amount of fat

• The composition of human milk changes over time - based on how old the baby is and feeding times

Question 6

Continuous/on demand feeding

Answer 6

every 30-45 minutes
how often newborns should be feeding

preferred method

Question 7

Interval feeding

Answer 7

every 2 hours

Question 8

How does breastfeeding benefit the mother?

Answer 8

Ovarian cancer and breast cancer is reduced - ovaries aren’t supposed to be constantly cycling

Let down reflexes causes hormones to be released - oxytocin, prolactin (love hormones- decreased risk for postpartum depression) happens during pumping and breast feeding

Uterus contracts during breast feeding - helps uterus to go back down to normal size

Burns extra calories

Stops uterine bleeding

Decreased risk for osteoporosis and heart disease

Question 9

WHO recommendations for breast feeding

Answer 9

Exclusive breast feeding for first 6 months - no solids
Introduce solids at 6 months - but still should be the primary source of nutrition

The primary source of nutrition should be breast milk until 12 months

The child should continue breast feeding until 2 years and beyond if the mother and child is still into it

Question 10

Variables that effect the duration of breast feeding

Answer 10

Demographic variables - Asian americans breast feed for the longest

Age - the older you are the more likely you are to breastfeed

Married women breast feed longer

Women in higher SES

Mother that have to go back to work dont breastfeed a long
Support from significant others
Professional support

Psychological barriers - most important
-prenatal maternal intention
Maternal confidence
How interested the mother is in breastfeeding once the baby is born

Question 11

What is the number one complaint to pediatricians during the first year?

Answer 11

Sleep

Question 12

How many parents ask for advice on sleep?

Answer 12

50%

Question 13

How many children are being labeled as having a sleep disorder between birth and age 3

Answer 13

30%

Question 14

How long do newborns sleep for

Answer 14

18-20 hours

Question 15

How many hours are 1 year olds sleeping for?

Answer 15

14 hours

Question 16

How many hours of sleep do 3 year old need>

Answer 16

12 hours

Question 17

Night wakings at 3 months

Answer 17

every 3 hours

Question 18

Night wakings at 6 months

Answer 18

about ever 6 hours (have been sleep trained

Question 19

What is a sleep disorder?

Answer 19

5 night wakings a week for 3 months
-being awake for more than 20 mins and getting into parents bed

only recognized as a sleep disorder if the parent sees it as a problem

Question 20

What is insomnia disorder

Answer 20

difficulty maintaining sleep
Early morning wakes that requires caregiver intervention
3 nights per week
Causes clinical levels of distress for the individual or the parents and any of the domains of functioning (academic etc.)

Question 21

What portion of the world co-sleeps?

Answer 21

2/3

Question 22

What are the benefits of co-sleeping

Answer 22

lighter sleep - mom and baby
shorter night wakings
mothers dont recall wakings

Question 23

Proactive cosleeping

Answer 23

something that you choose to so because you believe in it as a parenting choice

Question 24

Reactive cosleeping

Answer 24

when it is not the parenting technique of choice and they are only doing it because no one is going to get any sleep otherwise

Question 25

What are the benefits of cosleeping for the child?

Answer 25

increased cognitive competence | greater self esteem

Question 26

Social learning theory of siblings

Answer 26

older siblings act as role models -more likely to model each other when: they are close in age they are the same sex

Question 27

De-identification theory of siblings

Answer 27

niche picking sibling differentiate from one another to reduce conflict and direct competition 40% do it on purpose

Question 28

How is the role structure of siblings shaped?

Answer 28

Shaped by age spacing - closer age spacing - reciprocal relationship like peers - farther age spacing - caretake roles

Question 29

sister-sister pairs

Answer 29

the closest

Question 30

brother-brother pairs

Answer 30

close but more conflict

Question 31

mixed sex pairs

Answer 31

not as close but less conflict

Question 32

Features of sibling relationships

Answer 32

high warmth, high conflict

Question 33

Parental differential treatment

Answer 33

children within the same family are treated differently by their parents -occurs in the majority of families

Question 34

Positive sibling influences

Answer 34

strong sibling support- less depression an loneliness fewer behavior problems

Question 35

Negative sibling influences

Answer 35

spread of behavior patterns - contagion deviancy training Partners in crime

Question 36

Non-biological siblings

Answer 36

tend to have less intense relationships

Question 37

effects of lack of play during infancy

Answer 37

no emotional or physical stimulation higher risk for behavioral, emotional, and social problems as they grow up Higher levels of cortisol - stress hormone

Question 38

What are the types of play

Answer 38

``` bonding parallel symbolic social dramatic open ended playful learning chaotic ```

Question 39

Pedagocical approach of play

Answer 39

play is the leading activity in developing conceptual learning, self regulation and social emotional development during early childhood

Question 40

Behaviors for preschool and kindergarten

Answer 40

sharing helping cooperation

Question 41

Play and socialization are ways for children to

Answer 41

``` express individual tastes and interests become a unique personality connect with others achieve a sense of social self become a member of a community learn how to give and read social cues solve social conflicts negotiate or plan for what is next relieve stress ```

Question 42

Playful learning

Answer 42

requires modeling behaviors and enrichment from teachers -environment set up for play materials provided within the environment symbolic thought as a result of playful, hands on activities and lessons mediation develops language and self regulation for join play with peers

Question 43

Benefits of playful learning

Answer 43

Helps create the highest potential for learning for children expands childrens language and vocabulary Develops self regulation with peers

Question 44

When can infants percieve difference in melody

Answer 44

6 months

Question 45

consonant intervals

Answer 45

notes that sound good together | infants prefer this over dissonant intervals

Question 46

Why do adults sing to infants?

Answer 46

it reduces the psychological and physical distance between singer and infant infants pay more attention to you - we notice this Infants respond in a way that we like

Question 47

Characteristics of music

Answer 47

``` universal orderly dvelopmental schedule requires a high ability - that all humans have specialized memory evokes strong emotion ```

Question 48

Benefits of touch

Answer 48

Touch sends a message to the pituitary gland to release the growth hormone -not touching the baby blocks the hormone

Question 49

Stimulation of vagus nerve during touch

Answer 49

releases glucose - energy for babies cells to grow | -also stimulates the lymphatic system

Question 50

How much does the average western infant get touched per day?

Answer 50

25% of the day by 9 months - down to 16% Youngest infants in high quality daycare centers - 14% of the day Actual holding time 2.5 hours per day

Question 51

Developmental niche

Answer 51

a framework for understaning how culture shapes development 1. physical and social setting 2. historical context of child-rearing 3. psychological caretakers

Question 52

contemporary redundancy

Answer 52

reinforced in several settings in the same period of development

Question 53

Thematic elaboration

Answer 53

repititon of symbols, language, discourse

Question 54

Chaining

Answer 54

no single element of an environment produces an outcome, linking together outcomes of many different situations