Final

Question 1

what is the cognitive stage of motor learning?

Answer 1

inconsistent performance

Rapid improvement stage

Question 2

what is the associative stage of motor learning?

Answer 2

less variability as client refines skills (internal reference of correctness)
less verbal, less cognitive demands

Question 3

what is the autonomous stage of motor learning>

Answer 3

task performance is stable (less cognitive demand on the client)
perform with distractions

Question 4

what is massed vs. distributed practice>

Answer 4

massed = practice time is greater than the amount of rest btwn trials

dist = rest btwn trials equals or > amount of time for trial

Question 5

what is blocked vs. random practice?

Answer 5

blocked = practice 1 task for a block of trials before next task

random = practice # of tasks in random order

Question 6

when is massed practice used?

Answer 6

Used for endurance building

Question 7

what are risk factors of massed practice?

Answer 7

fatigue, injury. BP, oxygen levels

Question 8

what should be done when OT learns a task?

Answer 8

identify component parts and the significant steps
consider time restraints
prepare the work area

Question 9

what should OT consider during performance of task?

Answer 9

how the Client will perform the activity
Anticipate errors
amount of repetition

Question 10

how is motor learning measured?

Answer 10

not measured directly (inferred from behavior)

Question 11

what is learning?

Answer 11

permanent change in behavior

Question 12

what is the difference btwn performance and learning?

Answer 12

Performance: temporary change that occurs during practice sessions (tx session)

Learning: permanent change (able to use the motor skill at another tx session)

Question 13

when is blocked practice used?

Answer 13

Clients with cognitive issues
Practice until you get it down then move on
Effective during acquisition phase but not good for retention

Question 14

when is random practice used?

Answer 14

TBI or CVA ADL learning

Not as fast as blocked but better retention

Question 15

what is contextual interference?

Answer 15

interference effects in performance and learning that arise from practicing one task in the context of other tasks

Question 16

what can be altered for practice conditions?

Answer 16

Speed and accuracy
introduce changes in the objects, environment during performance
practice a task/activity in entirety or break it down

Question 17

how should task be divided?

Answer 17

natural division of parts that relate to the goal of the task

Question 18

what is a discrete task?

Answer 18

definite beginning and end

When you cant practice anything in between

Question 19

what is a serial task?

Answer 19

multiple steps with changing motor demands (industrial labor-gross, fine and precision motor requirements)
Help with iADL’s like cooking or cleaning

Question 20

what is a continuous task?

Answer 20

ongoing adjustments as one engages; driving a car, walking, running
Things that cant be broken down

Question 21

what type of feedback does client receive?

Answer 21

reference of correctness from OT
Sensory information
movement feedback

Question 22

what is Intrinsic feedback?

Answer 22

(spared) which may include somatosensory, proprioceptive, visual, auditory, etc; integration of systems

Question 23

what is Extrinsic feedback?

Answer 23

info that augments intrinsic feedback; therapist generally provides this during intervention

Question 24

what are types of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 24

concurrent: often results in reliance
terminal: often given at end

Question 25

when is concurrent feedback used?

Answer 25

Better early on (acquisition) to assist individual in developing sense of correct movements Must differentiate btwn encouragement and honest feedback

Question 26

when is terminal feedback bad?

Answer 26

Can be detrimental at later stages bc they are over relying on the OT for feedback

Question 27

what is a knowledge of results during extrinsic feedback?

Answer 27

terminal feedback about the outcome of the movement in relation to the goal

Question 28

what is a knowledge of performance during extrinsic feedback?

Answer 28

feedback related to the specific movement patterns used to achieve the goal

Question 29

what are the implications of a knowledge of results?

Answer 29

Very motivating, increases level of attention Most effective early on in intervention Might interfere with intrinsic sensory info

Question 30

what are the implications for a knowledge of performance?

Answer 30

Related to Feedback to movement patterns Ex: you need to lean forward more or raise your feet Client Use visual feedback to supplement

Question 31

when is mental practice used?

Answer 31

Used to supplement one-on-one intervention Neural circuits are activated in motor cortex Good for clients who are restricted from performing

Question 32

what are the stages of motor learning?

Answer 32

cognitive fixation autonomous

Question 33

what are the phases of relearning?

Answer 33

Acquisition phase = during initial instruction on and practice of a skill or task Retention phase = persistence of performance Transfer phase = transfer of learning

Question 34

what is motor development?

Answer 34

process during which a person acquires skills and movement patterns; a continuous process of modification

Question 35

what are the warning signs that indicate delays in motor development?

Answer 35

Lack of steady head control @4mo while sitting Inability to sit @9mo Inability to walk @18mo