Final Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
What is the History of Evolutionary thought?
A
1) Natural Theology - all creation from God, discover nature = discover God ; 2) Hierarchical Organization of species - non-being to God and minerals ; 3) Fixity of Species - species did not change over time = no extinction
2
Q
What ideas go against Darwin’s thoughts?
A
No extinction, no hierarchy, no single species
3
Q
Charles Lyell
A
Uniformitarianism - Earth’s present landscape was produced by past actions of the same gradual geological processes that we observe today. “Principles of Geology” Book had big impact on Darwin (he took it on the beagle)
Geology and long periods of time
4
Q
Lamarke
A
1) Principles of similarity - Environment led to variation (giraffes) 2) Use and disuse principle (cut rats tail off) 3) Inheritance of acquired characteristics - • Gain of train through environmental interaction – this was important for Darwin to work with
helped establish the idea of common ancestor and organism transmutation
5
Q
George LeClarc
A
Wrote History Naturelle - helped establish variation. He thought variation was a result of degeneration from the ideal and that the common ancestor was the ideal form. Helped establish that species change.
6
Q
Charles Darwin
A
5 yr mission on Beagle, lots of fossils, species doing same things in different locations , variations of organisms between islands
7
Q
4 Postulates
A
1)• Individuals of a population will vary 2) • The variance is heritable 3) • In each generation some individuals survive and reproduce successfully and others do not 4) • The fate of individuals is not determined entirely on chance. Instead, individuals with advantageous traits survive the longest and reproduce the most offspring.
8
Q
Artificial Selection
A
human interference with evolution- breeding dogs
9
Q
Homologous structures
A
from same anscestors but used in different ways (bats, dogs, fishes)
10
Q
Comparative Anatomy
A
comparing forelimbs on birds humans
11
Q
Embryological similarity
A
We start life all looking similar (Serres and Meckel)
12
Q
Marcupials vs. Placentals
A
Marcupial - kangaroo pouch - baby grows outside. Placental - baby gets nourishment from the inside - (humans)
13
Q
Fossils
A
shows how species evolved
14
Q
Population
A
all individuals of same species living in a given geographical area
15
Q
Gene
A
discreet segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait
16
Q
Gene Pool
A
all genes in population
17
Q
Allele Frequency
A
relative proportion of each allele in the population
18
Q
Evolution
A
change of allele frequencies within a population over time/generations
19
Q
Hardy-Weinberg principle
A
1) No mutation 2) No gene flow 3) No natural selection 4) Random Mating 5) Very large population
20
Q
Describe in detail principles in HW - give examples
A
Mutation - rare ; gene flow - rampant in humans ; population - genetic drift ; Random mating - nope - behavioral stuff ; All genotypes equally successful - any trait with advantage will increase. (Elk- big rack)
21
Q
Natural Selection = success =
A
survival and reproduction (Natural selection acts on phenotypes only)
22
Q
Competition
A
struggle for scarce resources (among same species)
23
Q
Predator Prey interaction
A
put pressures on each other - coevolution
24
Q
Sexual selection
A
Peacocks - preferences of females
25
3 effects of Natural Selection
Directional ; Stabilizing (baby too skinny, fat ; Disruptive (bi-model - in the middle doesn't work)
26
Biological Species Concept)
groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
27
Pre-mating mechanisms (give examples)
1) Geography 2) Ecology 3) Temporal 4) Behavior 5) Mechanical
28
Post mating mechanisms
Gametic incompatibility ; Hybrid inviability ; Hybrid infertility
29
Speciation depends on 2 things
Population isolation and Genetic Divergence (development of large genetic differences)
30
Population effects
Founders effect and bottleneck
31
Ways to Speciate
Allopatric Speciation and Sympatric, and mutations
32
Allopatric
geographically separated
33
Sympatric
ecological niche (fruit flies on different fruit)
34
Mutations
rare, but can lead to instant speciation
35
Adaptive Radiation
One ancestor diverges into many different ones becuase of many speciations evenst in a short time (new habitat, mutations...finches)
36
Becoming Extinct
Localized Distribution - sand lizard only lives in sand dunes...if that is gone...so is the lizard
37
Systematics
discovering of evolutionary relationships
38
Taxonomy
naming things
39
Phylogeny
classification based on evolutionary history
40
Clade
Family tree portion
41
Hierarchy
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
42
How do we decide how to organize
Homologous structures, vestigial structures, convergent evolution with Analogous structures
43
Analogous Structures
: structures with similar function, bit dissimilar anatomy
44
Convergent Evol
anatomical similarities not derived from common ancestry
45
Homo sapiens
bipedal, meant for endurance
46
Progression of humans
better tools, chin protruding, smaller incisors, smaller skull, upper pallet (more space in mouth), growing crops, now us!
47
Categories of data that would Falsify Darwin
1) Fossil Record 2) Genetic Analysis 3) Relative dating 4) Absolute dating 5) Cultural Artifacts
48
Neanderthals
230,000-30,000 yrs ago, buried dead, brain larger, hunted with weapons, cowboy lives
49
Chimp / Human
DNA code very similar, fossil calibration, human-chimp divergence
50
Synapomorphies
similar traits with chimp (no tail, erect posture, flexibility of wrists and ankle, molecular data)
51
Leaves
benefit = broad surface area full of chloroplasts (Like solar panels)
52
Cost of leaves
large surface area for evaporation; solution = waxy, H2O-proof cuticle
53
Stoma
leaf pores for capturing CO2; can open/close to control evaporation
54
Mesophyll
(Middle leaf) contain most of the cholorplasts o Fed by vascular bundles (pipes) that shuttle water and minerals to and sugars away. (Circulatory System)
55
Photosynthesis (reactants and products)
o 6 CO2 +6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
56
Light RXN
• Light (photon) hits a pigment molecule
o Captured for photosynthesis
o Reflected back
57
What colors are absorbed and reflected?
o Every color besides green is being absorbed
58
Pigments
• Chlorophyll a: most common – it makes the plant green!
59
Carotenoids
not as fragile to light hours and temperatures (that way leaves change colors because Chloro a goes away with the lower temp
60
More Light RXN
* Electron releases energy to form ATP and others
* All this happens in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast.
* Light (photon)_transferred by chlorophyll to electron
61
Calvin Cycle
Dark RXN” because it doesn’t require light, but it can’t work without the Light RXN products (• ATP from light RXN fuels synthesis of sugar (sugar production)
62
Linnaeus
made Classification system, Two part system Genus species. Also put them Heirarchy, each species was immutable creation of God
63
Key observations while on the beagle
Variation of organisms between islands (separate creations); Lots of fossils ; Species doing same things in different locations ; Saw different forms of the same animal (finches) ; CLams in line of sediment
64
How would you disprove evolution?
Found Homo sapien skull dated 6 million years ago. Or find cultural evidence of tools made much longer before neanderthals?
65
Fixity of species
1) Natural Theology - creation by God 2) Hierarchal Organization of Species - Aristotles view (non-being to perfect being "God") 3) Fixity of Species - No extinction, species not change over time, discreet boundaries between species, empirical evidence and philosophical ideas
66
Genetic analysis and DNA
Helps us to know about evolution and evidence of it.
67
Behavior
any observable activity of a living animal
68
Innate Behavior
behavior is completed correctly the first time without instruction.
69
Learned Behavior
behavior requires experience to complete ; or the capacity to make changes in behavior on the basis of experience
70
Habituation
getting “used” to a stimulus ; decline in response to a given stimulus (helps with conserving energy)
71
Conditioning (trial and error) learning
animals acquire new and appropriate responses to stimuli through experience. (rewards and punishments)
72
Insight learning
problem solving without experience ; chimps and boxes
73
Imprinting
learning only at a specified development ; special form of learning where an animal's nervous system is rigidly programmed to learn a certain thing only at a certain period of development. (ducks)
74
communication
the production of a signal by one organism that causes another organism to change its behavior in a way beneficial to both.
75
Visual Communication
silent, fast, quickly changed, ATP expensive, conspicuous, rely on sight
76
Audio communication
fast, long distance, don't have to see it, variety of messages, conspicuous, rely on hearing
77
Pheromones
chemical signals between the same species; chemical substances that are produced by individuals and that influence the behavior of other members of same species. (Long distance, hard to modify, cheap to make)
78
Aggression
antagonistic behavior between same species.
79
Finding Mates
Through Acoustics (noises), visual displays (dances,colorful) , chemicals (pheromones)
80
Dominance Heirarchy
each animal establishes a rank that determines its access to resources
81
Territoriality
the defense of an area where important resources are located
82
DNA
contained in Chromosomes, holds genes and hereditary material.
83
Adaptations
structures or behaviors that aid in survival and reproduction
84
Genes
units of heredity that provide info required to control life
85
organelles
structures in cells that are specialized to carry out specific functions (like obtaining energy)
86
homeostasis
organisms must "stay the same" or keep conditions in their body fairly constant
87
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell Wall, Outer Capsule, Flagella, Pili (for transfering gametes), Unbound Nucleiod, Plasmid (free floating DNA rings), Ribosomes, Mesosomes (for ATP)
88
Eukaryote
Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Golgi Apporatus, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria
89
Autotrophic
Self-feeding
90
Heterotrophic
"other feeding"
91
Molecule
2 or more atoms held together with chemical bonds
92
compound
2 different atoms held together with chemical bonds (Different is the key between molecules and compounds)
93
Ionic Bond
electrical attraction, weak
94
Covalent Bond
Electrons shared, strong
95
Hydrogen bond
bonded through polarized hydrogen atoms, weak
96
Water
surface tension, adhesion (sticky), solvent, hard to heat up, hard to vaporize
97
Hydrophilic vs Hydro phobic
love water vs. fear water
98
Acid vs Base
0-6.9 (acid) vs. 7.1 - 14 (base)
99
Carbohydrate
carbon plus water, = sugars
100
Sugars
monsaccharide, polysaccharide, disaccharide, GLUCOSE! (C6H12O6)
101
Lipids
fatty acid, fats, oils, (glycerol, triglycerides)
102
Saturated fats
carbon atoms that contain as much hydrogen atoms as they can chain to. Making it really fatty!
103
Steriod
cholesterol. Structurally different. Have four rings of carbon, fused together with other functional groups protruding from them (Estrogen and Testosterone)
104
Proteins
molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids, (and ENZYMES)
105
Principles and Inquiry
• Natural Causality- we have to assume that things are caused by natural things; • Natural Laws- assume that these causes are from natural laws; • See things similarly- assume that all scientists see the data in the same way
106
Scientific Method
Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conlcusion
107
Being ALIVE
Homeostasis, growth, getting energy from environment, reproduction, capacity to evolve
108
Phospholipid bilayer
Hyrdophilic heads, phobic tails
109
Dehydration synthesis and Hyrdolosis
breaking down of covalent bonds through means of adding water, or removing it
110
Fats
more energy storage than sugars, weogh less. Solid at room temp
111
Oils
liquid at room temp.
112
Unsaturated:
double bonds..kinks…oils mostly. Kinks in chaings, keep molecules apart, hence liquid at room temp
113
Denaturation
chemically or thermally breaking protein bonds
114
Primary Structure of protiens
refers to the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein
115
Secondary structures
folding, bending, pleating (helix)
116
Tertiary Sructures
hydrogen and disulfide bonds that make 3D structure
117
Quaternary
different 3D structures put together.
118
Nucleic Acids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous (DNA and RNA)
119
Nucleotide
ATP, act as energy carriers
120
RNA
G to C; A to U
121
DNA
G to C; A to T
122
Cell Theory
Cell is the fundamental unit of an organism; Organisms can be single celled or made of a lot; All cells come from preexisting cells
123
plant cells
Chloroplasts, Plastids (contain seasonal pigments) , Centroul Vacoule (turger pressure)
124
Membranes
Semi-Permeable membranes- Some shall pass ;
Proteins embedded in membrane
Fluid Mosaic
125
Functions of Membrane
Separate in from out, Gatekeeper, provides shape, Cell to cell communication, Senses changes in environment, protection, movement?
126
Receptor Protein
: some molecule fits into protein, then causes a response inside the cell.
127
Recognition Protien
cellular I.D. tags, self from not self (blood, transplants
128
Enzymes
proteins that help chemical reactions (amylase) anything that ends in “lase” is usually an enzyme
129
Attachment Proteins
: holds cytoskeleton to membrane and attach cells together
130
Transport Proteins
regulate movement of molecules across the membrane (Channel- no ATP, Carrier - lock and key = ATP used)
131
Diffusion
Movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration; It will continue until equally dispersed.
132
Diffusion Continued...
Heat speeds it up, also greater concentration ; Can be simple, or facilitate (through channels and carrier proteins)
133
Osmosis
Diffusion of H2O down a gradient ( an area of high concentrated water to low)
134
Active Transport
moement of individual small molecules or ions against their concentration gradients throuhg membrane spanning protiens
135
Endocytosis
Movement of particales or large molecules into a cell; plasma membrane engulfs the substance in a sac that pinches off.
136
Exocytosis
Movement of particles our of a cell; enclosed material appraoches membrane and fuses with it thus letting it all out.
137
Properties of Energy
1st law of thermodynamics - Energy never created nor destroyed ; 2nd law - Disoder (entropy) always increases (entropy is less useful energy)
138
Chemical Reaction
Builds or breaks bonds
139
exergonic vs endergonic
Energy out vs energy in
140
Glucose + Oxygen =
ATP (energy), CO2, and water
141
Coupled Reaction
Exergonic provides energy for endergonic
142
Catalyst = Enzymes
Speed up reaction; inlude subrates and active sites, Lower activation energy needed, lock and key - key changes causes reactions
143
Enzyme Regulation
Competitive, Non-competitive, and Feedback inhibition
144
Competitive
molecule blocks the active site- won’t work (TB bacterium and vaccine (inhibits the inhibitor), toxin of Parkinson’s
145
Non-competitive
some other molecule binds to enzyme and distorts it
146
Feedback inhibition
: end product of multi-enzyme RXN inhibits start of RXN
147
Behavior
observable activity of a living animal
148
Innate Behavior
behavior is completed correctly the first time without instruction
149
Learned Behavior
behavior requires experience to complete
150
Habituation
decline in response to a repeated stimulus (getting "use" to a stimulus)
151
Conditioning
learning from Trial and Error, also from rewards and punishment (pavlov's dogs)
152
Insight
Problem solving without experience
153
Imprinting
learning only at a specified development (ducks, moose mom)
154
Nature vs. Nurture (innate vs. Learned)
no real distinction, behaviors are not static, they can change
155
Types of communication
Visual, Audio, Chemical (pheromones), and touch; What are the differences? Advantages and disadvantages
156
Competition
Not enough resource to keep up with reproductive potential
157
Intra and Inter
Intra -within same species Inter - other species. (try to display so they don't have to fight - visual/audio "size-up")
158
Dominance Heirarchies (Ranking)
Wolves - leader has more resources (more mates, food, space)
159
Territories
individuals defend a resource area, Energy to maintain. (Sight, sound, smell) Examples?
160
Finding a mate
Identifying - same species, opposite sex, receptiveness
161
Groups (Benefits vs. Costs)
Benefits -Anti-predator, Hunting/gathering, Division of labor, Easier to find mates ; Costs- Competition, disease, infanticide (mufasa), Conspicuous
162
Altruism
sacrifice individual success fro the good of the group
163
Kin Selection
: sacrifice individual success fro the good of the relatives
164
Why are plants important?
Photosynthesis creates Glucose, maintains atmosphere, provides carbon matter to soil, (Shelter, fuel, medicine)
165
Algae
not in the plant kingdom, but in the protest “group" (Likely resulted in symbiotic relationship between bacteria with mitochondria and blue-green algae with chloroplasts)
166
Alternation of Generations
switching between haploid (n) structure and diploid (2n) structure in one life cycle
167
Alternation of Generations process
* Sperm (n) and egg (n) meet = fertilization into sporophyte generation
* Meiosis occurs = haploid (n) spore
* Spore (n) develops into gametophyte generation (male and female)
* Mitosis occurs = sperm (n) and egg (n) released.
168
Problem: Each cell needs to be in water
Solution:– small= osmosis, big = pipes
169
Prob:• Desiccation while allowing gas exchange
o Solution – waxy coating, stomata, reduced surface area
170
Prob-• Moving photosynthate around
o Solution – Vasculatization - PIPE
171
Prob - • Support against gravity
o Solution – “skeleton” lignon
172
Prob • Withstand temp. fluctuations
o Solution – Chlorophyll a , having other chlorophylls that are stronger (b,c,)
173
Prob• Getting sperm to egg
o Solution – Swimming sperm, pollinators. (these can be so tightly related that they can co-evolve together
174
Non-vascular plants
No pipes = small plant, need moist habitat to get egg and sperm together, *Gametophyte is dominant
175
Sporophyte
body consists of diploid cells (splits into 4 haploid cells through Meiosis)
176
Gametophyte
Haploid spores devlop into multicellular, haploid bodies called gametophytes (ultimately produces male and female haploid gametes by mitosis)
177
Vascular plants
Sporophyte is dominant, are capable of growing on land thanks to support from lignon and pipes for nutriets (roots, leaves)
178
Xylem
move water and minerals upwards against gravity; found in interior of stem.
179
Phloem
move sugars and other nutrients from leaves to rest o plant; found towards outside of stem
180
Seedy Plants
further complexity to the plant species, Wind born gametes, Animal carriers (bees), • Seeds contain embryonic sporophyte (2n), food supply (fruit), and protective coat (skin or husk)
181
Pollen
grains are tiny male gametophytes that carry sperm-producing cells
182
Female gametes in seedy plants
inside sporophyte - fruit (fruit we eat is ovarian tissue)
183
Conifers
“Evergreen” = decreased leaf loss year-round instead of massive loss during fall.
Reduced leaves = reduced evaporation (reduced solar panel)
184
Flowers
attract/use pollinators as pollen (sperm) transporters; Cost -expensive to build and maintain, attract cheaters and predators (deer like tulips)
185
Law of segregation
the principle that each gamete receives only one of each parent's pair of alleles of each gene.
186
intron
a segment of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for amino acids in a protein. (These introns are actually tossed out and exons are meshed together to form RNA copy)
187
inductive reasoning
creating a generalization based on many specific observations that support the generalization
188
deductive reasoning
process of generating hypotheses about the results of a specific experiment or the nature of a specific observation.
189
4 things about natural selection/ evolution
1) NS does not cause genetic changes in individuals (antibiotics only favors the survival of bacteria that can resist it) 2) NS acts on individuals, but populations are change by evolution 3) evolution is the change in allele frequencies 4) Evolution is not progressive, it does not make organisms better.
190
transcription
the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
