Final Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
change in position over time without regard to force
A
displacement
2
Q
What are the two types of general motion?
A
Curvilinear/ planar
3d motion
3
Q
Explain curvilinear motion
A
- combo of rotation and translation
- 2D with max 3 degree of freedoms
- ostokniamatics
- digrams
4
Q
Explain 3d motion
A
-helix/ screw axis
- all three demotions
-what we really move in reality
arthrokinamatics
5
Q
how do we move? in relations to axis and planes
A
about an axis within a plane
6
Q
About x/ coronal/ frontal axis
A
sagital plane
7
Q
y/ vertical axis
A
transverse/horizontal plane
8
Q
z/ anterioposterior axis
A
coronal/ frontal plane
9
Q
coronal/ frontal plane
A
z/ anteriopoterio axis
10
Q
transverse/horozontal plane
A
y/ vertical axis
11
Q
sagital plane
A
x/ coronal. frontal axis
12
Q
Where is our center of mass anatomically?
A
anterior to S2
13
Q
What are the maximum degrees of freedom in a constrained and unconstrained situations?
A
constrained (joints) 3
unconstrained 6
14
Q
What are the types of motion?
A
rate and magnitute
15
Q
What are the different types of magnitude?
A
Rotary: Degrees/ radians
translatory: meter, cm , arthrokinamatics
16
Q
what is speed
A
displacemetn per unit time REGARDLESS OF DIRECTION
17
Q
what is velocity?
A
displacement per unit time IN A GIVEN DIRECTION
18
Q
What is acceleration?
A
VELOCITY OVER CHAINING TIME
19
Q
What are the types of rate?
A
speed, velocity, acceleration
20
Q
how is rate measured?
A
linear/ translator
angular/ rotation
for acceleration and velocity
21
Q
What are two types of forces
A
internal and external
22
Q
how is force measured?
A
Newtowns or pounds
23
Q
what are external forces?
A
-air pressure/ gravity they act on everything.
24
Q
what is weight
A
mass* gravity
25
is gravataional pull dependent on anything?
yes location on earth
26
Is mass dependent on anything?
| What is it measured in ?
not dependent on gravity
has not vector or scalar lines
slugg (which is scalar) or KG
27
What are some internal forces
between two structures with in the body
| bones, muscles, ligaments, cause friction.
28
what is the equation for force
f=m*a
29
What does force have that mass doesnt?
action lines/ vectors c
30
constraints of joints of movement about a joints is dictated by
joint capsule and articular surface.
31
what is a concurrent force system?
they sum all the force of each individual muscle fiber
32
what is the direction of pull of a muscle
always towards the muscle belly
33
how do sesamoid bones affect the body?
increase the mechanics advantage by increasing the ma and decreasing the force needed.
34
Moment arms are always
perpindicular to the force vector and directionally related to the angle applied
35
what are the 3 types of levers
ARE 123
36
resolution of forces
```
perpindicular rotery (fy)
parallel translational same. (fx)
```
37
how can you increase torque?
applying force perpendicular to lever and farther from joint axis.
38
What is a joint
junction of pivot between two points
39
What are the two classifications based on joint movement?
Synarthorosis has no or minimal movement
| Diarthrosis has lots of movement
40
What are the two types of synarthoris and examples of each?
-Fibrous~ dense hard connective tissue
Sutures of the skull,
Distal tibiofibular joint
Interossis membrane between radioulnar joint .
Cartilaginous~ less collagen
Symphasis pubis
Interjoints of the spine (intervertebral disk)
Manubrual sternal joint.
41
What are the types of diarthrosis joints?
Gleunohumeral
Apopyseal joint of the spine
tibiofemoral
talocural joint
42
What is always associated with diarthrodial joints?
```
Synovial fluid
Articular cartlidge
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Ligaments
Blood vessels
Sensory nerves
```
43
What is sometimes associated with diarthodial joints
```
Intra-articualr disc or minscisis
Peripheral labrum
Fat pads
Bursa
Synovial plicae
```
44
What covers the ends of bones and articular surfaces and also makes the joint capsule?
articular cartlidge
45
What are the two layers of the joint capsule?
- Outer fibrous layer, dense connective tissue
| - Inner membranous layer, synovial membrane
46
What does synovial fluid contain
Proteins found in blood plasma HYALURONAN AND GLYCOPROTEINS
47
What does synovial fluid do?
lubrication and nutrition
48
What do ligaments do?
They connect bone to one resisting excess movement
49
What are the two different types of ligaments?
a. How are they different?
b. What are some examples of each?
- Capsular ligament: broader, resist movements in 2-3 planes. MCL and glenohumeral joint are.
- Extra capsular ligaments: cord like, thinner, resist movement in 1-2 planes. LCL ligament of the knee
50
Where do the blood vessels penetrate the joint capsule?
As deep as the layer between the synovial membrane and outer fibrous layer.
51
What do nerves do in diarthrodial joints?
Pain and proprioception
52
What do interarticular disc do?
Increase joint congruency and force dispersion
53
What do peripheral labrum do?
| Where can they be found?
Deepen the concave aspect of the joint and is a thicken attachment for joint capsule
-Glenohumeral joint and acetabulum.
54
Where are fat pads located?
a. What does it do?
b. What happened if it gets inflamed?
Between fibrous layers and synovial membrane
a. It reduces the amount of synovial fluid
b. so if it is inflamed it will reduce it more and impinge.
55
What are bursa?
a. Where are they?
b. What do they do?
They are extensions of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid and adjacent to fat pads. They are also in high stress areas
56
What are synovial plicae?
a. What do they do?
b. Where are they commonly found?
c. What happens if you have inflammation in the synovial plicae?
- Slack plates of innermost joint capsule they shrink as you get older but you will always have them.
a. They increase synovial fluid surface area and allow full motion.
b. They are commonly found in the elbow and knee
c. You will loose certain range of motion. Pain is most commonly found in medial plicae
57
Hinge joint examples
.
58
Pivot joint examples
.
59
Ellipsoid joint examples
.
60
Ball and Socket joint examples
.
61
Plane joints examples
.
62
Saddle joint examples
.
63
Condyloid joint examples
.
64
Ovoid vs. Saddle joints
.
65
Why is the axis of rotation hard to find?
Because it is not fixed, it translates
66
What is instantaneous axis of rotation?
23. Where the axis of rotation is for that specific instant
67
What is the evolute?
The curved line made by all of instantaneous axis of rotation.
68
What is the average axis of rotation?
| How do we do this?
An estimation we make from all the instantoos axis of rotation.
- We use the convex part as the reference point.
- Goneomotry
69
How is the kinematic chain differ in synarthrodial and diarthrodial joints?
- Synarthrodail, simple, stable little mobility (sutures of skull)
- Diarthrodial, complex, mobility (little stability)
70
What is a kinematic chain?
Series of links interconnected by a series of joints.
71
How are stability and mobility related?
Stability is a prerequisite for mobility
72
Describe open chain movements including where they are generally located.
Open chain, one joint can move independently of others and the distal end of the chain is free to move. Mostly in the upper body
73
Describe closed chain movement including where they are generally located.
Distal and proximal ends are both fixed. Movement in one joint causes movement in one or more other joints. Weight bearing activities and lower extremity actives.
74
What is range of motion?
| -What determines it?
Amount of movement available to the joint with in the anatomiv limits limitations of the joint.
a. Shape of the joints surfaces
b. Joint capsule
c. Ligaments.
d. Muscle bulk
e. Musculotendenous structures.
f. Bony structures.
75
What is an end feel?
| -What are the different types?
Sensation at the end of passive physiological movements
a. Soft→ muscular
b. Firm→ ligaments
c. Hard→ bony
76
Hypermobile vs. hypomobile
33. Hyper: > normal movement, muscle weakness, instability
| a. Hypo: < normal movement, boney or cartlidgeous blocks, inability to elongate ct, contracture.
77
Arthrokinamatics, verses osteokinomatics.
- Osteo is based on anatomical position, it is the location of the bones in space, voluntary control
- Arthro is the location of the joints in relation to eachother. Can not be isolatied.
78
What is physiological joint motion?
Arthokinamatics+ osteokinamatics.
79
Give examples of the following.
a. Rolling joint
b. Sliding
c. Spin
Arthrokinamatics
a. “rocking” tibiofemoral joint.
Different contact points
b.“Gliding” metacarpophalangeal
same contact point for ball different for ground.
c. radiohumeral
same contact point for ground different for ball.
80
Combination of movements occur to _____ and movement depends on ______
Preserve the joints integrity. Joint articulating surfaces.
81
Explain the concave convex rule.
.
82
What is the thing to remember about joint play?
Needs to be in open pack position.
83
Describe closed packed position
Closed packed: usually at the end of the rom, ligaments are taught, joint surfaces are maximally congruent. Greatest stability and resistance to tensile forces little or no joint play possible
84
Open packed position.
Open packed: most relaxed, large joint volume, maximum amount of fjoint play.
85
What is in the PCT?
- Fibrous proteins (type I and type II collagen fibers elastin
- Ground substance (Glycosaminoglycans, water, solutes)
- Cells (chondrocytes and fibroblast)
86
Whats the different types of collagen?
- Type One. Thick, can bend some but are good support for binding things like ligaments and tendons
- Type two thinner, provide shape and consistency. Still some support
87
What makes up fibrous proteins?
collagen type 1 and 2
| elastin
88
what makes up ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
water
solutes
89
what cells are in pct?
fibroblast
| chondrocytes
90
Explain elastin
net like interweving of small fibrils which resist stretch but give more when elongated
hylain or elastic cartlige in ligamentum flavum
91
What charge is ground substance and what does this effect?
negative
repeal eachother
increase volume
hydrophilic
92
What are the primary cells of ligaments, tendons and other pcts?
fibroblast
93
What are the primary cells of hyalin articular cartilage and fibrocartlidge?
chondrocytes
94
Both condrocytes and fibroblas make up ----- and do what?
| - where are imbedded how is their blood supply?
ground substances and fibrous proteins, conduct maintenance and repair.
- sparse and deeply embedded with limited blood supply-- incomplete healing of joint tissues.
95
What are the types of PCT?
Dense connective tissue
articular cartlidge
fibrocartlidge
96
Explain dense connective cartilage.
-fibrous part of joint capsule, ligaments, tendons
LOW: fibroblast, PG and elastin, blood supply, and metabolism
HIGH: type 1 collogen
97
What are the types of DCT?
regullar and irregular
98
Explain Regular DCT
-ligaments and tendons
- restist in 1,2 directions
best streached parallel with long axis of ligament
99
Explain Irregular DCT
- glenohumeral and hip joint capsules (fibrous part)
| - resistend in multiple directions
100
Trauma to ligaments:
REGULAR DCT
muscle can take over but won't be 100% stable bc muslce are not aligned for unwanted stress
- they are slower because of biomechanics delays
101
Tendons
REGULAR DCT
- transfer tensile loads b/t muscle & tendon
- type 1 strenghten once fully elongated
102
What are sharpey's fibers?
part of tendon going into the bone
103
Explain Articular cartilage
(specalized hyland)
- HIGH type 2, condrocytes, GAG (therefore water)
- tide mark, diffusion barrier
- load bearing joints
- NO perichandrium (+ loading - nutrition/blood)
- avascular/ aneural
- reduce friction
- chondrocytes are nursed by milking in joint loading
- disperses and dissipated force do subchondral bone
104
How is articular cartilage nourished?
milking during loading
105
What is articular cartilage flat on top?
so it is a parallel force
106
Explain fibrocartlidge
mix of dct and articular cartilage
(AC: resilance, shock absorbtion. DCT: tensile strength, shear and compression forces)
-HIGH: type 1, pg, chondrocytes and fibroblast,
- aneural, avascular
outerpart has direct blood supply, milking,
-perrichondrium
107
What are examples of fibrocartlidge
```
intervertebral disc,
labra
pubic symphsis disc
tmj
menisci
tendons
ligaments @ insertion
```
108
Bone consist of
highly crossed- linked type 1 collagen cells
| eg. osteoblast, and gound substance.
109
What is the in ground substance of bones?
| what does this do?
-PG they have glycoproteins (osteocalcin)--> binds to calcium and phosphorus rich mineral salts (calcium hydroxaypatie)
110
What do bones do
provide a rigid support to body and levers for muscles
111
What does the outer cortex of long bones hae/
shaft composed of thick compact bone
112
What do the ends of long bones have?
thin layer of compact bone surround cancellous bone
113
what surrounds cancellous bone
thin later of compact bone
114
what is an osteion
organize collagen fibers and ground substance into spireles--> lamellae--> allowing cartiocobone to accept compression
115
what is lacuane
spaces b/t lamellae where osteoblast are surrounded by their ground substance
116
What are haversion canals?
vascularize the bone
117
What is unique about the perisotium and endoostium of bone
vascularized and innervated
118
What do osteoblast do
synthesize ground substance and collagen
119
what do osteoclast come from
bone marrow
120
what do fibroblast come from
periostium, endosteum and vascular canal
121
When is the greatest strength of bone?
when compressed along the long axis of the shaft
122
The ends of the long bones are subject to
multidirectional compressive forces
123
Where is stress spread?
subchondral bone--> cancellous bone (series of struts)
124
What is Woffs law?
amount of bone cells depends on external stress,
deposit bone in high stress aresas==> osteophytes, bone spurs
absorb bone in low stress immobilize spine==> decrease bone density ==> fracture
125
What are the types of test used to determine the mechanical behaviors of the human body?
load and elongation
stress and strain
deformation
126
What is stress
stress= f/a
in pascals
force per cross sectional area
127
What is strain
L2-L1/ L1 no unit
| percentage change in the length of the structure
128
What is load?
force applied to a structures
| attributes--> direction, rate, magnitudes, composition of tissue
129
What is deformation
result of a on a structure
tensile load--> ellongation
compressive load--> compression
130
What are the stages of the load defamation curve?
1) elastic regiona( release the force nothing happens deformation isn't perminate
2) yeild point
3) plastic regions (deformation is perminate)
4) ultimate failure point (damage material)
Torsional loading
131
What is torsional loading
+ bringing forces= tensile and compressive strain and stress
132
what is Younges modulus
slope b/t elastic and plastic regions
| high slope young, stiffness, and low elasticity and compliance
133
What is the load deformation curve?
- 0-elastic= wavy crimp of cologne
- elastic--> plastic: strech linear to applied force
- plastic--> ultimate: grate 1&2 strain microfalure
- @ ultimate faulure: rapid microfailure,--> rupture, avulsion, fracture
134
What does cross section do to tissue?
greater the cross sectional area can withstand more forces and is more stiff and strength
135
What does tissue length do to strength?
longer tissue will deform more have less stiffness and strength.
136
What is viscoelasticty?
combination of elasticity and viscosity
137
Elasticity
ability to return to normal; proportional to force applied
138
Viscosity
resistance to flow/ deformation
139
time dependent properties
creep and stress relazation
140
Creep
loaded by a fixed force will deform more overtime non-linearly
will return to normal
141
stress relaxation
tissue streched to fixed length will need les force over time to maintain length
142
Rate depenednt properties
hysteris
143
hysteries
as you load and unload you release energy thru heat and elongation tissue: there fore the load deformation curves don't follow the same paths
144
strain- rate sensitivity
the faster a tissue is laded the more energy (stress force) is needed to deform it (Secondary hydraulics)
145
What are the general properties of CT
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand (SAID) princioe
146
CT has the ability to
can guide
adapt to
respond to load operations
rehabilitation intervation
forces being applied
147
What are the tendons responses to compressive forces?
increasing amount GAG and PG--> change GAG f/ dermation sulfate--> chondrotin sulfate. i
increase tensile force increase type 1 fibers in ligaments and tendons
148
Specific properties of bones
- cortical bone can withstand morse stress and deform less that cancellous bone
- loads over long time decrees stress and increase strain (creep and stress realization)
149
Specific properties of tendiosn
creep and tensile forces
adapt well to madnitude and direction of force
professive loading is successful for dysfunctional tendons
150
Specific properties of ligaments
response to inner mitten tension, increase thickness and strength
immobilization weekends quickly can take months to recover
151
specific properties of ligaments
compression decrease volume increase pressure out flow of interstitial fluid.
152
what are the effects of immobilization
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153
what are the affects of aging
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154
overview of joint pathology
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