final Flashcards

Question

Domino Theory

Answer 1

- Soviet army occupied nations in both Eastern Europe and East Asia after WWII - communism spread to many countries - the domino theory: if one country (person) fell to communism, another would, and then another, and then another. The spread had to be stopped at every opportunity. - (if spread, result would be) The creation of a classless, stateless society and the abolition of private property

Answer 2

US would go anywhere communism was spreading, shut it down-like what should have happened with Ebola-communism seen as a plague-why we went into Vietnam-prevent communism from spreading, contain it - this led to lots of investigations on the home front-wanted to avoid communism from spreading in the US, ostracize those with communist ideas-prevent their ideas from spreading - to minimize regret, most people were okay with this witch hunt-which is more important, protection of privacy, or not getting blown up?

Answer 3

- The creation of a classless, stateless society and the abolition of private property-this is what the US is scared of, complete communism, being taken over - red nightmare - message: every person must be vigilant: HUAC necessary to maintain vigilance - Production: Propaganda film made by US Armed Forces with the assistance of the Warner Brothers Studios-lots of propaganda films made

Answer 4

-myth making -TV production: cautious programming -TV consumption: audience made into passive consumers of middle class lifestyles Myth busting (counter-myth?) -TV production: investigative reporting -TV consumption: audience exposed to the machinations of power and engaged points of view

Answer 5

- extends beyond just the man-exploiting people’s fear/anxiety - paranoia-accusing everyone of communism-neighbor against neighbor-witch hunt

Answer 6

The result of the whole prisoner's dilemma is a cycle of increasing capabilities, escalating stores of weapons (Arms Race) – More missiles, longer ranges, better weapons, stronger armies, better technology – And both sides think they have no choice, they are just “keeping the balance” – But with so many weapons sitting out there … mutually assured destruction

Answer 7

standing committee of the US House, investigates un-American activities – 1930s: investigate U.S. Nazis – 1940s-1970s: investigate U.S. Communists – McCarthy not affiliated (he is a Senator) – however, HUAC after McCarthy associated with “McCarthyism”

Answer 8

- some people did protest mccarthyism - 1950s: See It Now (Edward R. Murrow and See It Now) - 1960s: Dr. Strangelove - 1960s: Berkeley “Free Speech Movement”

Answer 9

- enhance our mastery of storytelling techniques (literary production) - understand how storytelling techniques make meaning (literary interpretation)

Answer 10

- What meaning is being made? (content) | - How is meaning being made? (form)

Answer 11

- What does literary form (“how”) complement literary content (“what”)? - Where does literary form (“how”) challenge presumed content (“what”)?

Answer 12

- basic literary genres - widely used literary devices: allusion, metaphor, narrative structure, Point of view - elements of literary history - author’s biography - marketplace for art - artistic cross-currents - politics - prominent aesthetic conventions & ideas - realism - modernism - postmodernism

Answer 13

-review notes-but really not on test -us vs. them -paranoia, conspiracy Time out of Joint apprehends the 1950s (Dick’s present) through the past of a specific future (our present) -consumerism-classic 1950s scene, cultural stereotypes -realism vs. modernism

Answer 14

- there’s a lot of realism in novel until the end-very realistic, typical 1950s life - modernism because it's science fiction-what you see is not what you get, much more beyond surface, subjective-different experiences for different people

Answer 15

- realism very interested in social world/environment-depicts day to day life, conventional environment of time trying to depict-not difficult to find meaning, painting shows exactly what life is like, not really abstract - modernist makes an intervention in the realist aesthetic by suggesting that the way you actually live in the real world is much more complicated than the realist version of it-Freud was very influential on modernists-especially about dreams, dreams show who you are and what you feel better than your waking time-also Freud’s theories about the unconscious-the “unsaid”, things that said irrational, can’t completely be explained-talks a lot about subjective, how you personally represent material world-stream of consciousness used, syntax not conventional-the Crying of Lot 49

Answer 16

- the notion of hipness relates to race-the difference between white and black, how people use signified and signifier - concept (signified) has a sound-image (signifier) attached to it, and vice versa - with sound signifiers, and really all signifiers, arbitrary-if play a sound, we could have many different signified concepts that could go along with it - sign of 1 thing can be signified for another

Answer 17

v. AAVE (African American…). To use language (or any other sign system) in such a way as to highlight the arbitrary relationship between the signifier and the signified, whether unwittingly or, in special cases, deliberately and as a strategy of resistance to those of superior power. Cf. jive, (talking) shit, playing dozens, etc. i. e. yo mama jokes

Answer 18

adj. “in the know”, i.e., aware of the pervasive and usually unwitting signifyin(g) that pervades mainstream culture and official discourse. From AAVE jazz terms hep, hepcat. CE. hipster, with it, beat, groovy, hippie. being “hip to something” means knowing it, but hip has a different and more commonly used signified, of being cool

Answer 19

adj. Un-hip, i.e., taking signs at face value (“on the square”) and thus easily signified on. cf. corny, drag, L7 (cuz makes a square when do with hands) originally a good thing, meant on track, normal, not crooked-but used as the hip as a bad thing-people who were square didn’t even understand square was being used as an insult

Answer 20

- warm, folksy, over reverent quality - robust, earthy, thoroughly american voices - a simple wide-eyed extroverted delight in the familiar - squareness: not signifying many things, songs stripped down to simplest, most conventional form - squareness is associated with power-much of the regional and ethnic music starts to go mainstream in 50s by going through a process of whitewashing, sterilizing, sanitizing-so you lose the hipness, fits better into mainstream - Miller was actually very talented, and really the first A and R man (artist and repertoire man)-put artists in touch with manager, singers in touch with songs-really inventing 2 jobs (artist and repertoire, producer) in music industry-Miller put it all together, actually very creative-his music was very popular-completely dominated popular music-70 hits-made a fortune for the record company selling squareness

Answer 21

- Sinatra used to be like Patti Page-worked with Miller at first, terrible record-but in 50s reinvented himself into swinging hipster-used swinging as a way to be a hipster without saying he was and alienating people - people used swing to signify things, resist square form of performance-change things up-is a way of dramatizing the signifier-signified relationship - tried to musically show what he was capable of

Answer 22

1776-all men created equal, inalienable rights-didn’t actually start to get any until 1966

Answer 23

- a variety of rights and privileges that protect us from each other and from our gov - colonial times: protection of citizens against the British king-king George III - taxation w/o representation - people taking advantage of each other - we must not tyrannize each other

Answer 24

- Constitution gives broad power to states - 10th amendment-any power not explicitly given to gov. in Constitution, is given to states - southern states make laws to disenfranchise, enslave, segregate, part of pop. from the rest - there is very little the federal gov can do to make states stop

Answer 25

"A good number has to have self-identifcation. People want to think: This could be me."

Answer 26

"You can feel it, but you just can’t explain it."

Answer 27

“free speech in music"-improvisation-the liberty a soloist has to stand and play a chorus in the way he feels it, instead of the way in which it was written, a liberty never given any musician in classical performances-genuinely American-expression of an individual-democratic

Answer 28

``` MO Compromise • The Compromise of 1850 • States bargain with one another to allow new states to enter as either free or slave states. • These become federal law. ```

Answer 29

- South wins - federal gov cannot prevent slavery in the territories - MO compromise and compromise of 1850 ruled unconstitutional-rules blacks were property-enjoyed no rights-any law that interfered of the right of someone to their property was unconstitutional

Answer 30

emancipated slaves

Answer 31

granted citizenship and guaranteed due process and equal protection of the law to all citizens (citizens now includes former slaves-in order to be readmitted to union, southern states had to sign this amendment)

Answer 32

right to vote-but not a blanket right to vote, not all citizens-not women, or ex-Confederate soldiers

Answer 33

- reconstruction of the south doesn’t go as swiftly as would imagine - 1876 election basically a tie - South is solidly democratic-republicans really want white house, make deal with southern democrats-if you vote for the republican pres in House or Representatives-we will end Reconstruction in South-bargained away civil rights to get the white house - blacks living in south suddenly living at mercy of former masses - ”selective brutality” by KKK-prevent them from voting, segregate them, beat them - northern democrats look the other way - southern democratic block guarantees democratic majority in electoral college and in congress-works for them-so ignore brutality and segregation-can write laws want for gov, get them passed, states not their responsibility

Answer 34

- Plessy, ⅞ white, violated Louisiana’s segregation law by sitting in whites only railroad car - ”equal protection under law” referred only to political equality, not social equality - very narrow reading of 14th amendment - if blacks were socially inferior to whites, then saws such as Louisiana’s could reflect that inferiority so long as political equality was not compromised - where “Separate but equal” doctrine comes from - like this for another 50 yrs

Answer 35

- truman worries that Illinois, Ohio, and NY will all go Republican because of 2nd great migration-decides to start standing up for civil rights to gain support back - truman civil rights Bill (dies in Senate) - proposes integrated armed services - laws ending racial lynching - federal guarantees for voting rights - prohibiting employment and housing discrimination - Truman wins 1948 election-olive branch for Truman, but didn’t follow through-not really his fault-he gets to say he was a champion of civil rights but nothing changes for blacks in the South

Answer 36

- 1954-court says-“education is the foundation of citizenship”-separate but equal is unconstitutional - but by 1963, decade later, less than one half of 1% of black students in the South were attending desegregated schools - confederate states sign “Southern Manifesto” to fight desegregation on every frontier - closed school instead of integrating them - foundation for civil rights movements for blacks

Answer 37

- life in the south is not changing despite law-don’t need to change law, just make sure they actually get their rights - southern blacks need to organize-have to start somewhere - they all have something to gain if they work together-kids can go to school, then maybe good college, then get real jobs, positions in gov. - but costs of involvement are great-jail, beating, lynching, death-very bad, serious costs - weigh the costs vs. benefits

Answer 38

- when costs of providing public goods are high, people often free ride - since success means everyone gets to vote, you can benefit the outcome without paying any costs - in the limit, no one participates. Why pay costs?

Answer 39

No-people wanted to be involved

Answer 40

any action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective. It is enacted by a representative of the group.

Answer 41

- segregated means blacks live together, easy to communication-minimizes the transaction costs - but mostly no free riding cuz decision to join movement emotional, not rational

Answer 42

- said transportation is unconstitutional | - nothing changes though, ignored by white southerners

Answer 43

- presidency open, Eisenhower’s 2 terms up-lots of democrats anxious to win the democratic nomination - Lyndon Johnson one of them-uses position in Senate to introduce civil rights bill, to win black vote-could sue in federal court if voting rights denied-passes-gives more power to gov-but nothing changes-expensive to hire and lawyer and sue in federal court - -JFK more popular, wins nomination over Johnson, then presidency - JFK campaigned on a fear/hope and the New Frontier (couldn’t connect him to the past failures of democrats because he was too young), while Nixon just used Eisenhower’s success - First time debates were on Television

Answer 44

- court rulings making desegregating schools, transportation, restaurants illegal - nothing is changing - sit-ins, freedom rides, marches get more attention (From federal gov)-want to draw attention to fact that life in the south has not changed for them despite all these rulings on their side - 1961-blacks and whites ride together on interstate buses-protesting laws in southern states and refusal of southern states to enforce federal laws-riders met with violence in southern states - sit ins where in north carolina, where there were segregation laws, at Woolworth-effective cuz everyone knows about Woolworth’s-so people in the north started to boycott it as a chain-can’t think “oh, it’s just that one place” or just those owners-not evidence of a pandemic problem-strategic move by civil rights supporters

Answer 45

-JFK is a northern democrat-needs southern democrats in office so can pass laws he wants-makes deal with southern governors, cuz has a lot on his plate w Cold War-if keep rioters of these buses safe, I won’t interfere when you do things like arrest them-cuz the riots and violence embarrassing the nation-pres is only getting involved cuz losing credibility to deal w Soviets-costing him politically

Answer 46

- federal court ordered Ole Miss to accept James Meredith, a 28 year old Air Force veteran - Mississippi Governor Ross Bernett said he would never allow the school to be integrated - after days of violence and rioting on campus, he’s enrolled, escorted to class by federal officials - rioting-national guard gets involved

Answer 47

- Twilight Zone, Father Knows Best, the Cold War, suburban exodus, cars, kitchens... - but the south is highly segregated-no education or graduate programs for blacks, completely different things going on for them - separate sections of buses, bathrooms, restaurants, etc. - separate schools, churches, neighborhood - no graduate or professional programs for African Americans - KKK is very active

Answer 48

- peaceful protesters with permits to march- bitten by police dogs, doused with fire houses, arrested-police chief nicknamed Bull Connor, very brutal - even small children made victims of brutal treatment by Birmingham’s law enforcement - all part of plan, chose Birmingham for a reason-if could stage a scene that was so brutal, could get these images on TV, the rest of the world would see how bad it was and do something about it-work exactly as they expect-popular attention to civil rights movement in the south rises - Kennedy’s approval rating plummets from 60 to 47%-elections coming up-so Kennedy reluctantly responds that race discrimination is a moral issue - a few days later he submits a new and broadened civil rights program to Congress

Answer 49

- not necessary to go to court - if laws aren’t being enforced, don’t go to court, JFK will send federal agents/troops in and force the south to give you your rights-sounds like reconstruction, but 100 years later-took that long - southern democrats predictably filibustered this - but republicans in congress and northern democrats joined to pass it - southern democrats hate JFK and democrats-all become republicans (really had been acting like republicans for a while), still are today - Alabama’s George Wallace said JFK’s ruling unconstitutional under 10th amendment (challenged ruling on grounds of federalism)-states have power to regulate voting in their borders-Alabama will not stand by and let federal gov steal its power-said if people of Alabama want segregation, they will have it - but inalienable rights-no one can take them away, not even George Wallace

Answer 50

Mississippi is 55% black and very poor • Black and white students travel to the South to help collect signatures, register voters, encouraging blacks to vote, form a new party (MS Freedom Democratic Party) – 1000 arrests – 80 beatings – 3 deaths (Goodman, Chaney, Schwerner) • Parents wanted three young men buried side by side but MS enforced segregation even in death. Chaney was buried alone.

Answer 51

South continued literacy tests & poll taxes • 200 African Americans tried to register in Selma, Alabama in 1965 but were denied – African Americans marched in Selma to protest this violation – Met with extreme violence from Sheriff James Clark and deputies – They were beaten, whipped, and trampled by horses after use of tear gas • 4 KKK members killed a woman -Referred to as “Bloody Sunday” -Contributed to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1965

Answer 52

- justice department suspended restrictive electoral tests in southern states with a history of low black turnout-get rid of property and literacy requiremements? - states to obtain clearance from justice Department before changing any election laws - lasts until 2013 - southern democrats voted against it, northern democrats decide to vote for it...pro-segregation Republican candidate, so southern democrats jumped ship to become Republican-that’s when the switch happened where now south is republican and north is democratic

Answer 53

-challenged voting rights act -Invoking the 10th Amendment, which reserves powers to the states that are not specifically granted to the federal government, and citing doctrines claiming that states should be treated equally, Chief Justice Roberts argues that the Voting Rights Act "sharply departs" from these principles of states' rights.

Answer 54

Massively increased registration • Minority political leaders emerge – Enforce desegregation laws in South • It took 100 years to end effects of slavery and segregation – It required coordination, collective action, and strong beliefs on the part of Southern blacks; and vote-maximizing politicians in the national parties – It affected and still affects us politically and culturally

Answer 55

South Carolina flying confederate flag over statehouse • Raised it in 1962 as 100 year anniversary of Civil War • Protesters want it taken down • Is it a …. – Sign of oppression, segregation, hate… – Or, sign of Southern Heritage? -a sign-What does the confederate flag signify if flown over a statehouse in 2000?

Answer 56

1954-1965 Tactic: non-violence-but this was still active, not passive Goal: integration Organizations: NAACP, SCLC, CORE, SNCC (pre 1965)

Answer 57

1966-1974 Tactic: militancy-could involve violence-”whatever it takes”-acting fast Goal: separatism-worried may lead back to “separate but equal” but many embraced it Organizations: NOI, BPP, US, SNCC (post 1965)

Answer 58

inspired by… reaction to… Black power

Answer 59

review october 23 notes-lecture and discussion -novel on "What good was the civil rights movement?"-race and sexual politics THEMES women’s rights civil rights independence spirituality inner conflict/morality-”will you kill for the cause”-the right thing is different from the correct thing self-sacrifice interracial relationships-romantic and platonic power dynamics-has to do w women’s rights and civil rights gender relations white guilt violence vs. nonviolence-is violence necessary (idealized) womanhood/femininity

Answer 60

- process, not style | - musical expression of preliterate or illiterate communities and necessarily pass directly from singer to singer

Answer 61

folk song- Woody Guthrie wrote words, but repurposed “My Loving Brother” religious hymn from 1920s-so folk song -was actually a communist song, most people don’t realize this

Answer 62

Authenticity (where does it come from? comes from something true, real), sincerity (How does it feel? Does it feel like the person is honest and real? can be sincere w/o being authentic, and other way around), originality (Is it new and different?) - very little music has all 3 of these at once - these 3, in order, represent a spectrum of values associated w/ collective, to values associated w/ individual - folk process has more to do with authenticity, today songs have to be original or will get sued - sincerity goes along with both collective and individual-but the terms on the ends are more important - in collective, don’t care if melodies stolen, not about being different or claiming music as your own, just about changing and spreading and sharing music - for individual, care more about having something new to say, if not new it’s stealing, taking credit for another’s work-but in collective don’t care about this

Answer 63

- recombinations of many diff kinds of music-everything from commercial blues and jazz of early 20th century, to very old English ballads from 16th century, to union songs - folk process runs through left wing politics-and communist sympathisers-many folks songs created/changed by them - 1939-worker strikes-struggle to organize in Harlan County, Kentucky-create unions-lots of songs to do with this - for most folk songs, picking up story in middle, don’t know exact origin, because recordings don’t go back far enough

Answer 64

- 1939-Florence Reece-husband was a union organizer in Harlan County-thugs came and trashed house-she wrote down the words to a song after-took tune from old baptist hymn (we don’t have this song recorded)-transformed it into a union song-very authentic when she sings it-but diff lyrics than later, changed over time - by 1946, recorded by Almanac Singers, and some lyrics had changed, added more music, harmonized choruses, more polished-pushed song more towards side of originality and sincerity-their own artistic version of it - by the 1950s, lead singer of that band (Pete Seeger) had created commercial folk group called The Weavers-sang it - changed lyrics to fit movement, but same song-classic folk process-no direct connection to Florence Reece, but spread from her to them - the protesters at the St. Louis Symphony Concert-repurposed song, nothing to do with original version, just the civil rights movement version-participating in folk process, changing the song a bit from last version, no idea of roots, what it was before that

Answer 65

- led by Pete Seeger of the Almanac Singers-made more artistic and polished versions of old folk music-and gave concerts-very popular-their version of the folk process was to take little-known music and make it more commercially successful - The Weavers were popular until mid 1950s-refuses to testify-just says as an American has the right to free speech/not speak-doesn’t plead the 5th-just thinks un-American to force him to reveal his beliefs and how he voted, etc.-he was a communist, lots of folk music was being made by avid members of the Communist Party, like Seeger - Seeger was convicted for contempt of Congress (was later reversed) - so the Weavers were blacklisted for the rest of the 1950s-no one would book them, carry their records, play their songs on the radio-forced out of business

Answer 66

-from prison, work song-The Weavers got from folk song collector who went to the prison and recorded it-the song sounds a lot diff-so The Weavers’ version is very original, but not so authentic, wearing tuxedos, not prison jumpsuit, performing it as a commercial song and not work song-prisoners learned song through authentic folk process, The Weavers, not so much-sounds square

Answer 67

- white folk music mostly enters 1960s having skipped the authentic and political phase (this kind of music blacklisted often if it sounded communist, so only the nonpolitical stuff survived)-square music-false pedigree where folk music is just a kind of pop music - so actually a boom of white folk music in second half of 50s-60s, but clean cut, has been completely cleaned of any political content - by 1960s, have 2 choices: square pop folk music of clean cut white boys, or the place where the political charge of folk music stayed-freedom songs - black folk music survived as political into the 1960s-used in civil rights protests - not all music made by white people was square-another way to do this-became aware of the fact that it’s hard to tell diff between commercial jazz and blues and conventional folk music-sound similar-so connection straight from white folk music to either pop, or to these commercial blues and jazz-both bypass the political, but some preferred the more hip blues/jazz route

Answer 68

-instead of learning song from musician or friend of musician-learned from old record-anthology of folk music-Dave van Ronk’s version is very similar to Blind Lemon Jefferson’s original version-a bit more polished, a few words changed-not hokey or square, but pretty similar to older version, authentic and sincere box-Bob Dylan’s version was radically changed, more focuses on the originality and sincerity box

Answer 69

-musical integration-across color line-but on both sides, some people who were racist and loved rock n’ roll-wasn’t really civil rights music-throws off mainstream music culture and mainstream culture -rock is a series of regional styles-by mid 1950s comes into mainstream media -heavily rhythmic blues song-emphasis on back beat-2nd and 4th beat (front beat is 1st and 3rd) -refers to type of song, dance, sex-lots of signifying but rock takes on new meaning when white people get involved -must be crossing of color lines-fusion of black and white-black people must be interested in white music, or white people must become interested in black music-for rock n roll to form-this is what happens -becomes real musical style -1st thing that gets called rock n roll is when white musicians simply cover or copy black rhythm and blues -just whitewashing black r&b-not true rock, even if called that-not true fusion -but there is a true fusion of white and black on other end though-rhythm and blues fuses with country & western, to get memphis rockabilly-what Elvis was -we think of rock as having guitar, didn’t at first, main instrument was trumpet-electric guitar comes into rock from country musicians using guitars to cover r&b music

Answer 70

Elvis performed-supposed to be high class entertainment from sophisticated urban capital of America-this is a barbarian storming the gates

Answer 71

- Elvis was born in Mississippi-then went to Memphis, Tennessee-then moved to NYC - Elvis part of migration story that is big part of rock n roll-general move of African Americans out of the south and into northern cities-Elvis following path laid out by African Americans - migration routes, started after world wars, stay in effect really until 1960s - when African Americans took migration routes took musical styles with them-like blues-diff styles/versions of the style, some moved to diff places - regional styles

Answer 72

look at slides - rural acoustic music-blues(black-what we called commercial blues last lecture) and hillbilly (white-this leads to country, but we’ll discuss that later)-then there’s swing, mixes with blues to get boogie-woogie, then out of that get general style called rhythm and blues - rural blues music comes to city, gets jazzed up-becomes more rhythmic - by mixing swing and blues to get boogie woogie, then mix swing and boogie-woogie to get jump blues-leads to rhythm and blues (r&b) as an actual kind of music not just general style - both rhythm and blues categories turn into rock n’roll - Chicago-another regional style-blues rock-fuses delta blues with urban r&b styles-Chess Records in Chicago-Bo Diddly and Chuck Berry

Answer 73

- originally sung by “Big” Joe Turner-in r&b style-x-rated - white musicians simply cover or copy black rhythm and blues to make rock-like Bill Haley and his Comets, covered Shake Rattle and Roll-much more innocent lyrics-white rock n’ roll just very cleaned up version of black r&b for mainstream consumption

Answer 74

- even more than Bo Diddly, Chuck Berry father of rock, created language of guitar solo - brings white music into his black music - not just stealing-both sides mix, interplay between music that was traditionally black and music that was traditionally white-woven together to create r&b and then rock n roll - Maybelline

Answer 75

-by Chuck Berry-crosses color line, but other way-played songs in the white style to amust his friends-making fun of white people-sings in twangy country voice, not his own-but white people didn’t get joke, liked the song, made him famous-sounding hillbilly/country/memphis rockabilly (the main white string that turned into rock)-sold a lot of records-in order to make fun of it, had to learn it and incorporate it into music-a lot of white artists did this too, had to know black music really well in order to perform it-a lot of mixing

Answer 76

just do it * random: used to be flipped-north was red states (Republican), south was blue (Democratic)-doesn’t change til ‘65 * authenticity not only about learning it (that’s part of it) but preserving it-preserving the music of the people, preserving the culture-may have learned it authentically, but if don’t preserve the version you learned, not authentic * go over last discussion notes-midterm logistics and make sure know all terms!!!

Answer 77

- Blind Lemon Jefferson version: authentic, not made to be sold, voice hard to understand unless you’re from that area, just guitar and voice, can picture him on porch playing it, no studio band, roots in slave work songs-catering to black community - Dave Van Ronk version: a little bit cleaner-still just guitar and voice, repetitive verses, stronger each time-sincere, authentic-a bit different, cuz diff guy, diff time, but still authentic-bringing to white community-but he’s clearly trying to preserve the song, whether or not he was 100% successful - Bob Dylan: polishing gone a bit-change words-very original-but still guitar and voice, sincere-more guitar leads-disjointed, couldn’t sing it in a group-not chaotic, but feels impromptu, freestyle-can’t teach a freestyle and pass down, cuz wouldn’t be a freestyle anymore-his version of the song not authentic anymore

Answer 78

- one strand we didn’t talk about in class-strand from Louisiana and Texas to Cali-esp LA - Little Richard-came to Cali-recorded on LA based label - recorded this song - guitar sounds different, even from Chuck Berry-very diff from way Elvis played guitar-has piano too

Answer 79

doo-wop (r&b and pop) northern band (mostly r&b, and jump blues), new orleans dance band (mostly rock, a bit of r&b), chicago blues-rock (comes from r%b), memphis rockabilly (country and r&b)

Answer 80

behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards

Answer 81

a novel in which fictional characters take part in, influence, or witness real historical events and interact with historical figures from the past

Answer 82

a novel in which futuristic ideas, such as speculative technology, time travel, alien races, intelligent robots, gene-engineering, space travel, experimental medicine, psionic abilities, dimensional portals, or altered scientific principles contribute to the plot of background

Answer 83

journalism that reads like a novel (aka New Journalism)

Answer 84

prose that portray life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. An attempt to reflect life "as it actually is". A depiction of events in human life as a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner, focusing on recognizable (frequently middle class) characters living through ordinary and familiar experiences, which address "the way we live now"-ex: painting of people working on a farm

Answer 85

-rejects reality-experimental prose characterized by a rejection of the realist consensus between author and reader via the adoption of complex and difficult writing styles (e.g., stream-of-consciousness; fragmentary images). Focus on the cosmopolitan characters who are frequently alienated and disengaged from bourgeois values (e.g., the nuclear family; consumerism)-shows complicated stuff of life-stuff beyond surface-less realistic portrayals-rejecting realism-moving away from reality-abstract-ex: Time Out of Joint (scifi part)

Answer 86

-rejects both realism/reality and modernism-prose fiction that embraces (unlike modernism) the culture of consumption and depicts (unlike realism) life as a simulation, where there is no distinction between the real (referent) and its representation (sign)-what's real and what's not is mixed

Answer 87

the use of description, dialogue, dialect, and action to reveal a character's attitude and thoughts, actions and reaction

Answer 88

the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning

Answer 89

the connection of disparate things

Answer 90

the design of a story through strategic uses of beginnings, middles, or endings

Answer 91

the way a story is told (aka perspective)

Answer 92

where a specific word, phrase, or structure is repeated several times, to emphasize a particular idea

Answer 93

frequent use of words, places, characters, or objects that mean something beyond what they are on a literal level

Answer 94

an attitude or stance taken toward a listener or reader

Answer 95

a synchronic analysis of the formal structures of representation (language or text) which asserts that there is no natural relation between a word (sign) and an object (referent) to which it refers. Instead the relationship between word and object is arbitrary.

Answer 96

- composed of a signifier and a signified, which have an arbitrary (non-natural) relationship - signifier: sound or image - signified: concept or meaning

Answer 97

the thing itself (outside representation) in the real world; an extralinguistic denotatum, and thus not the focus of semiotic analysis

Answer 98

- original version-1 voice solo, classic-easy to dance to - bravado, twangy, fiddle, peddle guitar-country music-popular among people who thought cowboys were cool - Miller matched song w diff singer-Patti Page-more polished, twanginess gone, piano, no country instruments-background vocals done by Patti too-Patti was simple girl from Oklahoma w diff name before-reinvented herself just like song was reinvented - perfect song for era of paranoia-ultimate betrayal song-says "don't trust anyone"-undertone of paranoia and darkness

Answer 99

- Louis Levy-very square, original version - Bing Crosby was the one who made this song famous-loosens up rhythm, starts to signify it-swings it-throws off rhythm a little-esp at pennies part-drops word, pauses before it, low...but still basically square - Billie Holliday-super hip-starts off with signifying gesture-"ahh"-mixed things up, twisted words/pronunciation-misaccentuating words-emphasizing wrong parts-to undermine corniness of song - Frank Sinatra-starts as Billie did-extreme version of swing-puts in a little "ding, ding"-long gap before pennies

Answer 100

- all middle aged white men - all singing together-encouraging people to sing at home, be like them-conformity, not about individuality - sappy, sweet, simple music-stereotypical love song-just denotational music-no double/second meaning, just 1 obvious signified-except maybe 2nd meaning of conformity - dressed formally, normally for 1950s-cardigans, tie-square - musical equivalent of conformism - exact opp of jazz solo-singing along with 2 million people - 1 melody-no background solos/singers/ everyone singing together at same time

Answer 101

- won elections in 1952 and 1956 - War-hero President - Containment Foreign Policy - McCarthyism - Famous “I Like Ike” ads in both elections against Stevenson

Answer 102

1955-leads to Montgomery Bus Boycott--then in 1956, transportation segregation ruled unconstitutional

Answer 103

- Democrats are anxious to win party nomination - Senator LBJ uses position in Senate to introduce legislation to help African Americans - blacks could sue in federal court - He does this to try and gain the black vote because he realized they were going to be a big constituency. It says blacks sue the states/organizations in federal court if their rights were being denied (too expensive)

Answer 104

students protesting at Kent State fired on by police officers

Answer 105

- First Catholic President - Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis/Missile Gap - Government stalemate during this time, especially in Civil Rights - Birmingham and JFK’s speech-says racial discrimination is a moral issue - JFK proposes for federal agencies in the South to aid blacks - Southern Democrats join Republicans after Civil Rights becomes a moral issue - March on Washington in 1963 - Kennedy assassinated in 1963 in Texas - Sends a shock to the US - America in grief

Answer 106

- takes over office - LBJ uses JFK’s image as a martyr to pass the CRA and start Great Society - Great Society Program - LBJ’s war on Poverty, using many social programs. this lead to the parties realigning into what we have today. the white southern democrats finally left the party; now the African Americans were the core democrats in the South. NE was democratic and the South was Republican. - Escalation of the Vietnam War - Set off a Conservative movement - Separation of Powers - Passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Submitted a civil rights bill to look good for the 1964 Election

Answer 107

- Johnson announces will not run for re-election; nominates Humphrey - follows a period of unrest and uneasiness-Bobby Kennedy and MLK have just been assassinated that year - unrest, riots, by protest and student groups-police riot

Answer 108

- Beaten in 1964 Election by LBJ - Represented the Republican Party, but he was more Libertarian - Thought of as a racist because he believed federal government should integrate schools, but the states should instead - Wanted to shrink the federal government for states’ rights - Believed in a strong military

Answer 109

Realignment of parties to current party system in 1965

Answer 110

- lost the initial governor’s election: he ran as a pro-civil rights candidate and lost badly. this turned him against civil rights into a hard-line segregationist and racist - Condescending, wanted to help blacks, but saw them as lower - Alabama governor beginning 1958 - Stood in front of University of Alabama to stop court-ruled integration - uses the 10th amendment to claim that the government had no right to force them to integrate - Did everything for votes - Ran in 1968 Presidential Election on 3rd party ticket - Most of his vote was from Southern Democrats - Ran under a platform of “law and order” - Considered a Populist - important because as a 3rd party candidate, got a lot of votes-almost forced vote into house of representatives (which he wanted, so he could kind of choose president, whichever promised him the most) - Re-won the governorship in 1982 as a “Born Again” Christian

Answer 111

beats LBJ in 1968 election - Ran campaign on promise of ending Vietnam war - Wanted to expand the President’s Power - “If the President does it, its not illegal” - Appointed his political enemies to cabinet his first term - Nixon goes to China - opens up relations with China for the first time in a very long time - in 1972(first President to do so) - Antiballistic Missile Treaty with Russia - Tried to establish relations in the Middle East and oil independence - At home, he ended the Armed Forces Draft, established the EPA, and signed Title IX - Ended the Oil Embargo in 1974 - In 1972 Election, he won every state except Massachusetts - Took dollar off the gold standard: Wage and Price controls for 90 days after to protect economy - Energy Program to conserve energy for Vietnam - Supported Israel in 1973 Arab-Israeli War - Watergate

Answer 112

- Nixon’s appointed team (The Plumbers) broke into the Watergate Hotel and Democratic National Headquarters for information for the 1972 Election - Originally, Nixon wasn’t linked to the break in - Nixon still won the 1972 Election by a landslide - Finally linked to the break in in 1973, and the hearings were broadcasted live - Nixon forced to hand over his tapes from the White House in 1974 - the country lost faith in government, leads to Nixon resigning in 1974

Answer 113

- takes over for Nixon (he was Nixon's VP before) - Pardons Nixon one month later - supposed to end the period of unrest in the Presidency but it undermines Ford’s power - Very controversial act, and possibly cost Ford the 1976 Presidential Election

Answer 114

-ruled that Nixon could not use Executive Privilege (when president doesn't have to reveal something to public/anyone if it threatens national security) in the case of a criminal trial, so he had to hand over the tapes.

Answer 115

- philosophy of nonviolence-civil disobedience/peaceful protest - idea was the other side would react with violence, would discredit them and shock nation into quicker change - his assassination in 1964 in some ways drove the black power movement (even if they weren't really MLK fans) and caused a lot of anger-they kill this nice, non-violent guy, what are they going to do to the rest of us? we can’t play fair

Answer 116

Non racist society, Equal Rights in legislation and businesses.

Answer 117

Movement was violent; long and drawn out, widespread segregation(White Flight); Innate Racism; Racial Profiling exists today in jobs

Answer 118

- A lot of African Americans are now educated and developed a culture of attending college. Still police brutality (Ferguson) - Conclusion: Improved; there is still racist tension between races.

Answer 119

- Blacks recognized the need for collective action - shift of goal from integration and assimilation, to pride in what it means to be black - Emphasized the strength of African Americans derived from unity, history, and collective struggle. - Evident in philosophies of both Stokely Carmichael and Huey Newton. - Malcolm X - Black Panthers - Militant black group that fought for civil rights. - They did not take much action, but were also willing to use violence if necessary - They were seen as as aggressive, so they were a threat to the police of America - Angela Davis - Black power activist (Part of Black Panthers)

Answer 120

- Berkeley Protests - Freedom of speech protests; violent; sit-ins - Extreme Protesting; Police Brutality - Kent State - Students for a Democratic Society -Port Huron Statement - eventually splinters into the Weather Underground - Anti-Vietnam War Movement

Answer 121

- by Students for a Democratic Society--students around the country convinced of imminent revolution, and they deny their privileged socioeconomic standing to inspire change - celebrated Marxist philosophy, the use of voting and other Actions within the system to inspire change (initially denies revolution), and harshly Criticizes the political structure for lacking distinct ideologies within the parties

Answer 122

-violent revolutionary organization-blows up buildings to gain nation’s attention

Answer 123

- first to third generation immigrants from south and eastern Europe identified themselves with their ethnic roots and wanted as much legislative attention that the blacks were getting for racial injustice - nationalism--sort of the non-militant black power movement - sparked by the Civil Rights Movement, and the alienation that white ethnics felt from seeing the black population gain their rights, but not themselves - political cartoon- WASP child asking "are we white ethnics?"

Answer 124

- PIGS (Poles, Italians, Greeks, Slavs) | - lived in urban, north and Midwestern cities, mostly Catholic, and part of the working middle class.

Answer 125

- the reaction of whites to the civil rights movements - begin to assert white privilege - motivated by racism and resentment towards the granting of rights to African Americans, fear of loss of income and neighborhoods.

Answer 126

-the concept of southeastern European immigrants being thrown into the American “melting pot”

Answer 127

-Italian Unity Day-celebrated the various cultures of all the different groups

Answer 128

-50s: white assimilation, 60s: white backlash, 70s: white ethnic movement

Answer 129

-A shift in the perception of women and their roles in society (more than just a housewife). Represented in prime time sitcoms of the 1960s, such as Bewitched and The Addams Family. -Changing Roles: Equality in jobs, 50’s: Rise in Women’s workforce -Clashing class and Overlap between women’s rights and racial rights. -Chicano women and other women of color were not represented enough. The movements clashed because people believed that race was the real issue, and a women’s movement would detract from this.

Answer 130

Equal Rights, Equal Treatment, Job Fairness (Equal Salary); moving outside of the domestic/housewife role

Answer 131

Civil Rights reforms for women were pushed aside for black civil rights. Reforms were minimal, progress was made, but was slow and not the top priority of America’s agenda.

Answer 132

- Still unfair payment; more acceptance with women in the workforce, statistically there are a lot more women working outside of the home than in the 50’s. Education increased drastically; rise in college attendance, but not necessarily in the stem fields (science & math). - Conclusion: Work in Progress, comparatively better than it was in the 50’s and 60’s.

Answer 133

- Music on TV emerged in the 50s - Brit Invasion (television made The Beatles famous) - ”Sing Along with Mitch Miller” - political ads used songs

Answer 134

- a significant means of media and communication (mostly before 60s/TV use) - the first means of mass broadcasting and was responsible for the shift in political focus from grassroots efforts to national attention - becomes more irrelevant as the television is introduced on a massive scale in the late 1950s.

Answer 135

-satiric depiction of arms race, paranoia, communism etc.

Answer 136

-feelings of alienation among youth-loss of life path direction; Plastic; Music; Start of New Hollywood

Answer 137

-depicted atrocities in Vietnam, created shifts in popular opinion

Answer 138

-White ethnics; New Hollywood techniques

Answer 139

-The Studio Era, defined by a heavily funded producer's market began to give way to a director's medium, characterized by artistic development and diminished censorship. -Popular themes of New Hollywood were more realistic and include glorification of sex, violence, and postmodernism. -This is a huge departure from the relatively banal topics covered in studio era films.

Answer 140

- TV used to propagate anti-communist ideas-anti-communist ads played before movies - Little girl with daisy nuclear bomb (Red Scare; Fear of attack- WWIII) - Duck and cover turtle commercial (Communism and the Cuban Missile Crisis)

Answer 141

- only three major networks - rapid emergence of television - TV news affected an unprecedented proportion of the American population. - purpose: -highlight political elections- and exposing country’s wrongdoings - Birmingham-first televised police brutality in the south/ first time northerners saw how brutal the situation was - also MLK’s speeches and other Civil Rights Marches - affected political agenda as a result (Civil Rights Act of 1964) - Vietnam-exposed War atrocities, thus shifting popular support against the war-first time media had full access; no censorship; The Living Room War - student protest movements - Civil Protests (UCLA, Berkeley— hippie interviews) - Nixon Watergate Interviews (Nixon was very reluctant to admit his fault)-Watergate tapes also released

Answer 142

- the most popular programs of the era were sitcoms - Sitcoms attempted to reflect daily life, but their approach to this reflection transformed over the course of the 1960s

Answer 143

- ex: Father Knows Best | - perpetuated the idyllic American family

Answer 144

attempted to depict controversial themes like bigotry and the conflict between liberal and traditional thinking - examples: - All in the Family - Mary Tyler Moore Show (Conflict sitcom; new image for women) - The Jeffersons (racial sitcom)

Answer 145

- The Twilight Zone (Communist episode) - I Dream of Jeanie (NASA; Magicoms) - Bewitched (Magicom) - Addams Family (Mostercom) - The Munsters (Moonstercom)

Answer 146

The Beverly Hillbillies

Answer 147

MASH | -didn’t directly address Vietnam; focused on social relationships between soldiers rather than war

Answer 148

The Dick Van Dyke Show

Answer 149

- Examples: New York Times, local newspapers etc. | - a more objective way of media focusing on quick takes and expediting the process of informing the public

Answer 150

- ex: Esquire, Time and writers include Joan Didion, Allen Ginsberg etc. - a more literary form of media, exploring complex and subjective topics, often written in narrative form with creative input. - Longer articles; author gained greater freedom about what they wrote and how long it took them to write it - critiqued for its inherent bias and lack of authenticity - Joan Didion discussing delinquent youths (slouching toward Bethlehem)

Answer 151

-black newspapers and magazines

Answer 152

-Psychedelia/drugs/counterculture -San Francisco Bay Area in 1965-if you were in the know passed this card or picked up a flyer saying “Can You Pass the Acid Test?” parties where people all drank out of punch bowl spiked with LSD-all have a psychedelic trip -would listen to music at these parties-sensory stimulation made to test you-the test was how does this stuff all look and feel like on acid? light shows, moving stuff, and music -Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test-reading about Ken Kesey-about interviewing him-the "Merry Pranksters"-experiment with psychedelia, travel around on bus -Kesey was arrested, became a sort of prophet, leader of this counterculture movement -had previously held the acid tests

Answer 153

- country music fuses a whole bunch of folk and commercial musics, start from traditional rural folk music, this music splits into black and white, or blues and hillbilly, then follows different paths to Honky Tonk, Bluegrass, Cowboy-these fuse to Country music - will ultimately encounter 2 diff kinds of Country music-softcore and hardcore - 1940-Hank Williams-basically early country music-can tell it’s country cuz doesn’t sound like pop-uses signifiers for country music-sounds very rural, very regional-stripped down accompaniment and country signifiers - country sound: fiddle + lap steel guitar: strong signifiers of country - as move from 40s into 50s and early 60s, the sound of country music changes-there’s a kind of gentrification of country music - Country music is political (Mostly promoting white, conservative culture) - two different types of country-Soft Shell/countrypolitan and Bakersfield Sound - Is country music racist? maybe not inherently racist-but kind of white pride - Ideal America: (Ex: Owen’s Pledge of Allegiance) White entitlement to be superior above everyone else. White conservatives dominating culture, as they disapproved of hippies and all other races trying to “dismantle” their country. (Not how it actually was, but they lived like it was that way)

Answer 154

- less country - less signifiers on country - more countrypolitan (commercialized country music) - Merged with 60’s rock (No fiddle, electric guitar, hidden accents)

Answer 155

- Hard-core country music-signifiers: lap steel guitar, fiddle, vocal accents (twang) - Merle Haggard - “Okie From Muskogee” - Hank Williams - Buck Owens - Pledge to Country Music - All do not and don’ts - Shows that country music is exclusionary

Answer 156

- The Byrds were wannabe beatles - The Whiskey à GoGo (Sunset Strip) - Order of appearance - The Byrds - The Leaves - The Seeds - The Doors - Progressively less folk and more rock as time progressed - The Doors created real rock music and no signifiers - the Byrds play night after night at the Whisky a Gogo on Sunset Blvd-got better-actual band now-12 string guitar starts to become like a weapon-the Byrds getting darker and harder, more real rock n roll - The Seeds headliners at the Whisky, early 1967-folk dropping out of it-the jangly folk music of 1965 eventually gets darker and turned into just rock-so what Bob Dylan did in one fell swoop (which people didn’t like at the time) but more gradual-folk rock turns into rock-spend time on the Sunset Strip, turn to rock

Answer 157

- Bob Dylan recorded it-then the Byrds heard it, thought they could do it better-mix with Beatles imitating-try to work up new acoustic folk-y version mixed with the high harmonies of the Beatles-had the idea Bob Dylan was too cool to do-put a tambourine in - Bob Dylan-records song again-but a little more polished-and a tiny bit of electric guitar-Dylan’s style was changing - the Byrds’ go into studio, come out with full on electric guitar version-this song becomes a huge hit-#1 on the chart - when Beatles played electric 12 string just hammers it-used this electric 12 string guitar but doesn’t signify folk really in style-so the Byrds use Siegler’s style of playing the electric 12 string guitar, signifies folk more - Bob Dylan not happy he’s been ripped off-he “goes electric”-doesn’t like folk rock-so just takes hard turn to rock n roll - 1965 Newport Folk Festival-plays some folk music-then changes to electric guitar-not 12 string-more rock, not folk rock-what you’re hearing is largely not him-another guitarist on stage with him-cuz Dylan is not that good of an electric guitarist-so not that authentic-guitar is an out of control signifier-the kind of guitar Elvis would use-mass produced instrument of commercialized pop musicians-so Dylan is basically selling out-at least that’s the way it seems to the people at the folk festival-supposed to play acoustic guitar, that’s the instrument of folk singers

Answer 158

- Folk music transitions to less of the authentic and sincere, simple sound to the more popularized sound of rock. - Emergence of 12 string guitar (especially Harrison) making sounds more complex - Back and forth between Dylan and the Byrds - EX: Dylan’s electric guitar with “Maggies Farm” -The prophet of Folk moves away from it - the Beatles also used a 12 string guitar-but a 12 string electric guitar - Rickenbacker invented this 12 string electric guitar in 1964-first person they gave it to was lead guitarist of the Beatles-he loved it so it became popular - Replace Pete’s 12-string with George’s, create “folk-rock”

Answer 159

- Characterized by the young, hippy counterculture dissatisfied with state of the union - Associated with drug trips and psychedelic ideas, hippies, drugs, peace, love, long hair-Songs were made to resemble drug trips - examples: - QMS “who do you love” - Beatles “Day in the Life” - Jimi Hendrix - Signifiers: Three D’s: Depersonalization (loss of self), Dynamization (sensory overload), Dechronization (loss of time) - Ideal America: Free spirited, escape from society. Wanted to create a new community based more upon their liberal ideas than the conservative structure of current America. (Imaginary)

Answer 160

- sensory overload - techniques: - Distortion - Overdrive/clipping, fuzz, feedback - Delay - Spring reverb, tape echo - Detuning - Whammy bar, vibrato effects, filter sweeps

Answer 161

- Most of it was in the style of Woody Guthrie sound with a lone acoustic guitar - Signifiers of Protest Music: acoustic guitar, authentic sound, sounded like talking - Folk protest music held sincerity, while many tried to mimic it commercially (“Eve of Destruction”) - Merritt Herring criticizes Woody Guthrie style of protest songs - acoustic guitar playing - Bob Dylan-Guthrie’s protege, very much embodied the folk process and protest music

Answer 162

- sounds angry and passionate when sings but that’s just his vocal style, in all songs-the way he sang Eve of Destruction didn’t mean he was angry about war, just style of singing he thought was folk music, which he used in everything - hated like the song-thrown at him at end of recording session, never fully learned it, messy sounding on record, was looking at words while sang, kept messing up-so when lipsyncing had to pretend to mess it up again every time - sincerity becomes an effective signifier (he’s trying to signify sincerity), thus incredibly easy to deconstruct - Used commercial instruments - P.F. Sloan wrote song - Not Folk-not authentic - This is when Dylan begins to think Folk is played out and becoming square - played on national TV-#1 song on charts - acoustic guitar plus banjo or fiddle-signifier of country music - but this doesn’t have banjo or fiddle, just guitar-acoustic guitar plus harmonica-this signifies folk music (Woody Guthrie, Bob Dylan style) - drums-opens with just slow drum beat(would be awk to carry whole drum kit with him??)-rock - so folk + rock=folk rock - around this time, many artists and bands like the Byrds were fusing (the now popular) rock into their folk songs - Barry-face of album, of song - would expect folk group to get together, sing on street, then record track after a while-that’s folk process - this is not folk process-these are commercial musicians - he was lip syncing on TV-no other musicians - musicians had no interest in politics-they were the antithesis of folk singers-called the “Wrecking Crew”-top Hollywood studio musicians -to them, this was just another song-didn’t care about politics-no authenticity

Answer 163

- Response to Eve of Destruction à Dawn of Correction - Saying that you are overreacting-Anyone can sound authentic - right wing folk group - represent “fair and balanced” approach to folk music - folk music usually leftist, so wanted to counter it - responded to “Eve of Destruction” with “Dawn of Correction” - PF Sloan picked up a bunch of signifiers and used them to create a successful song-this group did the same exact thing to create a new message-didn’t do any worse than him-neither one really authentic - the problem with these imitators-use signifiers to create a nice message and create aura of authenticity-there’s always going to be someone to can use the same signifiers and make another successful song that argues for anything else, for the other side - PF Sloan and these guys are like a virus, weaken folk music-bleach authenticity out of folk songs - so gotta stay one step ahead of these guys, do stuff that they can’t do - Barry Maguire becomes a real hippie by 1967-not really relevant-the song changed him?

Answer 164

- Black music-shift to black power - Soul and gospel music - James Brown - Barry Gordy - Ray Charles - The Supremes - Show that black people can make it in life and get rich too - ideal America: Black people can be just as glamorous and successful as white people. Want to live up to their values

Answer 165

- James Brown performance in Boston-day after MLK assassination-did concert live over TV to get people to go home and watch it instead of rioting-did this on purpose-trying to keep order-provide symbolic resolution of all the tension - through sheer force of personality, able to maintain force of that situation-people coming on stage-stops police from pushing them back-but then stage floods with people-moment where scene was about to dissolve into chaos, white police ready to jump in and fight-could have been violence breaking out on TV, would make things worse-but he’s able to get the people off the stage, demand respect from his own people, calls them together as a community, represent themselves well, then goes back to concert - he was a black power icon-”black” not negro or colored-meant something diff - a few years earlier, used to be “colored”-done up all nice, wore suit, curled and put product in hair-then completely changed style to look more African, natural hair, less formal (represented the way many black people’s style changed during 60s)-dressed exquisitely and like white people at beginning (make obvious at civil rights demonstrations/sit-ins that only reason arrested is cuz black cuz dressed nice like white people) then later embraced cultural roots, own style - new way of signifying blackness - shift to black power - leather jackets and black power - "Say It Loud (I'm Black and I'm Proud)"-all about this black pride idea

Answer 166

- Hitsville USA - Black family with drive to economic empowerment - Affluence

Answer 167

- Started from gospel church music | - Some Afro-Cuban influence with drums

Answer 168

- We are moving up in life - We are black and still as good as you - Show that black people can make it in life and get rich too

Answer 169

- tied in with black pride and black power - Mixture of gospel, rock, and jazz - EX: James Brown (“I’m black and proud!”) Isley Brothers (“Fight the Power that be”) - Ideal America: Black power. Not the same as whites, but equal in their own way. They do not feel like they have to prove themselves anymore. “Black is beautiful” - black panther party video-african drums of war in background-the 1 african drumming record that people might actually have in the 1960s-1st commercially released recording in US w african drums - We Insist! Freedom Now record-1960-civil rights image-drummer guy on record-jazz record, but ironically colonized by African signifier-African drumming, naming African tribes - in black music in 1960s-explicit use of African drumming as a signifier of Africa and black power

Answer 170

- Beginning with the black culture: rhythm and blues-brought to major cities and popularity due to Great Migration-white musicians cover r&b (color line being crossed) - 5 types of Rock and Roll: 1) Memphis Rock ability-Elvis 2) Chicago Blues Rock-Bo Diddley, Chuck Berry 3) Doo-Wop-The Chords 4) Northern Band-Bill Haley and the Comets 5) New Orleans Dance Band-Little Richards, Fats Domino

Answer 171

- Authenticity and sincerity of folk music (the folk process) holds its hip standing so that commercially square people cannot reproduce it - EX: Byrds could not successfully reproduce because they were square and did not respect the process - EX: Pennies from heaven: multiple versions that move from complete squareness (Edward Molloy) to hipness with Sinatra - Folk process: the process of passing on songs and staying true to the original version - Reusing and covering of previous music - “Process rather than a style” - Van Ronk - Authenticity, sincerity, and the idea of the collective - EX: Pete Seeger, Woody Guthrie, Dave Van Ronk, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez - Ideal America: non-commercial and for the betterment of community (Imaginary)

Answer 172

- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants: original ruling class in the United states. - communists are usually anti-religious, therefore anti-protestant. Communism goes against dominant culture - Jews-Condemnation of communism as “international criminal Jewish conspiracy”-Marx had Jewish heritage - Blacks-later liberation movement was based on marxist ideals - Communism and political leaders-leaders use communism to justify breaking the law

Answer 173

- Mitch Miller - Folk music has roots in unionism - Woodie Guthrie “This Land is Your Land” - Bob Dylan - Country music=square-often features nationalism often critical of communism - squares were anti-communist - Communists are “hip” or in the know, about the problems of capitalism - Eve of Destruction by P. F. Sloan and singing from Barry McGuire (from the folk group The New Christy Minstrels). - Inauthenticity: Due to how McGuire was singing it; no real passion but simply the tone of his voice. He sang every song in the same gruff voice. - Hullabaloo: location where McGuire sang the song. Signifiers of background dancers doing interpretative dancing took away from the graveness of the situation and authenticity.

Answer 174

- proxy way - North v. South Vietnam: The U.S. supported South Vietnam and its corrupt leader Ngo Dinh Diem against the Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh in the North - Gulf of Tonkin - Tet Offensive - Saigon falls in 1975 and North Vietnam wins the war. - JFK started it-ended by Nixon - public support at the beginning, faded over time - guerilla warfare-both sides want to demoralize enemy into surrendering-Hearts and Mind-high civilian casualties - veterans treated badly-sometimes later joined protests-fixed this-Growing support for soldiers of the US Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces (G.I.). Even if you don’t love the war, you “support our troops”.

Answer 175

- claimed North Vietnam attacked 2 of our ships | - did they really attack us? now say only attacked 1-but not sure

Answer 176

- shocked nation (who saw news coverage)-saw what was really happening in Vietnam, made them realize we may not win the war as easily as we thought. realized that the South Vietnamese were just as corrupt as the North. Decreased faith in government - US technically won, but north vietnamese achieved goal of demoralizing US - really violent, lots of people died

Answer 177

- 30% of colleges were part of the student protest - berkeley protests-center of student protests - Port Huron statement - Weather Underground- extreme example of student protesters. - Although the majority opposed war demonstrations, it introduced a stand against what was once considered patriotic. - Division created between people especially when it came to the issue of card-burning (burning the draft cards in opposition of the war). - tied into psychedelia and the counterculture - New Journalism (Didion) - March on Pentagon - Communism on campus - free speech movement as beginning of campus protest

Answer 178

-America slowly started pulling out of Vietnam in the early 1970s and started training the Vietnamese officials on how to govern the country and soldiers on how to fight in the war.

Answer 179

- news coverage/media unlike with any war before - Media was separate to the the military - Deception of Media: How the war was portrayed to the American public. Later on, goes on to have journalism reveal the horrors of the Vietnam War (such as pictures of naked girl burned from napalm running down the streets). - Media self-censorship: Able to show pictures and stories they want to show. Didn’t completely show graphic material of the veterans though in order to respect those who lost their loved ones to the war. If they had constantly bashed on the war, it would have been seen as disrespectful and demoralizing. - Khe Sanh- New Journalism Report in Course Reader - Hearts & Minds- Documentary on War - underground protest newspapers

Answer 180

- Agent Orange: Extremely toxic herbicide used as part of herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand from 1961 to 1971. - Napalm: Mixture of gelling agent and petroleum used as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and causes severe burns when on fire.

Answer 181

The president was not fully invested in the war and instead concerned more with his new policy, The Great Society. It creates a stalemate in Vietnam because he chose to stay in between the two choices of pulling out and sending a large number of soldiers in.

Answer 182

Secretary of Defense to Johnson and Kennedy. He was key in playing a role in the war and the decisions that were made.

Answer 183

Weather Underground - Donald Rumsfeld video - Martin Luther King Jr. moved moderately towards the radical left near the end of his life, shows -progression from liberal to marxist activism - Malcolm X as transition to militancy-Black Panther Party had socialist ideology - COINTELPRO: a series of covert, and at times illegal, projects conducted by the United States FBI aimed at surveying, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic political organizations-like the Black Panther Party - communism/socialism as a reaction to the race question-inspired by nationalist, socialist, and communist revolutions in third world countries. - Have the interests of the initial civil rights movement, and of the later radical movement been realized? - Black people are still mostly poor with little political power, socialism definitely hasn’t been established in the US - Communism in protest movements

Answer 184

- for most people, an ideal america was a capitalist America - for protestors: peace (though this was ironic because some groups used violence in the name of peace), free speech, equality, no draft, the young running the nation, complete democracy-but this was a little overly idealized, didn’t give much thought to stability - for conservatives: go back to some idealized time before radical movements-clear social classes, no protest/speaking out against government, little government interference in daily lives, states’ rights, “ma and pop” businesses, apple pie, “the good old days”-this never really existed - people in government: America as most powerful country in world, world without communism, experienced, older people in charge - hippies: create a new society, community, drugs legal, escapist, communal living with little government interference, free love - for the average american: middle class, own a home in the suburbs, a nice car, buy things advertised on TV, conformity-nothing radical-comfort and safety before change-keep things the way they are - for minority groups/African Americans: full equality with majority groups-same opportunities-same quality education, neighborhoods, houses-favored change-many wanted change now rather than slow change, wanted their ideal America to be the current America-blamed the fact that it wasn’t on government, though they were not making changes fast enough

Answer 185

diners, poodle skirts, cars, suburban identical homes, milkshakes, drive-ins, dances-postmodernist ideas of this now (50s themed diners, especially at Disney) but this is an idealized and unrealistic version of the 50s

Answer 186

- everyone moving to the suburbs, have a house and a car - -Maple Street - Twilight Zone - Father Knows Best, Leave it to Beaver - accusing neighbors (because of Red Scare) - gender roles-housewives domesticity-Feminism inspired by radical feminism worldwide, rejection of traditional gender roles - traditional values

Answer 187

- suburbia - consumerism - assimilation - paranoia - -economy booming - segregation-”whites only”-black and white people very separated - International Condemnation of Civil Rights Abuses-images of black protesters being attacked by fire hoses, dogs on international news loosened Kennedy’s position - but then still latent racism - conservatism-”square”-Hayes codes-focus on the family - high trust in gov

Answer 188

- fought "against" Soviets-but not directly - basically US trained soldiers fought Soviet trained or supported soldiers - -US often trained and funded revolutionaries in communist countries-this failed - Bay of Pigs-failed overthrow, trained Cuban soldiers - Cuban Missile Crisis-JFK’s resolution - Korean War - Vietnam War - Afghanistan

Answer 189

- applies to international relations-how you get other countries to do things - also applies to presidential power vs. congressional power

Answer 190

- paranoia about the Soviets/nuclear threat - -Mccarthyism - fear of communists in government - House of Un-American activist commission (H.U.A.C.) - propaganda films - conformity - “Duck and cover” video shown in elementary school classrooms - was there really a single international communist conspiracy?

Answer 191

- style of political folk music-talking-so can put a lot of words in it - many people used this style, applied it to diff issues

Answer 192

- 1964-against Vietnam was before it had even officially started-things were just starting - using this talk singing to critique American imperialism - but 1964, many within folk music asking why do u think picking up acoustic guitar and copping off style of 20 year old folk singer will accomplish anything? don’t you realize anyone can do this?

Answer 193

- made fun of Phil Ochs-sang “Talking Protest Blues”-1964 - does dead-on imitation of Woody Guthrie-looks clean cut but not - makes fun of what’s happening to folk music-how everyone is just imitating it - parody - What makes you think just cuz you can pick up a guitar and pound out a few signifiers that you have any idea about how the world works - just because you can pick up style of Woody Guthrie doesn’t mean you’re Woody Guthrie - this especially includes Bob Dylan

Answer 194

- got famous saying “war is bad” and cuz he picked up acoustic guitar and copied style of Woody Guthrie, people though he was a genius-but anyone can do that - by 1965, Dylan was fascinated by rock n roll, wanted to be like groups like the Byrds-sweet folk singer act getting old

Answer 195

- highway that went from top of country to bottom - rhythm like rock n roll, boogie woogie beat - drums and electric guitar-signifies rock n roll - no harmonicas or acoustic guitar-not folk - songs starts off with slide whistle-almost mocking, saying not folk music, not authentic-deliberately insincere - kinda an anti-war protest song but in code-not like the first songs we listened which were explicitly and clearly anti-war-this references the Bible, Abraham and Isaac story-which is a metaphor for war - this will be harder to copy-if use these signifiers, they will de-square themselves-the style itself doesn’t allow for copying-if you’re using these subtle protest signs you are being more authentic-can’t really copy anyways

Answer 196

- super folk music | - authentically coming out of a folk process-picking it up from Jesse Fuller

Answer 197

- old blues guy - had whole act he did where he was a 1 man band - could play super complicated arrangements cuz had all this stuff with him-holding guitar, each foot controlling other devices, harmonica running through an amp and a kazou around neck-played good-time-y fun music

Answer 198

- ”Songs of Opposition”-political folk songs - song by “Country Joe and the Fish” (what the Berkeley String Quartet was called then?) on that record- “I-Feel-Like-I’m-Fixin’-To-Die Rag” - starts off like that Jesse Fuller good time band sound-solo - but more mournful at very start-then sounds more upbeat even if words depressing-ironic hipster song - authentic folk music-style of music picked up by Jesse Fuller as a functioning folk singer - but doesn’t have that seriousness of folk music-includes self-deconstructing irony - dark and satirical words, upbeat sound - this song ends with some seriously offensive words at the end-no way it would play on the radio - 2 years later, war still not over-this song ends up on Country Joe and the Fish’s album-has become their signature song-perform it everywhere-now start with an even more satirical and ironic beginning-and the beat is diff, faster, louder-darker, angrier, more bitter, more sarcastic, tune even more jaunty and silly - starts with ironic football cheer-the ultimate square thing about American mainstream culture-making fun of it - didn’t make it into Woodstock movie originally cuz slightly changed it-this was 2 years later, war STILL not over-cheer spelled out “fuck” - bound to incite backlash-not stop the war

Answer 199

-a film produced by the Beatles in 1967 -a chaotic mashup of string instruments and others crescendoing to a maximum -not derived from a specific genre of rock n roll - Abbey Road Studios, London, Jan-Feb 1967 -Paul McCartney and John Lennon were working on the song -They’re answers to what the song means was that the song takes on many meanings that they didn’t originally intend for it to have, and they can’t deny the validity of the new meanings - Abbey Road Studios again -McCartney and Lennon worked with producer George Martin on the song -the song is spliced together from two different songs in two different keys, one by John Lennon and the other by Paul McCartney -originally, it was supposed to be Lennon’s song, then a 24-bar gap, then McCartney’s song—they didn’t know what to put as a gap -alarm clock on the piano in the room where they were working set to go off after 24 bar break -they decided the alarm clock was perfect and left it in the song -they used the insane chaos the bridge the gap between the two radically different songs with the alarm clock as the moment of clarity before the start of the second -poeisis: “a freak out”—Paul McCartney, “a musical orgasm”—John Lennon, “a tremendous build-up, from nothing to something absolutely like the end of the world”—John Lennon - these gives meanings of sex and crescendoing chaos -To make the sounds, 40 classical musicians were brought in, given a few measures, and then told they were on their own to play whatever they wanted, “From here, you’re on your own.” -What’s the musical sign from the chaos? decoding (esthesis) - “an electronic passage in which a large orchestra, recorded on tracks laid upon tracks, builds up to a growling controlled crescendo, simulating a drug-induced trip” - IDs the weird clashing noise (signifier) as an “electronically modified orchestra” (signified), this is the first level, denotative - The second level, mythic level, is the “sensory effect of LSD” or drug trip - “I love to turn you on,” right before the trip out aren’t in the original lyrics, showing that a drug trip may not have been the original meaning; however, it is the common perception - Every concept that comes up in the song was taken from the newspaper

Answer 200

- first real American rock group - but basically just trying to copy the Beatles - The Byrds came into the folk sing-3 guys, recombined in various combinations, formed a little group-what they’re attempting to do in 1963/1964-find some way to take what they have learned as clean cut types-wanted to become more popular-take what you know about folk music and use it to imitate the Beatles-do what they did but do it using a folk music style-played acoustic guitar-at first called themselves the Jet Set-sounded sort of British-an attempt to copy the Beatles-added a 3rd, Crosby, to the mix, called themselves the Beefeaters-basically just copying the Beatles still-opportunistic initial fusion of the instrumentation and sense of self gotten from folk music and the Beatles/rock music - the Beefeaters became the Byrds-like the Beatles chose beetles and spelled it wrong, the Byrds chose birds instead of beetles and spelled it wrong-the Byrds came from the avant garde, cool folk music scene-mixed with rock-came from hip sound/movement-so were hip - every promotional pic/album cover of the Byrds looks different-at first like the Beatles, then more and more unique and out there and finding own look - the Byrds play night after night at the Whisky a Gogo on Sunset Blvd-got better-actual band now-12 string guitar starts to become like a weapon-the Byrds getting darker and harder, more real rock n roll

Answer 201

- 12 string guitar-get big jangly sound-loud jangly acoustic guitar-good for protest music-it’s a protest music guitar-can project well with just 1 guitar, people can hear-Siegler did good job of popularizing the 12-string acoustic guitar-only used by black blues street performers and hispanic musicians at the time - he plays that guitar in an old fashioned finger picking style-only strumming sometimes-instrument itself and way it’s played sends message that it’s folk music

Answer 202

- Siegler’s song-lyrics from the Bible - the Byrds cover it-brought in new crew to do instrumentation-original band only did singing and 12 string guitar-so like half wrecking crew, half authentic-there were no Byrds concerts because not really a band-a studio construction-there’s something fundamentally problematic about that-but the Byrds actually do become authentic and popular later - the Byrds are a fusion of the line of Pete Siegler (folk music) and the Beatles (blues, then rock n roll, then pop)

Answer 203

- driving on tour bus, band saw sign for Muskogee, were smoking weed, one said “I bet they don’t smoke marijuana in Muskogee”, Merle Haggard said there was a song in that and they wrote it - reclaiming squareness as own, not bad thing-proud to be a square - ”we like livin’ right”-right like correct, but maybe also subliminally right-wing - people from OK don’t like being called okies-once again taking back words used to make fun of them - repetitive, rather simple song-we don’t do this, we don’t do that - the way they define Muskogee is what people don’t do there-negation - don’t take drugs, don’t protest, don’t dress like hippies - Merle Haggard smoked dope, went to prison-hip-but because of his position in the country music world he played the square-used image of squareness, musical signifiers of squareness and country-this is what got him in the white house - Merle Haggard is antithesis of Patti Page (who was coincidentally from Muskogee, tried to erase her past , he wasn’t from there but liked the place) - Merle Haggard grew up in bakersfield, not Muskogee-was born in CA or lived first couple years there (learned to speak english there)-Bakersfield was a rough industrial town, fully engaged in social problems of the time-mth, biker games-not a time capsule of the past-Merle Haggard was not a square-the reality here doesn’t match the image of the song-hard to think of Merle Haggard when he wrote the song as sincere-he wasn’t even from there or visiting it when wrote song-just thinking about Muskogee from 100 miles away, from a highway sign - plays song to Muskogee a year after writing it-must establish himself as authentic-says not from there but parents and their families/parents born there too-mentions local places-know names of obscure places around Muskogee-crowd thinks you must be authentic-has to do this cuz not from there - the reason he wasn’t born there was cuz thousands of people in Oklahoma had to leave cuz of the Oklahoma Dust Storm-the dust bowl-they got out before that-took a highway that went all the way there - many did that, called “Okies”, treated basically the same as people coming from Mexico-inferior, white trash-”Okie” was a kind of slur-key thing about Muskogee for Merle Haggard is that he never lives there-the Muskogee he talks about is his idea of what people in Muskogee were like, what his parents were like-not real, they were probably just as troubled as everyone else-but in Haggard’s mind, Muskogee is a place of the past - saying authentic cuz heard stories of Muskogee growing up, now turning these stories into songs, representation of some past world of Muskogee

Answer 204

- Richard Nixon-musician-uses music in 1961 as a way to humanize himself-played classical piano on TV - also gives you a sense of the kind of music Nixon liked - in 1973, in Nashville, next time he played music on TV-everything has changed-funky upright piano-accompanies by bass, drums, etc - the year before, Nixon had invited a famous country musician to the white house-Merle Haggard (who sang Okie From Muskogee) - Nixon interested in country music, the kind that Merle Haggard perhaps inadvertently signified, cuz corresponded to a set of values Nixon wanted to show the world? - Tex Ritter (President, Country Music Association, 1972)-running for the Senate as Republican in 1963-masterminded production of a record called Thank You, Mr. President-went to white house-gave to Nixon a leather bound record-only 2 copies-was a compilation of country music songs with narration by Tex Ritter how grateful they were that he liked country music and how country music has the same values as Nixon has - ”country music has taken stands on what you have spoken of-country music, which is in reality the voice of your silent majority” - very rarely do you get something this overt - quotes Nixon’s speeches back at him, saying country music has taken the same stands on the issues that you have - country music has taken on the voice of the silent majority, who don’t like all the counterculture-deliberately simple music of negation becomes almost an anthem for them-this kind of music/these people’s attitudes are a backlash to counterculture-traditional, old fashioned - The Social Issue-what Nixon was doing in that speech they’re referring to-this was a new idea in the 60s-people voted based on social issues not the other stuff-set of public attitudes concerning the more personally frightening aspects of disruptive social change-go back to old values-Nixon appeals to this cuz knew people voting based on social issues - people want to go back to old values because the past has none of the problems of the present - Tex Ritter did not win election, but Nixon won 2

Answer 205

- in 1956-makes very strong reference to its cowboy roots-wears cowboy hat-the song is pretty country-yodeling-upright bass, acoustic guitar, and a little bit of peddle steel - 10 years later-1955-looks more sophisticated, in suit, lost cowboy hat-tiny little remnant of cowboy thing but really looks like maitre d of nice restaurant-redoes the song-now has string orchestra, harps-song has become super pop music-Mitch Miller treatment-this is now happening with Nashville/the country music world itself-taking country songs and turning into pop-called the nashville sound or country-politian: country music that sounds like it comes from NYC instead of a small town-this makes a lot of money, Nashville becomes quite wealthy off it-similar to motown in marketing strategies

Answer 206

- this song was recorded in CA-Buck Owens wasn’t from CA, from Texas-usually in CA people try to lose accent-but Buck Owens proud of it, emphasises accent - hardcore country linked to authenticity - the Beatles were big fans of hardcore countries-covered a lot of Buck Owens songs

Answer 207

-model of hardcore country-which was about authenticity

Answer 208

-Merle Haggard comes into country scene-younger, more attractive version of Buck Owens-makes classic hardcore country-this song is authentic cuz he was in prison

Answer 209

- Anti-establishment “Outlaw” country-Johnny Cash says screw you to this commercial process-outlaw country is people who descent from the Nashville country politan sound - country politan and outlaw sound both still out there-second argues that first inauthentic-but first more popular (Taylor Swift) - Country politan is soft shell - on chart, honky tonk and bluegrass make Bakersfield sound (hard core)-Merle Haggard famous figure of this, along w mentor Alvis Edgar (“Buck”) Owens-mastermind of Bakersfield scene-pretty folky, pretty humble - in 1960s, guys like Buck Owens insist on using country signifiers-on TV background and everything is really country-folksy and deliberately square-sound is authentic country - in Bakersfield, country still sounds like country - in country politan, music usually indistinguishable from pop - Bakersfield style already associated with a kind of backlash against too much modernity in country music-glorify a kind of squareness-gets linked with a kind of patriotism

final Flashcards

(236 cards)