Final

Question 0

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Answer 0

Attached to 1 carbon
Attached to 2 carbons
Attached to 3 carbons

Question 1

Amine

Amide

Answer 1

NH2

O
||
C-N. Peptide bond

Question 2

Amine salts

Answer 2

Ionic, used in meds, soluble on bodily fluids

Question 3

Alkaloids

Answer 3

Caffeine, morphine, nicotine

Question 4

Amidation

Answer 4

Formation of an amide

Question 5

Amides in medicine

Answer 5

Acetaminophen

Question 6

Amides: acid hydrolysis

Base hydrolysis

Answer 6

Produces carboxylic acid and ammonium salt

Amine or ammonium

Question 7

Amino acids

Answer 7

20-all ionized in the body

Glycine, alanine, valine

Question 8

Ser thr tyrosine

Answer 8

Polar neutral

Question 9

Polar acidic

Answer 9

O
||
C-O or COO-

Question 10

Polar basic

Answer 10

R= NH3+

His, lis, arg

Question 11

What determines tertiary structure?

Answer 11

R-group

Question 12

Sucrose

Sucrase
Products

Answer 12

Substrate

Enzyme
Glucose and fructose

Question 13

Neurotransmiters

Answer 13

Contain N atoms as amines and alkyl ammonium atoms

Question 14

Acetylcholine

Answer 14

Linked to Alzheimer’s, may decrease by 90%

Question 15

Catecholamines

Answer 15

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine synthesized from tyrosine

Question 16

Dopamine

Answer 16

Produced in nerve cells of midbrain

Act as natural stimulant to give energy and feelings of enjoyment

Question 17

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Answer 17

Hormonal Neurotransmitters

Question 18

Serotonin

Answer 18

Relaxation, synthesized from tryptophan

Low levels associated with depression, anxiety

Question 19

Histamine

Answer 19

Nerve cells in hypothalamus
From amino acid histidine

Produces allergic reaction

Question 20

Glutamate

Answer 20

Most abundant neurotransmitter in NS

Too much in spinal cord causes degeneration of nerve cells (Lou Gerhigs)

Question 21

GABA

Answer 21

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

Question 22

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 22

Sequence of amino acids

Question 23

Secondary structure of proteins: alpha helix

Answer 23

Coiled shape held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 24

Secondary structure of proteins: beta-pleated sheet

Answer 24

Amino acid proline causes a bend in the polypeptide chain

Question 25

Secondary structure of proteins: triple helix

Answer 25

3 alpha helix chains woven together Found in collagen, connective tissue, skin, tendons, cartilage

Question 26

Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 26

Specific 3D shape

Question 27

Enzymes

Answer 27

Most active at 37 Celsius, pH 7.4

Question 28

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 28

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, folic acid, vitamin c (ascorbic acid) B12, biotin,

Question 29

Beri beri

Answer 29

B1, thiamin deficiency

Question 30

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 30

A,D, E and K | Soluble in lipids not water

Question 31

Catabolic Anabolic

Answer 31

Breaks down--produces energy Synthesizes--uses energy

Question 32

Stages of catabolic reactions

Answer 32

Stage 1: digestion and hydrolysis Stage 2: degradation- glycolysis (forms 2 pyruvates) Stage 3: oxidation

Question 33

ATP-ADP-AMP

Answer 33

Releases 7.3 kcal with each breakdown

Question 34

Dehydronase enzymes

Answer 34

NAD+ forms c=o bond FAD forms c=c bond

Question 35

CoA (coenzyme a)

Answer 35

Transfers acetyl groups

Question 36

Citric acid cycle: reaction 1

Answer 36

Formation of citrate (tertiary alcohol)

Question 37

Citric acid cycle: reaction 2

Answer 37

Formation of isocitrate (secondary alcohol) tertiary alcohols can't be oxidized

Question 38

Citric acid cycle: reaction 3

Answer 38

Produces CO2, reduces NAD+ to NADH (3 atps)

Question 39

Citric acid cycle: reaction 4

Answer 39

Reduce NAD+ to NADH, produces CO2

Question 40

Citric acid cycle: reaction 5

Answer 40

Forms GTP Which is ATP

Question 41

Citric acid cycle: reaction 6

Answer 41

Reduce FAD to FADH2

Question 42

Citric Acid cycle: reaction 7

Answer 42

Formation of malate

Question 43

Citric acid cycle: reaction 8

Answer 43

NAD+ to NADH

Question 44

Lipid metabolism

Answer 44

Glycerol is metabolized in the liver via beta oxidation

Question 45

Stage 1 catabolism: digestion and hydrolysis

Answer 45

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase

Question 46

Stage 2 catabolism: degradation

Answer 46

Glycolysis- breakdown of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 47

Stage 3 catabolism: oxidation

Answer 47

Aerobic- Citric acid cycle Anaerobic- cori cycle

Question 48

Glycogen

Answer 48

1 day storage of glucose

Question 49

Glycogenesis

Answer 49

Formation of glycogen

Question 50

Glycogenolysis

Answer 50

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 51

Gluconeogensis

Answer 51

Breakdown of non carbohydrate sources to form glucose