Final Flashcards

Question

Valence Bond Theory

Answer 1

- overlap of orbitals

Answer 2

cylindrically around bond axis

Answer 3

- for multiple bonds | - above and below sigma bond

Answer 4

- # electrons groups bonding = # hybrid orbitals | - only for sigma bonds

Answer 5

- describe all electronic/magnetic features

Answer 6

- creates new node

Answer 7

B, Be, Li, C, N

Answer 8

- total number of MO = total number combined AO - in phase/bonding = low energy - out of phase/anti-bonding = high energy - obeys filling rules

Answer 9

bonding between complex and counter ion

Answer 10

bonding between metal centre and ligands

Answer 11

- Lewis base - must be able to donate electrons - must be negative

Answer 12

thiosulfato

Answer 13

nirtrito-O

Answer 14

methylamine

Answer 15

polydentante ligand

Answer 16

bidentate | C2O4

Answer 17

bidentate | C2H4(NH2)2

Answer 18

hexadentate (6) | C10H12N2O8

Answer 19

porphyrin ring

Answer 20

- name cation first - ligands in alpha order - use prefixes on ligands - roman numerals for metals - add "-ate" to end of metal in anion

Answer 21

- coordination - ionization - linkage

Answer 22

- switch ligands on a metal centre

Answer 23

- switch counter ion/ligand

Answer 24

if prefix in name prefixes change to bis, tris, tetrakis

Answer 25

- donor atom in the ligand is different | - shown in name -O- -N-

Answer 26

geometric | optical(enantiomers)

Answer 27

``` - differ in relative orientation of ligands cis - similar ligands beside each other trans - opposite sides put in front if name - different properties - square planar: MA2B2 - octahedral: MA4B2 ```

Answer 28

Enantiomers - non-superimposable mirror images (non-symmetrical) - place of attachment of polydentate ligands - similar properties - acts differently in polarized light

Answer 29

- model for bonding in transition metals | - d orbitals

Answer 30

dz^2 dx^2-y^2 dxy dxz dyz

Answer 31

- determined by metal ion and nature of ligands (spectrochemical series)

Answer 32

strong field = large E = low spin | weak field = small E = high spin

Answer 33

dxy dxz dyz dx^2-y^2 dz^2

Answer 34

dx^2-y^2 dxy dz^2 dyz dxz

Answer 35

- coordination number - shape - oxidation state - number of d electrons - strong or weak field ligands - draw energy diagram

Answer 36

``` higher energy (v) shorter ¥ ``` ``` lower energy (v) longer ¥ ```

Answer 37

white light - colour observed

Answer 38

low energy = red/yellow absorbed = blue/violet colour

Answer 39

strong field = high energy = blue absorbed = yellow/red colour

Answer 40

- separating metal from its ore

Answer 41

Purified minerals

Answer 42

Matrix | - impurities within minerals

Answer 43

- removal of gangue i) Gravity Separation Process/Hydraulic Washing ii) Froth Flotation Process iii) Cyclonic Winds

Answer 44

- heavy metal oxides (Fe2O3) - powdered ore on sloping floor - washed by strong current of water - lighter impurities washed away - heavier ore left

Answer 45

- heavy metal oxides (Fe2O3) - powdered ore on sloping floor - washed by strong current of water - lighter impurities washed away - heavier ore left

Answer 46

- light metal sulphides (ZnS, CuFeS2) - sulphide are only moistened by oil - oxides and gangue particles moistened by water - powdered ore mixed with water & pine oil (foaming agent) - stirred by compressed air - ore sticks to froth and is skimmed off - ore concentrated - separation by affinity

Answer 47

shape of complex | octahedral

Answer 48

- no universal method i) Roasting ii) Smelting iii) Calcination iv) Electrolysis v) Leaching

Answer 49

- heavier metals (Cu, Zn, Fe...) - ore converted to metal oxide (oxidation) - ore heated below melting point in blast furnace with air - volatile impurities (S, As, Sb) are oxidized and escape as gases - mass is porous and easily reduced ZnCO3(s) > ZnO(s) + CO2(g)

Answer 50

red, green, blue

Answer 51

- roasting that produces a liquid - reduces oxide metal to free metal (reduction) - done in blast furnace HgS + O2 > Hg(l) + SO2 ZnO + C > Zn(l) + CO

Answer 52

- carries out in case of carbonate and hydrated ore - ore converted to metal oxide by heating below melting point without air (oxidation) - volatile impurities removed as gas - mass becomes porous CuCO3 (Malachite) • Cu(OH)2 > 2CuO + H2O + CO2 MCO3 > MO + CO2 2MS + 3O2 > 2ZnO + 2SO2 (g)

Answer 53

Calamine | - calcination

Answer 54

- noble metals (Au, Ag, Zn...) | - electrolysis of chloride, oxides or hydroxides

Answer 55

i) Electrolytic Refining | ii) Thermal Method/Carbonyl Method

Answer 56

- noble metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Zn...) - blocks of impure metal at anode - thin sheet pure metal at cathode - solution of salt of metal as electrolyte (CuSO4) - pass current through: pure ions move - Cu (2+) > Cu + 2e- - impurities dissolve or fall - 99.98% pure

Answer 57

- refine metals like Ni and Fe - impure metal heated with coke, CO, or H carbonyl is formed and decomposed Ni + 4CO > Ni(CO)4 > Ni + 4CO first @ 500°C, second @ 1300°C ZnO + C > Zn + CO ZnC + CO > Zn + CO2

Answer 58

- refine metals like Ni and Fe - impure metal heated with CO, carbonyl is formed and decomposed Ni + 4CO > Ni(CO)4 > Ni + 4CO first @ 500°C, second @ 1300°C

Answer 59

structural - have different connectivities | stereoisomers - different spatial arrangements

Answer 60

pig iron (brittle iron with high carbon content) highly utility iron with controlled carbon content the Bessemer Process

Answer 61

- blow cold air (oxygen) through molten pig iron (3-4%) to remove impurities at high pressure in a converter - oxidizes impurities

Answer 62

- alloy of carbon and iron - 0.15 - 1.50% carbon content with trace impurities (S, Mn, Si, P) Fe2O3 + CO2 > 2Fe(l) + CO2(g)

Answer 63

i) Mild Carbon Steel - 0.15-0.30% - low tensile strength - structural steel ii) Medium Carbon Steel - 0.30-0.80% - balance of ductility and strength - automobiles iii) High Carbon Steel - 0.80-1.50% - very strong - high strength wires

Answer 64

- Iron (Fe) - Cobalt (Co) - Nickel (Ni) - similar properties - 2+ ions - ferromagnetic

Answer 65

- 4th most abundant in Earth's crust - hemoglobin (transports oxygen) - heme: iron atom in large heterocyclic ring (porphyrin) - CO takes place of oxygen

Answer 66

- mutual attraction of unlike charges | - stronger forces = harder to break apart

Answer 67

- very reactive metals - soft (softer as move down) - low density - readily loses electron - releases H2 gas in water M + H2O > MOH + 1/2H2 - explosive further down - highly reactive with oxygen 2M(+) + O(2-) > M2O - Li

Answer 68

Spdoumene | - industrial ceramics, phones, batteries

Answer 69

NaCl KCl Na2CO3

Answer 70

MAl(SiO3)2

Answer 71

with Na | 2Na(+) + O2 (2-) > Na2O2

Answer 72

with K, Rb, Cs | K(+) + O2(-) > KO2

Answer 73

``` Closed Breathing Apparatus 4KO2 + 2H2O > 4KOH + 3O2 Fireworks/Flame Test High Power Density Batteries Brain Neurons - send/receive with Na+ and K+ Salt Manic Depression Medecine ```

Answer 74

- readily loses 2 electrons - forms Basic Oxides MO + H2O > M(OH)2 M(OH)2 > M(2+) + 2(OH)(-) - commonly compounded with Al, SO*, CO3, SiF6 (silicates) - less reactive than alkali metals - found as minerals - more reactive as size increases Be/Mg does not react in cold water Ca/Sr/Ba reacts with cold water M + 2H2O > M(OH)2 + H2

Answer 75

Be behaves as a covalent molecule (electronegative) | MgX2, CaX2, SrX2, BaX2 acts as salts

Answer 76

BeO•Al2O3 6SO2

Answer 77

Be3Al2(SiO3)6

Answer 78

CaCO3 - slightly soluble in acidic water - stalactites and stalacmites

Answer 79

- similar characteristics (size,...) Li & Mg B & Si C & P

Answer 80

- water with high levels of Ca & Mg salts Type I: Temporary Hardness Type II: Permanent Hardness

Answer 81

``` Bad Taste Scaling & Spotting on Wet Surfaces Cloudy Ice Cubes Laxative Effect Accumulation of "mineral fur" around faucet outlet Boiler Scale Ca(2+) + 2HCO3(-) > Ca(2+) + CO3(2-) Kills soap - hydrophillic ends that normally removes grease joins with hard water to form a precipitate ```

Answer 82

- caused by the presence of Calcium and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) - removed by boiling - forms carbonate from bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution 2HCO3(-) > CO3(2-) + CO2 - add lime CaHCO3 + CaOH > 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

Answer 83

- cannot be removed by boiling - caused by a presence of CaSO4 and MgSO4 and or CaCl2 and MgCl2 in water (more soluble with heat) - removed using water softener or exchange column CaSO4 + NaCO3 > CaCO3 + NaSO4

Answer 84

- lighter cars > fuel economy - obtained by electrolysis: Dow Process MgCl2 > Mg + Cl2 - solve rust with Fe/Si/Mg alloy

Answer 85

Cement - binder: substance which sets and hardens independently CaCO3 (limestone) >(heat) CO2 + CaO (quicklime) CaO + SiO2(sand) >(water & CO2) CaCO3 + SiO3 Humans (1kg) - bones: CaPO4H - teeth (apatite): Ca5(PO4)3OH - cavities: Ca5(PO4)3OH + H(+) > H2O + Ca(2+) + HPO4(2-) - fluoride: Ca5(PO4)3OH + F(-) > Ca5(PO4)3F

Answer 86

- charge - distance (size) - molecule's structure - state (solid/liquid/gas) - boiling/melting point

Answer 87

Stronger attraction

Answer 88

Weaker attraction

Answer 89

CH3 - (CH2)n - CH3

Answer 90

- in all bonds - created by instantaneous dipoles - increase with shape and size/mass - weak

Answer 91

- large atoms are more polarizable because there is more space to move

Answer 92

- caused by permanent NET dipole - stronger than dispersion forces (except in large molecules) - weaker than ionic/covalent bonds

Answer 93

like dissolves like

Answer 94

- H bonded to N, O, F - highly electronegative - lone pair of electrons - strongest of the three - directional bond - weaker than covalent/ionic bonds - Water/DNA/Kevlar

Answer 95

- identical ions at all 8 corners - total 1 ion per cell Coordination Number: 6

Answer 96

- identical ions at all 8 corners and 1 in the middle - total 2 ions per cell Coordination Number: 8

Answer 97

- identical ions at all 8 corners and 6 on the faces - total 4 ions per cell Coordination Number: 12 - cubic closest packed

Answer 98

more negative = stronger ionic bond

Answer 99

- non-molecular solid of covalent bonds quartz - SiO2 - non-molecular solid

Answer 100

``` diamond - 4 e- used, insulator graphite - 3 e- used, conductor fullerenes - carbon-cage molecular (C60) nanotubes - 3 e- used, rolled-up graphene sheet, conductive, strongest ```

Answer 101

- non-molecular solids held together by ionic bonds | - highly organized lattice made of unit cells

Answer 102

- in mixture/solution/liquid - ions attracted to dipole in polar molecule - stronger than hydrogen bonding

Answer 103

- number of oppositely charged ions an ion is in contact with - high coordination number = stronger attractive forces

Answer 104

``` I. Molecular Solids II. Ionic Solids III. Atomic Solids - non-bonding: held by dispersion - metallic: held by metallic bonds - network covalent: held by covalent bonds ```

Answer 105

- composed of molecules - held together by dispersion forces, dipole-dipole and H bonds - low melting point

Answer 106

- composed of ions - held together by ions charges - non-directional - higher coordination number = more stable solid - depends on size of ions - fairly high boiling point - non-conductors as solids - good conductor as liquids - soluble in polar liquids (water)

Answer 107

- strength depends on size and charge of cations - always in closed-packed arrangements - always cations - hardness varies - melting point varies - ductile/malleable - great conductor

Answer 108

- noble gases in solid form - held by very weak dispersion forces - closed packed structure

Answer 109

- held by covalent bond - no closed packed arrangement (bonds are directional) - very high melting point - very hard - non-conductors

Answer 110

optical isomer

Answer 111

- upwards airstream brings lighter particles up and leaves the heavier ore - separation by density

Answer 112

added to react with non-volatile gangue to create low melting waste product that is easy to separate

Answer 113

waste liquid separated from molten metal by density | SiO2(gangue) + CaCO3(flux) > CO2(g) + CaSiO3(slag)

Answer 114

- move rod of material past a heated coil | - impurities concentrate in molten zoe

Answer 115

- use aqueous solution to extract metal from its mineral

Answer 116

form peroxides | Ba + O2 > BaO2

Answer 117

MCO3 > MO + CO2

Final Flashcards

(165 cards)