Final Flashcards
(268 cards)
1
Q
Scalp Attachments
A
Anterior- supraorbital margin Posterior- superior nuchal line Laterally- extends over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic bone
2
Q
Layers of Scalp
A
Skin Dense connective tissue Epicranial aponeurosis Loose areolar connective tissue pericranium
3
Q
Skin of the scalp
A
contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles
4
Q
Dense connective tissue of the scalp
A
thick, dense, well supplied with nerves and blood vessels
5
Q
Epicranial Aponeurosis
A
tendinous sheet forms the attachment to occipitalis and frontalis and auricular muscles
6
Q
Loose areolar tissue of the scalp
A
contains the emissary veins, the dangerous layer of scalp with the case of infection as there are no valves separating inside and outside in the emissary veins
7
Q
Pericranium of the scalp
A
forms the external periosteum of the neurocranium
8
Q
Innervation of the scalp
A
Anterior to the Auricle- CN V, all three branches of the trigeminal nerve Posterior to the Auricle- spinal cutaneous nerves, C2 C3
9
Q
Sensory Nerves in the anterior scalp
A
Supratrochlear Supraorbital Zygomaticotemporal Auriculotemporal
10
Q
Motor Nerve of the anterior scalp
A
Temporal branch of the facial nerve
11
Q
Supratrochlear nerve
A
supplies the skin and pericranium of the anteromedial forehead
12
Q
Supraorbital nerve
A
supplies the skin of the forehead and scalp to vertex
13
Q
Zygomaticotemporal Nerve
A
supplies hairless skin and anterior part of the temporal fossa
14
Q
Auriculotemporal nerve
A
supplies the skin of the posterior 2/3 of temporal region
15
Q
Temporal Branch of the Facial Nerve
A
supplies the frontalis muscle
16
Q
Sensory nerves of the Posterior Scalp
A
Third Occipital nerve Greater Occipital nerve Lesser Occipital nerve Great Auricular nerve
17
Q
Motor nerve of the posterior scalp
A
Posterior Auricular nerve
18
Q
Third Occipital Nerve
A
Dorsal Ramus of C3 supplies the skin of the posterior 2/3 of temporal region
19
Q
Greater Occipital Nerve
A
Dorsal Ramus of C2 supplies the scalp of occipital region
20
Q
Lesser Occipital Nerve
A
Ventral Ramus of C2 supplies the scalp posterior to the auricle
21
Q
Great Auricular Nerve
A
Ventral Ramus of C2 and C3 supplies the skin overlying the angle of the mandible, auricle, and parotid sheath
22
Q
Posterior Auricular Nerve
A
branch of facial nerve, supplies the occipitalis muscle
23
Q
Supratrochlear artery
A
artery of the anterior scalp branch of opthalmic aretery
24
Q
Supraorbital artery
A
artery of the anterior scalp branch of opthalmic artery
25
Superficial temporal artery
artery of the anterior scalp terminal branch of external carotid artery
26
Occipital Artery
artery of posterior scalp branch of external carotid artery
27
Posterior auricular artery
artery of posterior scalp branch of external carotid artery
28
Supratrochlear Vein
Vein of anterior scalp drains into facial vein
29
Supraorbital Vein
Vein of anterior scalp drains into facial vein
30
Superficial Temporal Vein
Vein of anterior scalp drains into retromandibular vein
31
Occipital Vein
Vein of the posterior scalp drains into suboccipital venous plexus
32
Posterior auricular vein
Vein of the posterior scalp drains into the external jugular vein
33
Occipitofrontalis
occipital and frontal bellies epicranial aponeurosis is the common tendon of the two bellies
34
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
O: epicranial aponeurosis I: skin and subcutaneous tissue of the eyebrows and forehead A: elevate the eyebrows and wrinkles skin of the forehead, protracts the scalp NS: Temporal branch of facial nerve
35
Occipital Belly of occipitofrontalis
O: lateral 2/3 of the superior nuchal line I: epicranial aponeurosis A: retract the scalp, increasing effectiveness of the frontal belly NS: Posterior auricular nerve, a branch of the facial nerve
36
Muscles of the Face
move the skin to change facial expression develop from mesoderm in the second pharyngeal arches
37
Corrugator supercilii
O: medial end of the superciliary arch I: skin superior to the middle supraorbital margin and superciliary arch A: draws the eyebrows inferomedially and creates vertical wrinkles above the nose NS: temporal branch of the facial nerve
38
Procerus
and transverse part of nasalis
O: fascia aponeurosis covering the nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilage
I: skin of the inferior forehead
A: are to depress medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose (conveying dislike)
NS:by the zygomatic branch of facial nerve
39
Levator labii superioris alaque nasi
plus the alar part of nasalis
O: frontal process of maxillary
I: major alar cartilage
A: depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal passage
NS: zygomatic branch of facial nerve
40
Orbicularis oris
O: medial part of maxilla I: mucous membrane of the lips A: close oral fissure, phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips, and resists distension NS: buccal branch of facial nerve
41
Levator labii superioris
O: infraorbital margin of maxilla I: skin of the upper lip A: part of dilators of mouth and to retract the upper lip and deepen nasolabial sulcus NS: buccal branch of facial nerve
42
Zygomaticus Minor
O: anterior aspect of the zygomatic bone I: skin of the upper lip A: dilates mouth, retracts and elevates the upper lip and deepens the nasolabial sulcus NS: zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
43
Buccinator
O: pterygomandibular raphe, alveolar processes of maxilla and alveolar processes of mandible I: angle of mouth (modiolus) A: compress the cheek against the teeth NS: buccal branch of facial nerve
44
Zygomaticus major
O: lateral aspect of zygomatic bone I: into the angle of mouth (modiolus) A: dilates the mouth and elevates the labial commisure bilaterally to smile NS: Zygomatic branch of facial nerve
45
Levator anguli oris
O: canine fossa of the maxilla I: angle of mouth (modiolus) A: dilator of mouth and widens oral fissure as when grinning NS: buccal branch of the facial nerve
46
Risorius
O: parotid fascia and buccal skin I: angle of the mouth (modiolus) A: dilators of mouth and to depress the labial commisure bilaterally to show sadness NS: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
47
Depressor anguli oris
O: anterolateral base of mandible I: the angle of mouth (modiolus) A: dilator of mouth and to retract (depress) and or evert the lower lip (sadness) NS: Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
48
Depressor labii inferioris
O: anterolateral body of mandible I: skin of lower lip A: dilate the mouth and evert the lower lip NS: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
49
Mentalis
O: incisive fossa of the body of mandible I: the skin of the chin A: elevate and protrude the lower lip and elevate skin of chin NS: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
50
Platysma
O: superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions I: base of the mandible A: to depress the mandible and tense skin of inferior face and neck (conveying tension and stress) NS: Cervical branch of facial nerve
51
Orbicularis Oculi
O: medial orbital margin of the orbit, medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal bone I: skin around the margin of the orbit and to the superior and inferior tarsal plates A: close the eyelids, palpebral part does so gently and orbital part closes the eyelids tightly (winking) NS: temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve
52
Sensory innervation of the skin of the face
trigeminal nerve
53
Motor supply of the face
facial nerve
54
Sensory nerves of the face
cutaneous branches of the opthalmic nerve cutaneous branches of the maxillary nerve Cutaneous branches of the mandibular nerve
55
Cutaneous branches of the opthalmic nerve
External nasal nerve Infratrochlear nerve Supratrochlear nerve Supraorbital nerve Lacrimal nerve
56
Cutaneous branch of the maxillary nerve
Infraorbital nerve Zygomaticotemporal nerve Zygomaticofacial nerve
57
Cutaneous branch of the mandibular nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve Buccal nerve Mental nerve Great auricular nerve
58
Temporal branch of the facial nerve
supplies auricularis superior, auricularis anterior, frontal belly of occipitofrontalis and superior part of orbicularis oculi
59
Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
supplies the inferior part of orbicularis oculi and other facial muscles inferior to the orbit
60
Buccal brach of the facial nerve
supplies the buccinator, upper part of orbicularis oris and inferior fibers of levator labii superioris
61
Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve
supplies risorius and muscles of the lower lip and chin
62
Cervical branch of facial nerve
supplies the platysma
63
Branches of the facial artery
Inferior labial superior labial Lateral nasal
64
Transverse facial artery
branch of superficial temporal artery supplies parotid gland, parotid duct, masseter, and skin of the face
65
Veins of the face
supratrochlear supraorbital facial
66
Supratrochlear vein
communicates with supraorbital vein and forms the angular vein
67
Supraorbital vein
communicates with supratrochlear vein and forms angular vein
68
Facial vein
begins near the medial angle of the eye by the union of supratrochlear and supraorbital veins and joined by the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein and forms the common facial vein, which joins the internal jugular vein
69
Communications of the facial vein
deep facial vein connects it to the pterygoid venous plexus superior opthalmic vein connects it to the cavernous sinus
70
parotid gland
is the largest of the three paired salivary glands and is a purely a serous type of gland enclosed within a tough, unyielding, fibrous capsule, the parotid sheath
71
Parotid shealth
capsule derived from the investing layer of deep cervical fascia
72
Apex of the Parotid gland
posterior to the angle of the mandible
73
Base of the Parotid gland
related to the zygomatic arch
74
Structures embedded in the Parotid gland
parotid plexus of facial nerve and its branches, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery and parotid lymph nodes
75
Parotid duct
approx 5 cm long, travels horizontally from the anterior edge of the gland pierces the buccinator at the anterior border of the masseter enters the oral cavity through a small orifice opposite the second maxillary molar tooth
76
Sensory innervation of parotid sheath and overlying skin?
auriculotemporal nerve and great auricular nerve (C2 C3)
77
presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid
glossopharyngeal nerve, IX cranial and runs to the otic ganglion
78
Postganglionic secretomotor fibers to the parotid
run through the auriculotemporal nerve
79
Sympathetic supply to the parotid
supply from the superior cervical ganglion, through the external carotid plexus
80
Temporal region
superior to the zygomatic arch
81
temporal fossa
occupied by the upper portion of the temporalis muscle
82
Boundaries of the Temporal fossa
Posterior and superior- by the temporal lines anterior- zygomatic and frontal bones lateral- zygomatic arch inferior- infratemporal fossa Floor- pterion
83
Contents of the temporal fossa
temporal fascia upper part of temporalis muscle deep temporal nerves deep temporal vessels
84
Infratemporal fossa
inferior to the zygomatic arch, deep to the ramus of the mandible and posterior to the maxilla
85
Boundaries of the infratemporal fossa
Lateral- ramus of mandible Medial- lateral pterygoid plate Anterior- posterior aspect of the maxilla Posterior- tympanic plate, mastoid, and styloid process of the temporal bone Superior- infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid Inferior- at the attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle to the mandible
86
Contents of the infratemporal fossa
the inferior part of temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, maxillary artery and its branches, pterygoid venous plexus, mandibular nerve and its branches (inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves), chorda tympani nerve, otic ganglion (one of the parasympathetic ganglia)
87
Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis Masseter Lateral Pterygoid Medial Pterygoid
88
Temporalis
triangular O: the floor of temporal fossa, inferior temporal line and deep surface of temporal fascia I: coronoid process of mandible and anterior border of ramus of mandible A: elevate and retract the mandible NS: deep temporal nerves (branches of anterior division of mandibular nerve)
89
Masseter
a quadrate muscle O: inferior border and medial surface of the zygomatic arch I: the angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible A: to elevate and protrude the mandible NS: the masseteric nerve (branch of anterior division of mandibular nerve)
90
Lateral pterygoid
triangular two headed muscle O: Upper head from the infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid Lower head from the lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate I: Upper head attaches to joint capsule and articular disc of TM joint Lower head attaches to the pterygoid fovea on the neck of mandible A: Acting bilaterally protracts mandible and depresses chin Acting unilaterally, chewing movements NS: pterygoid branch from anterior division of mandibular nerve
91
medial pterygoid
quadrangular two-headed muscle O: Superficial head from the tuberosity of the maxilla Deep head from the medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone I: the medial surface of ramus of mandible A: with the masseter elevates and protrude the mandible NS: the trunk of mandibular nerve
92
Maxillary Artery
terminal branch of external carotid artery
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First part of maxillary artery
Mandibular part passes deep to the neck of the mandibular condyle
94
Second part of maxillary artery
pterygoid part passes between the two heads of lateral pterygoid muscle
95
Third part of the maxillary artery
pterygopalatine part disappears through the pterygomaxillary fissure
96
Branches of the first part of the maxillary artery
Deep auricular anterior tympanic middle meningeal accessory meningeal inferior alveolar
97
Branches of the second part of the maxillary artery
masseteric deep temporal pterygoid buccal
98
Branches from the third part of the maxillary artery
posterior superior alveolar infraorbital artery of pterygoid canal pharyngeal branch descending palatine sphenopalatine
99
Deep auricular artery
supplies the temporalmandibular joint
100
anterior tympanic artery
supplies the tympanic membrane
101
Middle meningeal artery
supplies the meninges, periosteum, bone, red marrow, dura mater, trigeminal ganglion, facial nerve, geniculate ganglion, tympanic cavity, and tensor tympani muscle
102
accessory meningeal artery
supplies the infratemporal fossa, sphenoid bone, mandibular nerve, and otic ganglion
103
Inferior alveolar artery
supplies the mandible, mandibular teeth, chin and mylohyoid muscle
104
Masseteric artery
traverses the mandibular notch, supplies the temporomandibular joint and masseter muscle
105
Deep temporal arteries
anterior and posterior mainly supply the temporalis muscle
106
pterygoid branches of the second part of the maxillary artery
supplies the pterygoid muscles
107
Buccal artery
runs with the buccal nerve, supplies the buccal fat pad, buccinator muscle, and buccal oral mucosa
108
posterior superior alveolar artery
supplies the maxillary molar and premolar teeth and the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus
109
Infraorbital artery
supplies the inferior oblique, and inferior rectus muscles, lacrimal sac, maxillary canines and incisors, mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus and skin of the infraorbital region of the face
110
Artery of the pterygoid canal
supplies the mucosa of the the upper pharynx, pharyngotympanic tube, and tympanic cavity
111
pharyngeal branch
supplies the nasopharynx, sphenoidal air sinus, and pharyngotympanic tube
112
Descending palatine artery
divides into greater and lesser palatine arteries, supplies the palatine glands of the hard and soft palate
113
Sphenopalatine artery
terminal part of the maxillary artery supplies the walls and septum of the nasal canity, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary air sinuses, and anterior palate
114
pterygoid venous plexus
is located partly between the temporalis and pterygoid muscles
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Mandibular nerve
arises from the trigeminal ganglion, descends through the forman ovale into the infratemporal fossa divides into sensory and motor branches
116
Branches from the trunk of the mandibular nerve
nervous spinosus (meningeal branch of mandibular nerve) and nerve to medial pterygoid
117
Branches from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve
buccal, masseteric, deep temporal and pterygoid branches
118
Buccal Nerve
sensory supply to the skin over the buccinator
119
masseteric nerve
supplies the masseter muscle
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Deep temporal nerve
supplies temporalis
121
pterygoid branch of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve
supplies lateral pterygoid
122
Branches from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve
lingual, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar nerves
123
Auriculortemporal Nerve
encircles the middle meningeal artery and supplies sensory fibers to the auricle, temporal region, TM joint and postsynaptic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland
124
Inferior Alveolar Nerve
enters the mandibular foramen, passes through the mandibular canal It gives a branch mental nerve passes through the mental foramen and supplies skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip, skin of the chin and mandibular incisor teeth It gives a myloyhoid branch, that supplies the two muscles, mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
125
Lingual Nerve
nerve lies anterior to the inferior alveolar nerve and supplies general sensation to the anterior two thirds of tongue
126
Chorda Tympani Nerve
a branch of facial nerve, carrying taste fibers to the anterior two - thirds of the tongue, carries secretomotor fibers for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
127
Otic ganglion
parasympathetic located in the infratemporal fossa, just inferior to the foramen ovale, medial to the mandibular nerve and posterior to medial pterygoid muscle
128
Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the otic ganglion
derived mainly from the glossopharyngeal nerve, synapse in the otic ganglion
129
Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the otic ganglion
secretory to the parotid gland pass from the otic ganglion through the auriculotemporal nerve
130
Temporomadibular joint
a modified hinge type of synovial joint It permits gliding and a small degree of rotation, in addition to flexion (elevation) and extension (depression) movements Bony articular surfaces involved are the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, articular tubercle of the temporal bone and head of the mandible
131
Fibrous layer of articular capsule of the Temporomadibular joint
attaches to the margins of the articular cartilage on the temporal bone and around the neck of the mandible
132
Superior synovial mambrane of the Temporomadibular joint
lines the fibrous capsule superior to the articular disc
133
Inferior synovial mambrane of the Temporomadibular joint
lines the fibrous capsule inferior to the articular disc
134
Articular disc of the temporomandibular joint
attached to the fibrous capsule and creates two separate compartments
135
Superior compartment of the temporomandibular joint
brings gliding movements of protrusion and retrusion
136
Inferior compartment of the temporomandibular joint
brings hinge movements of depression and elevation
137
Lateral ligament of the temporomandibular joint
formed by the thick part of the articular capsule It acts to prevent posterior dislocation of the joint
138
Stylomandibular ligament of the temporomandibular joint
runs from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible
139
Sphenomandibular ligament of the temporomandibular joint
runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible It is the primary passive support of the mandible and serves as a ‘swinging hinge’ for the and mandible serving both as a fulcrum and as a check ligament for the movements of the mandible at the TM joint
140
Elevation at the temporomandibular joint
closes the mouth be temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid
141
Depression at the temporomandibular joint
opens the mouth by the lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid
142
Protrusion at the temporomandibular joint
protrudes chin by lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid
143
Retrusion at the temporomandibular joint
retrudes chin by the posterior fibers of temporalis and masster
144
Lateral movements
grinding and chewing by the temporalis of the same side, pterygoids of opposite side and masseter
145
Oral cavity
consists of two parts: oral vestibule oral cavity proper
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Oral vestibule
space between teeth, lips, and cheeks
147
Oral cavity proper
space between upper and lower dental arches
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Upper lip
supplied by the superior labial artery and infraorbital nerve
149
Lower lip
supplied by the inferior labial, mental arteries and mental nerve
150
Hard Palate
formed by the maxilla and palatine bones
151
Soft Palate
palate has no bony skeleton, made of muscles and aponeurosis, suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate
152
Uvula
the conical process hanging from the end of the soft palate
153
Palatine aponeurosis
formed by the expanded tendon of tensor veli palatini
154
Tensor Veli Palatini
O: from the scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, spine of the sphenoid bone and cartilage of the auditory tube I: the palatine aponeurosis A: to tense the soft palate NS: nerve to medial pterygoid, branch of mandibular nerve via otic ganglion
155
Levator Veli Palatini
O: from the cartilage of the auditory tube and petrous part of the temporal bone I: into the palatine aponeurosis A: elevate the soft palate during swallowing and yawning NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus
156
Palatoglossus
O: the palatine aponeurosis I: into the side of the tongue A: to elevate the posterior part of the tongue NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus
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palatopharyngeus
O: from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis I: into the lateral wall of the pharynx A: to tense the soft palate NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus
158
Musculus uvulae
O: from the posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis I: into the mucosa of the uvula A: is to shorten the uvula and pulls it superiorly NS: the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, via pharyngeal plexus
159
arteries of the palate
greater palatine lesser palatine acsending palatine
160
Veins of the palate
tributaries to the pterygoid venous plexus
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Sensory nerves of the palate
branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, greater palatine, nasopalatine, and letter palatine
162
Tongue
Lies partly in the oral cavity Parts: root (attached to the hyoid bone and mandible) dorsum apex body inferior surface
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Circumvallate papillae of the tongue
large, lie anterior to the terminal sulcus, arranged in a V shaped two, studded with taste buds
164
Foliate papillae of the tongue
poorly developed in humans
165
Filiform papillae of the tongue
parallel to the terminal sulcus, except at the apex
166
Fungiform papillae of the tongue
mushroom shaped, more numerous at the apex and margins of the tongue
167
lingual tonsil
collection of lymphoid nodules in the posterior part of the tongue
168
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus hyoglossus styloglossus palatoglossus
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Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
superior longitudinal inferior longitudinal transverse vertical Supplies by hypoglossal nerve
170
Genioglossus
O: from the superior mental spine / genial tubercle of the mandible I: the entire dorsum of the tongue and body of the hyoid bone A: to depress the tongue NS: the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)
171
Hyoglossus
O: body and greater horn of hyoid bone I: the inferior aspect of lateral part of the tongue A: to depress the tongue and help to shorten the tongue NS: the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)
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Styloglossus
O: from the styloid process of the temporal bone and stylohyoid ligament I: into the side of the tongue A: is to elevate the side of the tongue NS: the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)
173
Palatoglossus
O: from the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate I: into the posterolateral side of the tongue A: to elevate the posterior part of the tongue and depresse the soft palate NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus
174
This is Guinness.. she's really cute and there are a lot of cards in this set
175
motor nerve supply of the tongue
is from the hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve) which supplies all the muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus
176
Sensory nerve supply of the tongue
lingual
chorda tympani
glossopharyngeal
internal laryngeal
177
Lingual nerve
a branch of mandibular nerve, supplies general sensation to anterior two - thirds of the tongue
178
Chorda Tympani Nerve
a branch of facial nerve, supplies special sensation, taste fibers to anterior two - thirds of the tongue
179
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
9th cranial nerve
supplies both general and special sensations to posterior one - third of the tongue
180
Internal Laryngeal Nerve
a branch of vagus nerve, supplies mostly general and some special sensation to the root of the tongue in front of the epiglottis
181
Arterial supply of the tongue
is derived from the lingual artery, a branch of external carotid artery
182
Veins of the tongue
drain into dorsal lingual vein and deep lingual vein
183
Salivary Glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
184
Submandibular gland
lie along the body of the mandible, partly deep to the mylohyoid muscle
185
Submandibular duct
is about 5 cm long, lies between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus and opens into the sublingual papilla
186
Sublingual gland
the smallest and most deeply situated gland, lie in the floor of the mouth between the mandible and the genioglossus muscle
187
sublingual duct
opens into the floor of the mouth
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pterygopalatine fossa
is a small pyramidal space inferior to the apex of the orbit
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Contents of the pterygopalatine fossa
are the terminal (third )part of the maxillary artery, maxillary nerve, nerve of the pterygoid canal and pterygopalatine ganglion
190
pterygopalatine ganglion
lies in pterygopalatine fossa suspended by the ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve
It conveys secretomotor fibers to lacrimal gland
191
Nose
includes external nose and nasal cavity
The nasal cavity divided into right and left by the nasal septum
192
Choanae
aka posterior nasal aperatures
are located posteriorly, communicate with the nasopharynx
193
Boundaries of the nasal cavity
Roof by the nasal, frontal, ethmoid bone and sphenoidal bones
Floor by the palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone
Medial wall is the nasal septum formed by the septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer
Lateral wall by the three nasal conchae, are superior, middle and inferior
194
Sphenoethmoidal Recess
recess lies superior to superior concha, receives the opening of sphenoidal sinus
195
Conchae
Superior, middle, and inferior
divide the nasal cavity into four passages
196
Superior meatus
recieves the opening of the posterior ethmoidal sinus
197
Middle Meatus
Contains the ehtmoidal infundibulum
semilunar hiatus
ethmoidal bulla
maxillary sinus opening
198
Ethmoidal Infundibulum
funnel - shaped opening, communicates with the frontal sinus
199
Semilunar Hiatus
is a groove into which the frontal sinus opens
200
Ethmoidal bulla
a rounded elevation formed by the middle ethmoidal sinus
201
Maxillary sinus
opens into the posterior end of the semilunar hiatus
202
Inferior Meatus
nasolacrimal duct opens into the anterior part
203
Paranasal sinuses
the air - filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity, lighten the skull and add resonance to voice
They extend into the following cranial bones, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla
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Frontal Sinuses
located posterior to the superciliary arches
Each sinus opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus
205
Ethmoidal sinuses
are located in the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone
Anterior ethmoidal cells drain into the middle meatus
Middle ethmoidal cells directly drain into the middle meatus, because they form the ethmoidal bulla
Posterior ethmoidal cells open directly into the superior meatus
206
Sphenoidal sinuses
in the body of the sphenoid bone, separated by a bony septum
The sphenoidal sinuses open separately into the sphenoethmoidal sinus
207
relations of the spenoidal air sinus
the optic nerve, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus
208
Maxillary Sinuses
the largest of the paranasal sinuses
occupy the bodies of the maxillae
Each maxillary sinus drains by an opening into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity by way of the semilunar hiatus
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Pharynx
extends from the cranial base to the cricoid cartilage and C6
continuous with the esophagus
divided into three parts, nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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Features of the nasopharynx
Opening of the auditory / pharyngotympanic tube
Tubal elevation lies superior to the opening of auditory tube
Salpingopalatine fold, the anterior fold
Salpingopharyngeal fold is the posterior fold
Salpingopharyngeaus muscle covers the salpingopharyngeal fold
Pharyngeal recess is a space lies posterior to the salpnigopahryngeal fold
Pharyngeal tonsil, is an aggeagated lymphoid tissue
Tubal tonsil, is a collection of lymphoid tissue near the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube
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Features of the oropharynx
Palatoglossal arch / fold, is a mucous fold extends from the soft palate to the tongue
Palatoglossus muscles covers the palatoglossal fold
Palatopharyngeal arch / fold, extends from the soft palate to the superior border of epiglottis
Tonsillar sinus is the space between the two folds
Palatine tonsil is a collection of lymphoid tissue between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
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Features of the laryngopharynx
Inlet of the larynx, through which the laryngopharynx communicates with the larynx
Piriform recess / piriform fossa or sinus, is a small depression on either side of the laryngeal inlet
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Contents of the piriform recess
the internal laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal nerves and superior laryngeal artery
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Muscles of the Pharynx
Superior constrictor
Middle Constrictor
Inferior Constrictor
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Superior Constrictor Muscle
O: from the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible and side of the tongue
I: into the pharyngeal tubercle on the basilar part of the occipital bone and median raphe of pharynx
A: to constrict the walls of the pharynx during swallowing
NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and pharyngeal plexus
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Middle Constrictor Muscle
O: from the stylohyoid ligament, greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone
I: into the median pharyngeal raphe
A: to constrict the wall of the pharynx during swallowing
NS: by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus, pharyngeal plexus, external laryngeal nerve, and recurrent laryngeal nerve
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Inferior constrictor muscle
O: from oblique line of thyroid cartilage and side of cricoid cartilage
I: into the median pharyngeal raphe
A: to constrict the wall of the pharynx during swallowing
NS: pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus, external laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve
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Superior to the superior constrictor muscle
runs the auditory tube
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Between the superior and middle constrictor muscles
are the stylopharyngeus muscle and glossopharyngeal nerve
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Between the middle and inferior constrictor muscles
are the laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery
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Inferior to the inferior constrictor muscle
are the recurrent larygneal nerve and inferior laryngeal muscle
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Palatopharyngeus
O: from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis
I: into the posterior border of lamina thyroid cartilage
A: to elevate the pharynx during swallowing and speaking
NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and pharyngeal plexus
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Salpingopharyngeus
O: from the styloid process of the temporal bone
I: blends with the palatopharyngeus
A: is to elevate the pharynx during swallowing and speaking
NS: by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and pharyngeal plexus
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Stylopharyngeus
O: from the styloid process of the temporal bone
I: into the posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage
A: to elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
NS: by the glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve)
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Motor nerves of the pharynx
derive from the cranial root of the accessory nerve and are carried by the vagus nerve, via the pharyngeal branches to all the muscles of the pharynx EXCEPT:
Stylopharyngeus
Tensor veli palatini
inferior constrictor muscle
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Sensory fibers to the pharynx
glossopharyngeal nerve and maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
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Esophagus
is a muscular tube, begins at the inferior border of cricoid cartilage, at the level of C6
It pierces the diaphragm and enters the stomach at the cardiac orifice at the level of T10
The esophagus lies between the trachea and cervical vertebral column
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve runs
in the groove between the trachea and esophagus
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Ear
two functions: hearing and equilibrium
Consists of external, middle, and inner parts
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External acoustic meatus
2 - 3 cm long in adults, partly and partly bony
The cartilaginous part contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands and they produce cerumen (earwax)
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Tympanic membrane
Separates the external ear from the middle ear
thin, oval, semitransparent membrane
handle of the malleolus attaches to the inner surface of the membrane
Superior thin part- pars flaccida
Inferior part- pars tensa
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Umbo
the peak concavity of the tympanic membrane
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Middle ear
aka tympanic cavity, an air filled chamber with two parts:
tympanic cavity proper- the space directly internal to the tympanic membrane
epitympanic recess- the space superior to the tympanic membrane
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Boundaries of the Tympanic Cavity
Anterior- attached with the nasopharynx through the auditory tube
posterior- connected with the mastoid cells through the mastoid antrum
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Contents of the middle ear
the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes), stapedius and tensor tympani muscles, chorda tympani nerve (branch of facial nerve) and the tympanic plexus of nerves
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Walls of the tympanic cavity
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Tegmental wall (roof) is formed by a thin plate of bone, tegmen tympani
Jugular wall (floor) is formed by the jugular fossa
Membranous wall (lateral wall) is formed by the tympanic membrane
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Labyrinthine wall (medial wall) has the promontory, oval window and round window
Mastoid wall (posterior wall) has the aditus to the mastoid antrum, facial canal and the pyramidal eminence
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Carotid wall (anterior wall) has the carotid canal (contains the internal carotid artery with its sympathetic plexus), opening of the pharyngotympanic tube and the canal for tensor tympani muscle
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oval window
aka fenestra vestibuli
an oval opening closed by the base of the stapes
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Round window
Aka fenestra chochlea
closed by seconday tympanic membrane
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Mastoid Antrum
a cavity in the mastoid process of the temporal bone and is related to the facial canal, connects the tympanic cavity to the mastoid air cells
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Malleus
auditory ossicle
handle is embedded in the tympanic membrane
The tendon of tensor tympani muscle inserts into its handle of malleus and the chorda tympani nerve crosses it
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Incus
auditory ossicle
located between malleus and stapes
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Stapes
the smallest auditory ossicle
closes the oval window
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Muscles of the tympanic cavity
Tensor tympani
stapedius
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Tensor Tympani
O: from the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube, greater wing of sphenoid and petrous part of the temporal bone
I: into the handle of malleus
A: to pull the handle of malleus, tensing the tympanic membrane and tends to prevent damage to the internal ear when one is exposed to loud sounds
NS: by the mandibular nerve
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Stapedius
smallest voluntary muscle of the body
O: from the pyramidal eminence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
I: into the neck of the stapes
A: to pull the stapes, tightening the annular ligament and also prevents excessive movement of the stapes
NS: by the facial nerve
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Internal Ear
contains the vestibulocochlear organ concerned with the reception of sound and the maintenance of balance, consists of the sacs and the ducts
It has two parts, a bony labyrinth, filled with perilymph and a membranous labyrinth contains endolymph
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Bony Labyrinth
composed of the cochlea, vestibule, and three semicircular canals
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Cochlea
is a shell - shaped part, spirally coiled, contains the cochlear duct, concerned with hearing
The large basal turn of the cochlea produces the promontory
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Vestibule
contains the utricle and saccule, parts of the balancing apparatus (vestibular labyrinth)
Its lateral wall has the oval window or fenestra vestibuli, occupied by the base of the stapes
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Semicircular canals
are three, anterior, posterior and lateral, communicate with the vestibule of the bony labyrinth
They have a swelling at one end called bony ampulla
251
Membranous labyrinth
consists of sacs and tubes, utricle, saccule, duct of the cochlea and three semicircular ducts
252
Internal acoustic meatus
a narrow canal that runs laterally for 1 cm within the petrous part of the temporal bone
It transmits the facial nerve, branches of vestibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine vessels
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Pharyngeal Arches
begin to form in the 4th week of development
The mesodermal bars that appear in the developing neck of the fetus are called the pharyngeal or bronchial arches
By the end of the 4th week, four well - defined pairs of pharyngeal arches are visible
Six arches develop, but the 5th one disappears
The 1st and 2nd arches are larger and overlap the other arches
The 5th and 6th arches are rudimentary and are not visible on the surface of the embryo
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First pharyngeal arch
aka mandibular arch
develops two prominences
Maxillary prominence gives rise to the maxilla, zygomatic and squamous part of the temporal bone
Mandibular prominence forms the mandible
The cartilage of the first arch is Meckel’s cartilage
The nerve of the first arch is mandibular nerve
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Derivatives of the first/mandibular arch
Skeletal elements are the mandible, incus and malleus
Ligaments are the sphenomandibular and anterior ligament of the malleus
Muscles developed from first arch are the four muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid), anterior belly of digastric mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
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Second pharyngeal arch
aka the hyoid arch
makes a major contribution to the formation of the hyoid bone
The cartilage of the second arch is Reichert’s cartilage
The nerve of the second arch is facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)
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Derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch
Skeletal elements are the stapes, styloid process, upper part of body of hyoid bone and lesser horn of hyoid bone
The ligament is the stylohyoid ligament
Muscles developed from second arch are the occipitofrontalis, all the muscles of facial expression, platysma, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and stapedius
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Third pharyngeal arch
the nerve of the their arch is the glossopharyngeal nerve
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derivatives of the third pharyngeal arch
Skeletal elements are the lower part of the body of hyoid bone and greater horn of hyoid bone
Muscle developed from third arch is stylopharyngeus
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Fourth and Sixth pharyngeal arches
Merge
nerves are the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves
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Derivatives of the Fourth and Sixth pharyngeal arches
Cartilages that develops from the fourth and sixth arches are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages and cuneiform cartilages
Muscles are the cricothyroid, levator veli palatine, superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx and striated muscles of the esophagus
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first pharyngeal pouch
gives rise tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum and pharyngotympanic tube / auditory tube / eustachian tube
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second pharyngeal pouch
gives rise to palatine tonsil
264
third pharyngeal pouch
gives rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and thymus
265
fourth pharyngeal pouch
gives rise to superior parathyroid gland and ultimopharyngeal (ultimobronchial) body
266
ultimobronchial body
aka the ultimopharyngeal body
gives rise to the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and are also called c cells as because they produce calcitonin
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fifth pharyngeal pouch
is rudimentary
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