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Western Civ > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

What led to the Neolithic revolution?

A

Emergence of “farming package” of agriculture and domestications

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1
Q

Describe humans living in the Neolithic age

A

Sedentary or semi-sedentary groups who began practicing intentional farming and domesticating animals

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2
Q

What resulted from the Neolithic revolution?

A

Fairly consistent food surplus, specialization of labor, hierarchy

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3
Q

Describe Mesopotamian religious beliefs during the Bronze Age

A

Harsh conditions promoted polytheistic worship of powerful deities who controlled different aspects of human life and would punish humans harshly if they were displeased, so city dwellers offered sacrifices and built ziggurats

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4
Q

What do we call the technology of writing that developed in Sumer?

A

Cuneiform

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5
Q

What became a new source of conflict after 4000 BC

A

Access to metals

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6
Q

What characterized the old kingdom in Egypt

A

Powerful monarch ruling a centralized state that featured just a few large cities

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7
Q

Clovis

A

Frank who overthrew kingdom in Gaul, established western europe’s largest new kingdom, converted from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. His Merovingian dynasty lasted over 200 years

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8
Q

Define Bronze Age

A

Time period characterized by widespread use of an alloy of tin and copper in making weapons and tools

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9
Q

What did Hittites speak

A

Indo-European language

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10
Q

Which empire was the first to emerge at the close of the dark age in the ancient near east?

A

Neo-Assyrian

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11
Q

Cultural interactions with the Near east were a key factor in this civilizations recovery from the dark ages

A

Greeks

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12
Q

Which region made the most rapid recovery from its dark age in large part because it retained monarchy as the primary source of political structure and identity?

A

Near east

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13
Q

What is not accurate about the dark ages?

A

Historians use it exclusively to refer to specific time periods in history

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14
Q

In which civilization did recovery from the dark ages see the rise of new political and social traditions that rejected the rule of kings

A

Greeks

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15
Q

What is not accurate about the Neo-Assyrians?

A

As long as they received revenue and trade advantages, they thought it was good imperial policy to allow subjects to retain their culture and religion

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16
Q

Why did the ranks of hoplites expand to include non-elites in the eight century?

A

More men were able to afford the equipment a hoplites was required to supply

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17
Q

What isn’t true about the neo-Babylonian empire?

A

They increased the splendor of Babylon and replaced the temple of Marduk with a temple for Ishtar

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18
Q

What does the term polis refer to

A

City states that emerged in Greece

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19
Q

What does not accurately describe Greece?

A

It’s flat plains contributed to the near eastern empires conquest of Greece

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20
Q

What aspect of Greece’s recovery from its dark ages stands as a landmark in the history of western civ

A

Invention of democratic politics

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21
Q

What contributed extensively to the reemergence of Greek civilization from 1000 to 750 bc

A

Trade, cultural interaction, technological innovation

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22
Q

What technological innovation enabled the Greeks to increase food production and sustain population growth

A

Replacing bronze agricultural tools with iron

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23
Q

What is not a core belief of Greek religion

A

All humans who choose good will be rewarded in the afterlife

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24
Q

What is the most important doctrine of Zoroastrianism

A

Moral dualism; the world is a battlefield between forces of good and evil

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25
Q

Religion of Persian empire

A

Zoroastrianism

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26
Q

After the Persian wars, a formal defense alliance that included city-states in northern Greece, on the Aegean islands

A

Became, over time, the basis for the Athenian empire

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27
Q

The Delian league ensured that its members were protected from Persian attack but aroused the anger of many of its smaller members when Athens

A

Used its control of the league fleet to coerce dues from weaker members who had chosen to contribute money rather than develop independent naval fleets

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28
Q

Why have historians described the democracy created in mid fifth-century Athens under Pericles as radical

A

The roots of Athenian democracy under Pericles were the citizens of Athens who enjoyed more participation as jurors and salaried government officers

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29
Q

Why did some Athenians criticize democracy and argue in favor of an oligarchy

A

They worried that the stupid, immoral poor would exploit majority rule to pass laws against the wealthy

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30
Q

Athens’ wealth during the Golden Age largely derived from

A

Taxes on trade and Delian league dues

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31
Q

What led to Athenian defeat and the conclusion of the peloponnesian wars

A

The Spartans enlisted the help of the Persians to build a navy that could force the Athenians to surrender

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32
Q

Who were the sophists

A

Traveling teachers who taught students philosophy and rhetoric for a fee

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33
Q

The Hellenic league, founded in 480 bc, was

A

A coalition of 31 greek city-states allied to fight the Persians

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34
Q

Which two Greek city states were most powerful during the fifth century bc

A

Athens and Sparta

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35
Q

For Plato, the forms represented

A

The abstract, invisible, and invariable realities of ethical mediums

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36
Q

What was the most significant characteristic of the Hellenistic age

A

Mixing of near eastern and Greek cultural traditions

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37
Q

Hellenistic kingdoms..

A

Recruited mostly Greeks and Macedonians for high-level administrative posts

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38
Q

The revolt led by Judah the Maccabee was provoked by

A

The Seleucid king outlawing Judaism and converting the Jewish temple in Jerusalem into a Greek house of worship

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39
Q

What was the academy, and where was it located

A

It was a philosophical school established in Athens by Plato

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40
Q

How did Plato share his ideas and philosophy?

A

Dialogues

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41
Q

What was the background of high-ranking officials in Hellenistic monarchies

A

Greek or Macedonian immigrants

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42
Q

What did roman morality primarily emphasize

A

Virtue, faithfulness, respect

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43
Q

The roman concept of authority was based on the belief that

A

Society had to be hierarchical to be just

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44
Q

What was the primary function of the gods in roman religion

A

Guarding roles safety and prosperity

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45
Q

The roman senate was originally created as a

A

Council of distinguished men who advised and councils the king

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46
Q

During the roman republic, the potential career of a patrician typically consisted of

A

Military service and election to the offices of quaestor, aedile, praetor, and consul

47
Q

How did the office of tribune differ from most other political offices

A

It was established to serve and protect the plebeian order, not all of society

48
Q

Why did so many farmers sink into debt or lose land in the years of roman republic

A

Farmers hoped for easily gotten spoils while in military service and resisted returning to their farms

49
Q

How were the violent deaths of Tiberius and gains gradus a turning point in the history of the roman republic

A

Their deaths broke with the traditional taboo against political violence and introduced factions into roman politics

50
Q

What did the roman generals Sulla, Pompey, and julius Caesar have in common

A

A willingness to embroil Rome in civil wars to secure their own personal wealth and power

51
Q

How did the general and politician gradus Pompey shatter roman tradition

A

By demanding and receiving a consulship long before he had reached the legal age

52
Q

The first triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and caesar formed in 60 bc when

A

The senate’s challenge to Pompey forced him into a coalition with his two greatest rivals

53
Q

Who formed the second triumvirate

A

Octavian, Antony, Lepidus

54
Q

What was the roman political system devised by Augustus

A

Principate

55
Q

Why did Augustus use the title princeps

A

He did not want to offend his countrymen with a more monarchical title

56
Q

The forum of Augustus served as a

A

Temple, gathering place, and monument to Augustus

57
Q

What was the most popular of the philosophies espoused by upperclass Romans

A

Stoicism, which required self-discipline

58
Q

What fundamental change took place in the army during Pax Romana

A

The army was put under the direct command of the senate, which significantly reduced the army’s total number of legions

59
Q

How did Octavian win the roman people’s support against Antony

A

Octavian turned many Romans against Antony by playing on their fear of foreigners and asserting that Antony intended to make cleopatra their ruler

60
Q

Why did Augustus not create and codify in law a formal mechanism by which all future emperors could be chosen

A

Since the Roman Empire was not formally a monarchy, no successor could automatically inherit the previous emperor’s power without the senate’s approval

61
Q

What advantage did serving in the army confer on no citizens from the provinces

A

It granted them the opportunity to learn latin, live by roman customs, and receive roman citizenship upon discharge

62
Q

The difficulties facing Rome in the third century convinced the emperor Decius of the need to appease the gods, so between 249 and 251 he…

A

Ordered all citizens to sacrifice to the gods for the welfare of the state and executed all Christians who refused to do so

63
Q

Why did classical pagan texts in Latin and Greek survive in the Byzantine empire, even though its leaders had become ardent christians

A

Christian education and literature in this bilingual empire drew on nonchristian latin and Greek models

64
Q

Scholars under the direction of Justinian I produced the codex, the digest, and the institutes, all of which had enormous impacts on European

A

Law

65
Q

The epidemic that swept through Byzantium in the 540s killed one third of its people and

A

Disastrously reduced the pool of army recruits and number of taxpayers

66
Q

The Visigoths and the franks were the first of the Frankish tribes to have written codes of law. What language were their laws written in

A

Latin

67
Q

Which roman territory did the anglosaxons conquer in the 440s

A

Britain

68
Q

The eighty thousand vandals who captured North Africa early in the fifth century

A

Interrupted shipments of food to Rome

69
Q

The Visigoths, whom the western emperor Honorius permitted to settle in southwestern Gaul, were the first of the barbarian tribes to

A

Organize a political state and develop a distinct ethnic identity

70
Q

In tribal societies of the fourth and fifthd centuries, women

A

Were valued primarily for their ability to bear children

71
Q

The standard code of monastic conduct in the west that took shape around 540 was know as the rule of saint

A

Benedict

72
Q

Why did Diocletian launch his Great Persecution of Christians

A

He believed that the wrath of the gods had caused the crisis of the third century and that returning to the ancient gods would win back divine favor

73
Q

What factor allowed christianity to become the dominant religion in the course of the fourth century

A

The acceptance that christianity gave to men and women of all social groups and classes

74
Q

Which emperor declared christianity to be the official religion of the Roman Empire

A

Theodisus I

75
Q

As the church’s influence in state affairs grew

A

The bishops came to replace the curials as the emperors partners in local rule

76
Q

Monophysitism, nestorianism, and Arianism were all part of the debate about

A

Nature of Christ

77
Q

Where did important attempts to end doctrinal disputes and clarify christian orthodoxy take place

A

The councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon

78
Q

The term “Byzantine Empire” refers to

A

The eastern half of the Roman Empire

79
Q

Why did relations between Rome and the Byzantine Empire deteriorate so markedly in the late seventh and early eighth centuries

A

Doctrinal issues, including the thorny question of icons, began to divide eastern and western churches

80
Q

Which family displaced the Merovingian dynasty and established a new royal line

A

Carolingians

81
Q

Grants of land, theoretically temporary, from lords to their noble Dependents given in recognition of services, usually military, done or expected in the future

A

Fiefs

82
Q

The Carolingian King whose conquests greatly expanded the Frankish kingdom. Crowned emperor on dec. 25, 800

A

Charlemagne

83
Q

Established when powerful men came together to elect a new french King in 987

A

Capetian dynasty

84
Q

The Carolingian dynasty’s relationship with the RomN papacy can be characterized as

A

Close, as the pope legitimized the Carolingian claim to the throne and was in turn supported by the Carolingians

85
Q

Charlemagne was a man of tremendous contractions; he attempted to

A

implement a unifying vision of an empire that would fuse roman, Germanic, and christian traditions

86
Q

How did Charlemagne resurrect old imperial models?

A

He embarked on massive building projects, established a capital, and served as a patron of the arts

87
Q

What was the responsibility of the missi dominici

A

Overseeing the regional governors on behalf of Charlemagne

88
Q

Which of the following is an accurate statement

A

Charlemagne recruited a circle of scholars to inaugurate a revival of learning, Alcuin brought the traditions of anglosaxon scholarship to charlemagne’s center for study, and during the Carolingian Renaissance both scholarship and art served both political and religious goals.

89
Q

The treaty of verdun

A

Divided thr Carolingian empire between the three surviving sons of louis the pious

90
Q

The act of homage and promise of fealty were

A

Part of the ritual whereby citizens, both men and women, became vassals of a lord

91
Q

How did a medieval serf’s dependency differ from that of a vassal

A

A serf’s position was inherited, not voluntary

92
Q

Schools in the latter half of the twelfth century were set up to train

A

Priests and monks

93
Q

Original significance of Magna Carta

A

Implied King not above law, confirmed rights of nobility

94
Q

Early universities were characterized by

A

Independence from secular control

95
Q

What were the beguines

A

Laywomen who lived together in informal pious communities

96
Q

How were cathars different from Franciscans

A

They rejected the authority of church hierarchy

97
Q

What happened to Slavic princes as a result of northern crusades

A

Many surrendered and converted to Christianity, later gaining wealth by participating in eastern crusades

98
Q

Why did learning advance in eleventh and twelfth centuries

A

Widespread use of latin

99
Q

What was characteristic of royal authority by the end of twelfth century

A

Growing use of salaried professionals to administer kingdoms

100
Q

Who provided stiffest opposition to henry II’s extension of Royal courts

A

Church

101
Q

Medieval synthesis

A

Attempt to unify all things with christianity

102
Q

How did Pope Innocent III, the most powerful and respected of medieval popes, conceive of the papacy

A

As a means to promote law and moral reformation through the magnification of his authority

103
Q

Udon laypeople, what was the Moses important topic addressed in the Fourth Lateran Council

A

Nature of the sacraments

104
Q

What did the fourth Lateran council require Jews to do

A

Advertise their religion by some outward sign

105
Q

Why did preaching Friars such as berthold attract such large audiences

A

They offered practical teaching focused on applying the christian message to everyday life

106
Q

How did the third Lateran council encourage the church to treat lepers

A

As objects of bothe charity and disgust, with separate churches and cemeteries

107
Q

What did the early thirteenth century scholastics believe about reason and faith

A

Knowledge gained through reason is compatible with knowledge gained through faith and revelation

108
Q

Fundamental characteristic of scholasticism was belief in

A

Orderliness of the world and power of humans to make sense of it

109
Q

How did thirteenth and fourteenth century leaders strengthen their position

A

Systematically enforcing order through taxes, courts, and representative institutions

110
Q

What was the goal of the fourth Lateran council called by pope innocent III

A

Regulating all aspects of christian life

111
Q

Transubstantiation

A

Transformation of bread and wine into body and blood of Christ during communion

112
Q

Great themes of scholastic movement

A

Harmony, logical exposition

113
Q

Thomas aquinas wrote

A

Summa theologiae

114
Q

Mongol invasions had most lasting impact in

A

Russia

Western Civ (1 decks)

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