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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2

A

dihydrolipoyl transacetylase

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2
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E3

A

dihydrolopoyl dehydrogenase

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3
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is reversible or irreversible process?

A

irreversible

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4
Q

5 required cofactors for PDD complex

A 
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
lipoic acid
coenzyme A
FAD
NAD
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5
Q

to begin the PDD complex, the E2 subunit must have the 2 thiol groups in the ____ form

A

oxidized

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6
Q

which subunit catalyzes the first 2 rxns in PDD

A

E1

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7
Q

which is the slowest rxn subunit

A

E1

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8
Q

pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA by…..

A

PDH complex

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9
Q

glucose -> __ pyruvate -> __ acetyl coA, __CO2, __ NADH

A

2 for all blanks

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10
Q

anaplerotic rxn

A

replenish the TCA cycle with OAA

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11
Q

ubiquonone (cofactor Q) is water soluble or lipid soluble

A

lipid soluble

-in membrane not ICF

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12
Q

ATP synthase:

beta-ATP ->

A

beta-empty

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13
Q

ATP synthase:

beta-empty ->

A

beta-ADP

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14
Q

ATP synthase:

beta-ADP ->

A

beta-ATP

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15
Q

2 shuttles that transport reducing equivalents to mitochondrial matrix:

A
  1. malate-aspartate shuttle (2.5 ATP / NADH)

2. glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (1.5 ATP / FADH2)

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16
Q

FAs are stored as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue, specifically in…

A

the dark-colored lipid droplet

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17
Q

FA oxidation occurs in mitochondria and is made active by binding to coA. This process is made irreversible by…..

A

cleaving PPi into two organic phosphates

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18
Q

takes a couple days after time of starvation for ___________ levels to begin to increase

A

ketone body

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19
Q

metabolism of ketone bodies occurs in…

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

substrates for FA biosynthesis

A

NADPH and acetyl coA

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21
Q

sources of NADPH for FA biosynthesis

A

PPP and malic enzyme

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22
Q

1st and rate limiting step of FA biosynthesis

A

acetyl coA -> malonyl coA
catalyzed by acetyl coA carboxylase
-irreversible rxn

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23
Q

1st substrate to be loaded in FA biosynthesis

A

acetyl coA to KS

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24
Q

2nd substrate to be loaded on in FA biosynthesis

A

malonyl coA on ACP

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25
palmitate has ____ carbons
16
26
palmitate is produced after ___ cycles
7
27
overall synthesis of palmitate requires
14 NADPH and 6 H2O | -use 1 H2O at the end for hydrolysis
28
FA elongation occurs in
ER
29
FA elongation does not use...
ACP, instead coenzymes are active in coA form
30
rate limiting step in chol synthesis
HMG-CoA to Mevalonate | -enzyme is HMG-CoA reductase
31
storage form of chol
cholesteryl ester
32
VLDL transports...
TG from liver
33
chylomicrons transport...
TG from intestine
34
LDL and HDL transport....
cholesterol
35
glycerolipid synthesis starts from..
glycerol-3-phosphate
36
when does digestion of a protein begin?
when it hits the stomach and then further proceeds into the sm int
37
2 major products of AA degradation
ammonia and alpha-keto acid
38
after AA degradation, alpha-keto acid can...
feed into the TCA cycle and some are used for gluconeogenesis
39
all amino groups get funnelled into...
glutamate
40
AA & keto acid pairing: | glutamate ->
alpha ketoglutarate
41
AA & keto acid pairing: | pyruvate ->
alanine
42
AA & keto acid pairing: | aspartate ->
oxaloacetate
43
glutamate undergoes oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase, which has a conenzyme of....
NADP or NAD | -reversible rxn
44
ammonia formed in peripheral tissues is transported to the liver as...
glutamine and alanine
45
ammonia is converted to urea in the...
liver
46
the urea cycle containes rxn in which areas...
mitochondira (first 2) and cytosol (last 3)
47
rate limiting step of the urea cycle
catalyzed by carbomoyl phosphate synthatase
48
3 precursors of urea
free ammonia bicarbonate/CO2 aspartate
49
represents 2/3 of urea molecule
carbomoyl phosphate synthesis | -bicarbonate and ammonia condense
50
CPS I is regulated by
allosteric regulation by N-acetylglutamate | -stimulated by arginine
51
arginase enzyme
uses water to cleave urea off the end of arginine molecule | -last enzyme before generating urea
52
the 2 connectors between TCA cycle and urea cycle
fumerate and aspartate
53
congenital hyperammonemia:
defects in the genes coding for all 2 urea cycle enzymes | -arginase defects are less severe
54
acetyl coA or anything broken down to it, cannot result in NET synthesis of
glucose
55
3 branched chain AAs
valine leucine isoleucine
56
catecholamines:
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine | -all synthesized from tyrosine
57
histamines formed from
decarboxylation of histidine
58
serotonin
tryptophan is precursor, for melatonin as well
59
creatine is synthesized by using
arginine, glycine, and methionine
60
ammonia is funnelled into 2 molecules
glutamate and glutamine
61
glutamine synthetase regulated by
its own products (8)
62
adenylylation
inhibits enzyme by making it more sensitive to inhibitors
63
glutamine synthetase adenylylation
each of the 12 subunits undergoes adenylylation individually | -the more adenylylated, the more sensitive to inhibition
64
SAM
1-carbon transfer | -only methyl groups to N or O atom
65
TH4 (tetrahydrofolate)
1-carbon transfer | -can donate 5-6 diff 1 carbon units, including methyl
66
4 diiff rxns to generate active TH4, all catalyzed by
DHFR
67
all AAs are synthesized from specific intermediates of the
glycolytic, PPP, and TCA cycle pathways
68
plants can make all 20 AAs using _______ as their only carbon source
glucose
69
de novo pathway: | ribose comes from
PPP
70
tx of gout
allopurinol
71
interconversion of nuclesoside mono, di, and triphosphates: | di -> tri cannot use...
ATP as substrate
72
RNR (ribonucleotide reductase) only works on
diphosphate nucleotides
73
the ultimate reductant
NADPH RNR is made from NADPH
74
regulation of RNR
products are inhibitors | substrates are activators
75
RNRs main role
maintains a balanced supply of dNTPs for DNA synthesis
76
2 pancreas secretions that regulate blood glucose levels
glucagon and insulin
77
main function of fat cells (adipocytes)
store, maintain, and release TAGs
78
ghrelin
secreted by empty stomach | -eat more
79
leptin
secreted by adipose tissue | -eat less
80
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1
pyruvate dehydrogenase

BMSC230 (1 decks)

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