Final Flashcards

Question

Hierarchy of principles orientation (Universal Ethical...)

Answer 1

Post-conventional Make decisions based on highest relevant moral principles. Rules of society are fused with conscience Avoid self-condemnation for moral wrongs

Answer 2

-James Marcia (1993) expanded on Erikson’s theory (identity crisis in adolescence) Crisis/Exploration -Process of considering options, values, and goals making choices about life directions is an active process of searching among alternatives -Identity Diffusion (confusion) -Foreclosure -Moratorium -Identity Achieved

Answer 3

Have not explored choices. May appear aimless ad preoccupied. lack confidence

Answer 4

Have not explored alternatives but have a definite commitment (prematurely). Try to become what others want them to be rather than themselves

Answer 5

Actively exploring but not commitment. May be an uncomfortable status but allows flexibility in considering options

Answer 6

Experienced exploration and crisis, and have made a commitment to choice. Greater self-acceptance and better sense of strengths and weaknesses.

Answer 7

-Making voluntary choices about life directions from many options. Become invested in identity decisions. -Friendship changes from middle childhood to adolescence, with increasing emphasis on: mutual understanding self-disclosure intimacy commitment

Answer 8

-Degree to which relationship provides beneficent experiences. High quality: Intimacy, affection, nurturance (Social provisions) Low quality: Irritation, antagonism, high conflict/high controlling

Answer 9

Rom Rels are 1) voluntary 2) ongoing 3) Mutually acknowledged 4) Intensity (affection) -Myth #1) RomRel can’t be studied in lab Interviews Couple Assessments Observations in lab and in field (school dances) Peer Reports Self Reports Diary Reports -Myth 2) Adolescent Rom Rel are Trivial and Transitory they are stable over time -Myth 3) Rom Rel are only good because they forecast maladaptive trajectories

Answer 10

-Peer culture at school rewards popularity and athletic performance far more than scholastic achievement. -Grades decline during adolescence. -Adolescents differ in beliefs about what factors contribute to academic achievement. -Internal locus of control: the belief that success depends on one’s own efforts. internal: I didn't study more likely with a warm, sensitive parent -External locus of control: The belief that success depends on factors outside one’s control. external: someone distracted me so I couldn't study -movement toward internal over external control during adolescence

Answer 11

the belief that success depends on one’s own efforts. internal: I didn't study more likely with a warm, sensitive parent -movement toward internal over external control during adolescence

Answer 12

The belief that success depends on factors outside one’s control. external: someone distracted me so I couldn't study - movement toward internal over external control during adolescence

Answer 13

the capacity to bounce back or recover from stressful situations

Answer 14

efforts to manage or reduce the emotional distress that is aroused in a stressful situation ex: thinking of something pleasant to cope with emotional distress

Answer 15

efforts to manage or modify the source of a stressful situation

Answer 16

looks the same over development (physically aggressive in preschool, middle school, high school, bars) Sad/depressed affect with poor appetite in early childhood->Sad/depressed affect with somatic complaints in middle childhood->Major depressive episode in adolescence

Answer 17

looks different behaviorally but it stems from same place, same reason/cause (I am dysregulated so I bite in preschool and in middle I can’t pay attention, in high school I skip a lot because I can’t focus so I don’t want to be there, as an adult have trouble controlling self) manifest differently because of developmental period or given moment (not always physically aggressive may do something else) - doesn't look the same over time but has same underlying reason - ex: insecure attachment leads to being aggressive in childhood to having unstable relationships in middle childhood, in adolescence I fall into a bad peer group - stems from being rejected for behavior, problems with relationships

Answer 18

- multiple causes may result in a single outcome - multiple origins that end in the same place - ex: maybe my mom smoked cigarettes when she was pregnant, born with negative temperament, bad parenting, all might end up looking like ADHD - tree picture 5/5

Answer 19

- single cause may result in many outcomes - ex: insecure attachment can lead to depression, anxiety, relationship issues - tree picture 5/5

Answer 20

a conduct disorder that begins early is stable across the childhood years predicts problems in adulthood most concerned about these children (Moffit, 1993)

Answer 21

a conduct disorder that first appears in adolescence and does not predict problems in adulthood

Answer 22

inattentive hyperactive combined

Answer 23

-“Co-rumination refers to “excessively discussing personal problems within a dyadic relationship and is characterized by frequently discussing problems, discussing the same problem repeatedly, mutual encouragement of discussing problems speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings.” (Rose, 2002) +May involve two early adolescents talking about the relationship status of others or if a perceived relationship slight was intended or not. -Co-rumination is social (rumination is not) and maladaptive (unlike self-disclosure) because may be associated with depression/anxiety. -Girls are hypothesized to co-ruminate more during early adolescents and predicts both friendship quality/closeness but also depression and anxiety -Rose, 2002 608 (3rd, 5th,) & (7th, & 9th) graders 27 item co-rumination questionnaire Frequency of discussing problem Discussing problem instead of engaging in other activities Encouragement by the focal child of the friend’s discussing of the problem (and reverse) Discussing the same problem repeatedly Speculation about the causes of the problems Speculation about the consequences of the problems Focusing on negative feelings E.g. “When we talk about a problem that one of us has, we usually talk about that problem every day even if nothing new has happened” or “When we talk about a problem that one of us has, we try to figure out everything about the problem, even if there are parts that we may never understand” -Some findings: Girls reported more co-rumination than boys Girls higher for both younger and older groups Girls more rumination and more disclosure Girls higher friendship quality and closeness Friends rated girls as higher for quality and closeness Girls had higher internalizing problems maybe co-rumination plays a role in quality and closeness (.09*->.02) but it definitely causes more internalizing problems (depression and anxiety .33****->.19****) Link between co-rumination and friendship were reduced when controlling for self-disclosure When co-rumination and self-disclosure were entered together, only co-rumination predictive internalizing problems.

Answer 24

-BPD is pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships with destructive thoughts and actions and impulsive behavior. -History of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse/neglect Even after controlling for temperament, education, income, parent psychiatric disorder, gender, age, co-occurring symptoms -Relational Aggression & BPD features in middle childhood (Crick et al.) BPD features were stable across middle childhood Emotional & Cognitive sensitivity to relationship provocation situations (HAB-hostile attribution bias) Effects were for girls only Effects held even when control for Depression Relational Aggression and BPD in Emerging Adults (Werner & Crick, 1999) -features of BPD are associated with relational aggression -HAB: difference between making a benign attribution (maybe they haven’t seen you yet) as opposed to going to negative (they didn't invite me because they don’t like me) may create a self-fulfilling prophecy: thought you weren't invited so you go up to girl and ask what’s your problem, then you aren't invited also rejection sensitivity

Answer 25

-Anorexia generally overlaps with depression. -Depression overlaps with other disorders. -Anxiety disorders are comorbid with a host of other child problems. -Difficulty concentrating is one criterion for ADHD, depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. ADHD/ODD/CD/Aggression

Answer 26

TV watching drops because they spend more time using other media (music, computers, etc.) - average time tv is on: 7 hours a day - more common in low-income families - estimate 20-25 violent acts per hour on tv (Murray, 2007) - by adolescence children have viewed 100,000 televised violent acts, including 20,000 murders (APA, 1993) - glamorize and reward violence in children's tv - Federman, 1998 - an attractive role model who perpetrates (superhero) - violence seems justified - violence goes unpunished - minimal consequences to victims - violence seems realistic but is not - some don't view as violent unless there is bloodshed - Wilson & Smith, 1998 - interpret and define violence differently so different responses - correlation between tv violence and aggression worldwide - more likely to be aggressive when: - violence is realistic - portrayed by humans rather than cartoons - not subject to critical commentary - aggressive behavior is seen as justified - makes children more impulsive if they are aroused, implied vs. actual violence is same - predisposed children (abused, emotionally disturbed, etc.) are more likely to be influenced by violent tv - can have long-term effects (children still affected 10 years later) - more likely to be arrested, aggressive, convicted, abusive - rates of prosocial behavior are comparable to rates of aggressive and violent behaviors

Answer 27

-Usually 18-25 but can be 18-29 -Distinct period of identity exploration -Exists only in cultures that allow young people a prolonged period of independent exploration during late adolescence and twenties Highly industrialized or postindustrial only -Risky time in development (rate of binge drinking is highest) -Emerging adulthood is: 1. the age of identity explorations 2. the age of instability 3. the self-focused age (not egocentric thought but thinking about self and who you want to be/what you want to do) 4. the age of feeling in-between 5. the age of possibilities (there are a lot of options)

Answer 28

Low social control: restraints on behavior imposed by social obligations and relationships

Answer 29

-Low social control: restraints on behavior imposed by social obligations and relationships -Common risk behaviors include driving, substance use, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) -Most serious threat to lives and health comes from driving During ages 16-24, highest rates of automobile accidents, injuries, fatalities -Why? Driving style Driving while intoxicated Peer influences Personality characteristics -Dramatic increases in substance use Pattern of binge drinking and marijuana greater among young adults than any other age group -Similar across countries -Consequences? Unintended pregnancy, criminal activity, physical fights -What accounts for higher rates of substance use? Propensity: motivation to behave defiantly Opportunity: increased opportunity to engage in substance use and other defiant behaviors Unstructured socializing: during late teens and emerging adulthood, young adults spend a lot of time in unstructured or “spur of the moment” activities -Emerging adulthood is also a peak time for STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HPV, herpes virus, and HIV/AIDS -Why? Multiple romantic partners Inconsistent contraceptive use -Symptoms and consequences of STIs vary widely

Answer 30

-Piaget believed that formal operations marked the end of cognitive maturation Refuted by research -During emerging adulthood, advancements in post-formal thinking occur: Pragmatism and Reflective Judgement Pragmatism: ability to adapt logical thinking to practical constraints of real-life situations. Reflective Judgement: capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. Stage 1: multiple thinking People learn that there are two or more legitimate views in an issue and that it is difficult to justify any one position Stage 2: relativism People start to critically evaluate evidence for each side of the issue and reach commitment Gains in reflective judgement are related to education.

Answer 31

ability to adapt logical thinking to practical constraints of real-life situations.

Answer 32

-capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. -Stage 1: multiple thinking People learn that there are two or more legitimate views in an issue and that it is difficult to justify any one position -Stage 2: relativism People start to critically evaluate evidence for each side of the issue and reach commitment Gains in reflective judgement are related to education.

Answer 33

Change from family to romantic partner as the center of their emotional lives

Answer 34

-Personality continues to develop during emerging adulthood -Interestingly, first signs of “formal” personality pathology as we transition into EA Borderline personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder -Werner & Crick (1999) documented that peer-reported relational aggression was significantly associated with self-reported borderline personality disorder features BPD: intense anger, affective instability, impulsivity, and unstable interpersonal relationships This effect has been replicated (Ostrov & Houston, 2008) APD was also associated with relational aggression. In particular, stimulus-seeking and egocentricity factors. This effect has been replicated (Ostrov & Houston, 2008) -Relational victimization and BPD are significantly associated in emerging females (N=54) -Moreover, relational aggression, but not physical aggression, was uniquely related to BPD symptoms -Relational aggression in women during emerging adulthood: a social process model

Answer 35

``` -gradual physical decline over time Physical Appearance: Berger (2010) Collagen decreases by about 1% per year Hair begins turning gray and thinning “Middle-age spread” appears Muscles weaken -Senses: Sight: peripheral vision narrows faster than frontal vision Color vision becomes more faded Increased nearsightedness and by middle age farsightedness Hearing: Presbycusis: loss of hearing due to senescence that usually occurs after 60 ```

Answer 36

when a woman’s menstrual period ceases completely and production of sex hormones drops considerably (~age 50)

Answer 37

term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men

Answer 38

-Sleep is increasingly essential -Although we see improvement in some cognitive abilities, brain power shows a “shallow decline” -What makes brain loss more common? drug abuse excessive stress poor circulation viruses -Cognitive assessment-memory Remembering word lists, recreating figures from memory Episodic memory: “ tell me the details about your morning before you came here.” Retrieval: Spontaneous vs. Recognition “Was highway on the list that I read before?” taxes short-term memory (often the first thing to go) -Challenges and Deviations from Norm Elders are susceptible to depression (estimated 3-5%) and anxiety (estimated 10%) Issues of independence collectivist vs. individualist societies have different rates of elder depression/anxiety Cognitive impairments - greater cognitive decline than normal (1 in 3 adults dies with dementia) Progressive disorders Alzheimer’s disease Dementia (Lewy-Body, Frontotemporal, Vascular) Delirium Polypharmacy estimated that older adults average about 8 medications

Answer 39

-developmental timetable based on social norms average age of 1st time mothers is over 30 37% of students enrolled in college are over 25 -Social clock is dependent on culture, cohort effects, SES lower SES=faster clock ticks -expected to settle down and have kids -depending on others around you or around your age will have an influence on expectations for you -no globally set idea of social clock but you may feel pressure from your context, culture, family, peers expect or are doing

Answer 40

-Partners people worldwide take longer than previous generations to commit to each other adults worldwide seek a committed sexual partner -Marriage: currently 15% marry before age 25; 85% married by age 40 (US) adults thrive if another person is committed to their well-being marital satisfaction is as high as it used to be -Research finds more similarities between heterosexual and homosexual couples than not!

Answer 41

-Individuals who divorce tend to be less happy than never-married peers women seem to suffer more than men aging older men suffer due to separation from children -US: almost one of every two marriages ends in divorce can be beneficial-depends on social context -Teenage marriages are more likely to become depressed and aggressive reduced changes of higher education, professional employment and satisfying relationships -Remarriage often provides relief from divorce but are more likely to end in divorce than first marriages

Answer 42

inevitable biological aging that takes place for all living organisms

Answer 43

decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use as well as environmental factors like pollution

Answer 44

-Role changes -Retirement, children are now adults -Recall that when the psychological self is a diversified entity it may serve as a protective factor loss in one domain (career); other domains become more central (family; community work) -Older adults report having a great sense of community and connectedness to society -Death is a more frequent experience spouse, friends, siblings -Older people become more at peace with death (frequent exposure) Loneliness is a common normative reaction to bereavement experienced by older people -Signs to watch for pathological bereavement increased physical pain trouble sleeping increase in drinking/smoking loss of interest in life, social activities reduced desire to tend to personal care -Start considering one’s own mortality -Integrity vs. despair is the key task according to Erikson (review their life and make peace with their life decisions) -Older adults seek out and maintain relationships that are low in conflict and high in mutual enjoyment. Prior relationships that were more “knowledge-based” (i.e., co-workers, shared work projects) are dropped Smaller social networks than adults in earlier life stages, their relationships are higher in happiness and lower in conflict -Slessor et al. (2010) tested hypotheses about age-related changes in detecting happiness young adults (17-36 years old) older adults (65-81 years old) -“No age-differences were found in the ability to discriminate spontaneous enjoyment smiles from deliberate non-enjoyment smiles, older adults had a greater bias toward thinking that any smiling individual was feeling happy.”

Final Flashcards

(68 cards)