Final Flashcards
1
Q
Geography
A
the study of landforms and climate
2
Q
Archaeology
A
the study of artifacts (man-made) of a specific people
3
Q
Primary Source
A
First-hand account of history
Ex. Diary, journal, photography, autobiography
4
Q
Secondary Source
A
Ex. Textbook, documentary, biography
5
Q
Culture
A
a people’s way of life
6
Q
Land-bridge
A
crossed by nomadic people from Asia to North America during the ice age
7
Q
The Iroquois Confederacy
A
created to maintain peace among the local tribes and strengthen the Iroquois Nation
8
Q
Three Sisters
A
corn, beens, squash
9
Q
Causes of Exploration
A
Gold, God, Glory
10
Q
Effects of Explorations
A
European colonization, millions of Native Americans died from disease, African slave trade began in the Americas
11
Q
Columbus
A
discovered the Americas
12
Q
Cortez
A
Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztects
13
Q
Magellan
A
First to circumnavigate the world
14
Q
Colombian Exchange
A
the exchange of new goods and disease between the western and eastern hemisphere
15
Q
Mercantilism
A
an economic policy of creating a favorable balance of trade with colonists to benefit the mother country
16
Q
Jamestown
A
first permanent English settlement in Virgina
Prospered from growing tobacco
17
Q
Cash Crop
A
grown for sale
18
Q
House of Burgesses
A
established a colonial representative government
19
Q
Democracy
A
citizens participate in government through voting
20
Q
Mayflower Compact
A
a pledge by the pilgrims to create and follow a government that would benefit the colony of Massachusetts
21
Q
New Netherlands
A
take from the Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant by the British for the harbors and to unite the British Colonies
Renamed New York
22
Q
William Penn
A
Created a Quaker society in Pennsylvania
Promoted tolerance, equality and pacifism
23
Q
Triangular Trade
A
trade routes across the Atlantic, North America, and Africa
24
Q
Middle Passage
A
the horrific slave trade route from Africa to the West Indies
25
Navigation Act
colonial trade was restricted to ensure that the colonies only benefit England
26
French and Indian War
fought between the French and the British colonists with Native allies over the Ohio River Valley
British victory led to the decision to make the colonists pay the war debts
27
Albany Plan
Benjamin Franklin's plan to develop a joint colonial council for defense
Created the "join or die" political cartoon
28
Proclamation of 1763
Britain banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with Native Americans
29
Writs of Assistance
papers that allowed British officials to search private property for smuggled goods
30
Stamp Act
taxed printed materials
31
Boycott
refusal to buy goods in protest
32
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
organized protest and fought the British
33
Boston Massacre
an incident where British troops killed 5 colonists
| Paul Reveer's etching of event was used as propaganda
34
Propaganda
information used to influence the public's opinion
35
Boston tea Party
an incident where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act
36
Intolerable Acts
Passed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party
37
"Common Sense"
a pamphlet by Thomas Pain
| written to convince colonists to support American Independence
38
Declaration of Independence
Listed reasons the colonists should be free from Britain
| Written by Thomas Jefferson
39
Loyalists
sided with the king
40
patriots
Fought for independence
41
Lexington and Concord
Locations of the first battle of the Revolution
42
George Washington
Commander of the continental Army
43
Role of Women during the Revolutionary War
Managed farms and businesses
| served as spies
44
Battle of Saratoga
Patriots stopped the British from capturing New York
Stopped British form dividing the colonies
considered the turning point of the war because the patriots won French Support
45
Valley Forge
winter camp for the Continental Army
| harsh conditions made it challenging for Washington to keep his army together
46
Battle of Yorktown
American victory with the help of the French navy
| Led to the end of the war
47
Articles of Confederation
First U.S. Constitution
48
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
could declare war and make laws
49
weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
couldn't collect taxes or regulate interstate trade
50
Northwest Ordinance
system for the admission of new states
51
Constitution
Plan of government
52
Great Compromise
Settled the dispute over representation in Congress between large and small states
created a bicameral legislature
House of Representatives based on population
Senate based on equality
53
Federalism
sharing of power between the federal and state government
54
Separation of Powers
division of the government into three branches
| Legislative (congress), Executive (president), Judicial (supreme court)
55
Checks and Balances
powers are given to each branch to prevent one from becoming too powerful
56
Preamble
formal introduction of the U.S. Constitution
| states the power to govern originates with the people
57
Elastic Clause
Allows congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper"
58
override
power of congress to cancel a presidential veto
59
Electoral College
the process that elects the president with electoral votes form the states
60
Veto
the power of the president to reject/stop a bill from becoming law
61
Judicial review
power of the supreme court to declare a law of action unconstitutional
62
Federalists
Agreed to add a bill of rights to get the Anti-Federalists to ratify the U.S. Constitution
63
Anti-Federalists
Refused to ratify the constitution without a bill of rights
64
Bill of rights
first ten amendments
| protects citizens rights
65
Amendment process
enables the constitution to change
66
Battle of Fallen Timbers
the Treaty of Greenville ended Native American resistance in the Ohio Territory
67
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington put down an uprising over a tax on whiskey
68
Marbury v. Madison
Established the principle of judicial review
69
Louisiana Purchase
Area between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains
bought by Thomas Jefferson from France
Doubled the size of the U.S.
70
Lewis and Clark
explored the Louisiana territory
71
Embargo Act
banned all imports and exports from Britain to punish Britain for the blockades
72
War of 1812
Americans fought the British and their Native American allies in response to the British Disruption to American trade
73
Monroe Doctrine
issued to warn against future colonization from European powers int he Americas
74
Erie Canal
connected NYC to the Great Lakes region
75
Indian Removal Act
Passed by Andrew Jackson to move all Native Americans east of the Mississippi river
76
Trail of Tears
the forced removal of the Cherokee west of the Mississippi river
77
Manifest Destiny
idea that justified American expansion to the Pacific ocean
78
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state
| banned slavery above the 36'30 N Parallel
79
Texas Revolution
Texans fought and won independence after dictator Santa Anna threatened settler's rights
80
Mexican-American War
the annexation of Texas and a border dispute led to war
| the U.S. gained California and New Mexico
81
California Gold Rush
attracted thousands of people around the world to the West Coast
82
Compromised of 1850
multi-part plan that admitted California as a free state and promised to pass tougher Fugitive Slave laws
83
Kansas-Nebraska Act
promoted popular sovereignty to determine if the territories would be free or slave
84
Industrial Revolution
change from hand to machine made goods
| started by fast flowing rivers for water power
85
Urbanization
cities grew as people sought work in factories
86
Labor Union
group that fights for worker's rights
87
Seneca Falls Convention
start of the women's rights movement
88
Susan B. Anthony
fought for women's suffrage
89
Abolitionist
person who fought to end slavery
90
"Uncle Tom's Cabin"
written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe to expose the evils of slavery
91
Frederick Douglass
abolitionist
| edited the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"
92
Harriet Tubman
abolitionist who was a conductor of the Underground Railroad
93
Underground Railroad
secret escape routes to the North for enslaved people from the south
94
sectionalism
loyalty to a region
95
Dred Scott Decision
the supreme court ruled that congress couldn't stop the spread of slavery
led to increased tensions between the north and south
96
election of 1860
Lincoln was elected president and as a result South Carolina seceded
97
Secession
To withdraw or leave the union
98
Fort Sumter
first shots fired to start the Civil War
99
Union vs. Confederacy advantages
```
The Union (north) had more industry and railway mileage
The Confederacy (south) had more military leaders
```
100
Union vs. Confederacy strategies
The Union- anaconda plan
| The Confederacy- planned to defend their land
101
Anaconda plan
created a blockade, gain control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy and capture Richmond Virginia
102
Lincoln's Goal before/during the war
preserve the union and then it broadened to end slavery
103
Emancipation Proclamation
freed slaves in areas of rebellion
104
Battle of Gettysburg
turning point of the war in favor of the Union
105
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln stated that the Union had to win the war to honor those who died
106
Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan
readmit all Southern states as equals of the Northern states as quickly as possible
Ten Percent Plan
107
13th, 14th and 15th amendments
Passed to protect the rights of formerly enslaved African Americans
13- abolished slavery
14- granted citizenship to freed slaves
15- granted voting rights to freed slaves
108
Freedman's Bureau
provided assistance to formerly enslaved African Americans in the south
109
Poll taxes, Literacy tests, Grandfather clause
prevented African Americans from voting
110
Jim Crow Laws
required segregation in most public places in the south
