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1
Q

ethanol/methanol affect what species the most?

A

cattle, calves, lambs and pigs

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2
Q

This toxin may cause green or black urine

A

phenolic compounds

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3
Q

what is the MOA of phenolic compounds?

A

denature and precipitate cellular proteins –> direct irritation –> coagulative necrosis

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4
Q

what toxin can cause burns on skin and in the mouth?

A

phenolic compounds

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5
Q

what is the most significant MOA of phenolic compounds that separates it from mainly everything else?

A

STIMULATES respiratory center –> hyperventilation and respiratory ALKALOSIS

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6
Q

what toxins cause methemoglobinemia?

A

phenolic compounds, nitrogen oxide gases, H2S, copper, iron

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7
Q

what are the skin, eye and CNS signs of phenolic compounds?

A 
skin = coagulative necrosis, ulceration, white plaques, intense pain
eye = corneal ulcerations
CNS = ataxia, seizures
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8
Q

what does urine + 20% ferric chloride detect if it produce a purple color?

A

phenols

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9
Q

what Tx is contraindicated for phenols?

A

emetics or gastric lavage

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10
Q

what is recommended for decontamination of the GIT of phenols?

A

milk, egg whites, followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics

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11
Q

what is recommended for decontamination of the skin of phenols?

A

rapidly decontaminated with PEG or glycerol followed by mild dish soap, also dressings soaked in 0.5% Na bicarb but NOT OILY DRESSINGS

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of detergents? how do they vary in toxicity?

A 
non-ionic = low toxicity (soap)
anionic = moderate toxicity (laundry, dish washer)
cationic = high tox (fabric softeners
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13
Q

how do you Tx anionic detergents?

A

water/milk, activated charcoal if large quantities and no corrosive injury, bathing, supportive care

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14
Q

how do you Tx cationic detergents? what is contraindicated?

A

water/milk/egg whites or activated charcoal to dilutee and neutralize the alkaline
contraindicated = emesis and gastric lavage

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15
Q

what is the characteristic smell of bleach toxicity?

A

dog swimming in a pool!

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16
Q

what do household bleaches contain as the source?

A

3-6% sodium hypochlorite

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17
Q

what is the MOA of bleach?

A

bleach + acid/ammonia solutions –> bleach causes release of Cl/chloramine gas and hypochlorous gas –> cause severe respiratory and eye irritation
concentrated solutions are highly CORROSIVE to mucous membranes –> hypochlorite ion is oxidizing

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18
Q

what do you avoid for Tx of bleach toxicity?

A

ACIDS

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19
Q

what is different about xylitol and the FDA?

A

is NOT required to list as active ingredient

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20
Q

what are the sources of xylitol?

A

sugar substitutes

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21
Q

what species are susceptible to xylitol?

A

DOGS

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22
Q

what it the MOA of xylitol?

A

potent promoter of insulin release in dogs –> hypoglycemia

large doses = liver failure, GI hemorrhage and DIC

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23
Q

what lesions are associated with xylitol?

A

hypoglycemia only = no specific lesions

liver failure = petechial ecchymotic or GI hemorrhage, severe hepatocyte loss or atrophy and hepatic necrosis

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24
Q

what Tx for xylitol is NOT effective?

A

activated charcoal

25
what do methylxanthine alkaloids include?
caffeine, theophylline, theobromine
26
what species are most susceptible to methylxanthines?
DOGS, cats
27
what toxin undergoes enterohepatic recycling?
methylxanthines
28
what is the MOA of methylxanthines?
phosphodiesterase inhibition (raise cAMP) and competitive inhibition of adenosine receptors --> seizures
29
what are the C/S of methylxanthines?
``` theophylline = mild acidosis, tachycardia caffine/theobromine = hyperactive, panting, tremors, hyperthermia, VPCs with bpm >200 ```
30
what do you use to Tx arrhythmias from methylxanthines?
beta blockers = propranolol, metoprolol (better excreted), lidocaine for frequent VPCs
31
what animals are most susceptible to NH3?
swine, poultry
32
what is the MOA of NH3?
DIRECT IRRITATION of MM, pulmonary edema, alkalosis and compensatory acidosis
33
what are the C/S of NH3?
RED MM, decreased growth and egg prod in birds, pulmonary edema causes dyspnea
34
what has a rotten egg smell?
hydrogen sulfide
35
what is the most dangerous sewage gas?
H2S
36
what are the lesions of H2S?
dark blood that may not clot, tissues may be dark or greenish/purple, sewage odor
37
what is used to Tx H2S?
Na nitrate IV = forms methhemoglobin that binde H2S radical and reactivates cytochrome oxidase
38
what does CO smell like?
nothing!!!
39
why did miners use canaries for CO?
smaller animals have faster breathing rate and smaller Vd, so may show toxicity before us
40
what is the MOA of CO?
CO combines with hemoglobin --> forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) which CANT carry O2, interferes with release of O2 carried by normal hemoglobin --> increased stability of Hg-O2 bond, LEFT SHIFT OF O2 DISSOCIATION CURVE, Haldane effect!!!
41
what lesions are present with CO toxicity?
blood is BRIGHT RED and MMs are HEALTHY PINK, chronic cases may have brain edema, hemorrhage and necrosis that can cause deafness in dogs/cats
42
what is the best Tc for CO?
O2 or 5% CO2 in O2 administered with positive pressure --> HYPERBARIC O2
43
this toxicity is associated with silos
nitrogen oxide gas
44
what are the colors of the nitrogen gases?
``` NO2 = reddish/brown N2O4 = colorless mixture = yellow/yellow brown, chlorine odor ```
45
for nitrogen oxide gas, brief exposure to high concentrations is _________ toxic than chronic exposure to low concentrations
MORE
46
what is the MOA of nitrogen oxide gases?
diect irritation of MM by nitric acid --> low solubility --> pass through upper resp tract and cause lung damage --> hypoxia
47
How would you Tx methemoglobinemia caused by nitrogen oxide gases"
methylene blue IV
48
what can petroleum products do to the skin of cows?
bovine skin hyperkeratosis
49
what species is most susceptible to petroleum products?
CATTLE
50
what are the systemic effects of petroleum products?
mainly CNS depression, liver/kidney damage, bone marrow suppression with chrnic exposure, some SENSITIZE MYOCARDIUM to endogenous catecholamines --> arrhythmias/arrest
51
what odor does petroleum have?
oil/kerosene
52
what is contraindicated in petroleum toxicosis?
emetics, gastric lavage, GLUCOCORTICOIDS
53
what kind of fluoride toxicosis is most common?
chronic (fluorosis)
54
what species is chronic fluorid toxicosis seen mainly in?
herbivores, esp DAIRY CATTLE
55
what is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?
caustic effect on GI mucosa, HYPOCALCEMIA, coagulation defects, increased capillary permeability, enzyme inhibition
56
what is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxicosis?
alteration and delaying mineralization of teeth and bones --> black/brown discoloration of defective enamel due to oxidation of organic material in teeth, may see osteoporosis
57
what is the best specimen for fluoride toxicosis?
BONE
58
where do bone lesions begin for fluoride toxicosis?
PROXIMOMEDIAL 1/3 OF METATARSAL

Toxicology (4 decks)

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