FINAL

Question 1

“Cherry red cyanosis”

Answer 1

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 2

Oxidizing agents - Nitrogen oxide poisoning

Answer 2

“Chocolate cyanosis”

Question 3

Carbon monoxide competes with O2 in heme binding site to form

Answer 3

Carboxy-hemoglobin

Question 4

Nitrogen oxides oxidize Heme Fe2+ to Heme Fe3+, AKA

Answer 4

Methemoglobin

Question 5

Strong acids interacting with flesh results in

Answer 5

Precipitative necrosis (coagulative necrosis)

Question 6

Strong bases interacting with flesh results in

Answer 6

Dissolution necrosis (liquefactive necrosis)

Question 7

Salicylates inhibit

Answer 7

COX enzymes;

causes decreased Prostaglandin synthesis

Question 8

Salicylate toxicity can cause acid-base imbalance by

Answer 8

stimulating medullary respiratory nuclei -> hyperventilation -> Respiratory Alkalosis and
Metabolic Acidosis

Question 9

Hydrocortisone

Answer 9

Steroidal Anti-inflammatory meds

Question 10

SAIDs inhibit

Answer 10

Phospholipase A2 enzyme -> prevent formation of arachidonic acid -> decrease Prostaglandin synthesis

Question 11

Adverse effects of SAIDs

Answer 11

Hyperglycemia
Cushing’s disease (thin extremities, trunk obesity, moon face, buffalo hump)
Immunosuppression
Increase protein catabolism (for GNG)- muscle wasting and poor wound healing
Decreased ACTH secretion

Question 12

Narcotic analgesics cause

Answer 12

CNS depression;
Medullary depression -> CV and resp nuclei depression;
Cheyne-Stokes breathing;
overactive Vagus -> spastic GI tract - vomiting and constipation, sinus bradycardia, stim E-W nucleus - pupillary constriction (miosis)

Question 13

Narcotic analgesics include

Answer 13

morphine, codeine, oxycontin

Question 14

Non-narcotic analgesics include

Answer 14

acetaminophen/Tylenol

Question 15

Non-narcotic analgesics cause

Answer 15

Inhibition of PG synthesis in brain

Question 16

Chronic overdose of NNAs can cause

Answer 16

kidney failure

Question 17

Acute overdose of NNAs can cause

Answer 17

Centrilobar hepatic necrosis

Question 18

MAO inhibitors include

Answer 18

Tranylcypromine

Question 19

MAO inhibitors cause

Answer 19

Increased activity at aminergic synapses- NE, serotonin;

used as an anti-depressant

Question 20

Tricyclic antidepressants include

Answer 20

Imipramine

Question 21

Tricyclic antidepressants cause

Answer 21

Prolonged QT interval on ECG;
Block muscarinic ACh receptors on smooth m.s, exocrine glands, and SA node -> intestinal stasis, pupillary dilation, decreased secretions- dry mucous membranes

Question 22

SSRIs include

Answer 22

Prozac and Zoloft

Question 23

(Di-)Ethylene glycol is the main component of

Answer 23

antifreeze

Question 24

Ethylene glycol causes

Answer 24

CNS depression; hypocalcemia - tetany, decreased myocardial contractility and peristalsis

Question 25

Ethylene glycol forms

Answer 25

Oxalic acid in the liver and | Calcium Oxalate stones in soft tissue**

Question 26

The preferred substrate for Alcohol Dehydrogenase is

Answer 26

Ethyl alcohol

Question 27

Hypocalcemia from ethylene glycol poisoning causes tetany by acting on the

Answer 27

Axon Hillock

Question 28

Methanol consumption will result in

Answer 28

Metabolic acidosis and an | Increase in Anion Gap acidosis

Question 29

Metabolism of ALL lower alcohols (few carbons) can result in

Answer 29

ATP synthesis

Question 30

Alcohol is oxidized by the enzyme

Answer 30

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Question 31

alchohol dehydrogenase removes a H+ via the coenzyme

Answer 31

NAD+

Question 32

Alcohol is oxidized to form an

Answer 32

aldehyde

Question 33

Aldehyde is oxidized to form

Answer 33

a weak acid (proton donor)

Question 34

The weak acid resulting from alcohol metabolism

Answer 34

ionizes to form an Anion and H+

Question 35

Chronic alcoholism can cause

Answer 35

Fatty liver, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and esophageal varices

Question 36

Acute overdose of alcohol can cause

Answer 36

CNS depression, Hypoglycemia, and Metabolic acidosis

Question 37

Subacute overdose of alcohol can cause

Answer 37

``` Decreased LES (cardiac sphincter) tone -> heartburn -> GERD; Increased HCl secretions -> gastritis ```

Question 38

The most common type of metabolic acidosis

Answer 38

Lactate acidosis (forms acetic acid and acetate)

Question 39

Management of alcohol overdose

Answer 39

D5W infusion (5% dextrose/water) and Thiamine (vitamin B1)

Question 40

Alcohol Aversion Therapy (Disulfiran)

Answer 40

Increases blood concentration of Acetaldehyde (by inhibiting Aldehyde dehydrogenase)

Question 41

Formate anion is the product of methanol metabolism, which causes

Answer 41

Destruction of ganglion cells at the retina, leading to blindness

Question 42

Methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning are treated by

Answer 42

Titrated doses of Ethyl alcohol/Ethanol, the preferred substrate for Alcohol DH - gives the kidneys time to filter out MetOH/EG