Final Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
what cortical layer is dominated mostly by axons?
A
layer I
2
Q
what cortical layer is mostly dominated by stellate cells
A
layer II and layer IV
3
Q
excitatory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter
A
glutamate
4
Q
inhibitory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter
A
GABA
5
Q
most area of the cortex respond in obvious way to simple sensory stimulation
A
false
6
Q
what cortical association area is associated with executive function of behavior
A
prefrontal association area
7
Q
what cortical association area is associated with processes elaboration of thought
A
prefrontal association area
8
Q
which cortical association area is associated with naming, recognition, language and spatial information
A
parieto-occipito-temporal association area
9
Q
cortical neurons in association areas can change their function as functional demands change
A
true
10
Q
neurons that fire together, wire together
A
true
11
Q
what cells in the cortex function as an error detector, firing when expectation is not met
A
orbital frontal cortex (related to OCD when hyperactive)
12
Q
most left handed individuals have right cortical dominance
A
false
13
Q
most left handed people have left cortical dominance
A
true
14
Q
most right handed people have right cortical dominance
A
false
15
Q
most right handed people have left cortical dominance
A
true
16
Q
which is more duel dominant left handed people or right handed people
A
left handed people
17
Q
lesions in the association areas of the cortex typically have pronounced and predictable qualities
A
false
18
Q
lesions in the association areas of the cortex typically have subtle and unpredictable qualities
A
true
19
Q
which association area is associated with visual recognition of familiar faces
A
parieto-occipitotemporal
20
Q
what condition occurs when the parieto-occipitotemporal association area is damaged
A
prosopagnosia
21
Q
normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres
A
corpus collosum
22
Q
what allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other hemisphere
A
corpus collosum
23
Q
normally what allows the bulk of information to transfer between anterior portions of the temporal lobe
A
anterior commisure
24
Q
what is the dominant function of the right cortex
A
non verbal visual experiences
25
what is the major function of the hippocampus
reflective memory
26
what is the major function of the cerebellum
reflexive memory
27
what memory function is associated with the prefrontal cortex
working memory
28
long term potentiation is important in what hippocampal function
storage of memory (consolidation of memory)
29
what peptide can block the formation of long term memories
Zeta inhibitory peptide
30
what is the major effect of the reticular formation of the pons on the cerebral cortex
diffuse stimulation
31
if there is a lesion above the level of the fifth cranial nerve what is the result
coma
32
posterior hypothalamic neurons containing what substance are associated with wakefulness
histamine
33
what area exerts control over both SNS and PSNS as well as the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
34
what function is associated with the ventromedial nucleus
satiety
35
the greatest amount of stage IV occurs during the first half of the night
true
36
slow wave sleep is interrupted by increasing periods of REM
true
37
in REM sleep most skeletal muscles are in a paralysis state
true
38
a person usually awakens spontaneously from slow wave sleep
false
39
a person usually awakens spontaneously from REM sleep
true
40
REM-ON cells are synonymous with noradrenergic neurons of thee locus ceruleus
false
41
REM-OFF cells are associated with....
locus ceruleus
42
what product synthesized by the pineal gland enhances sleep
melatonin
43
during REM sleep what does the EEG look like
highly desynchronized
44
insulin resistance may b a consequence of sleep deprivation
true
45
macrophages have adrenergic receptors that can bind norepinephrine from SNS
true
46
increased sympathetic nervous system activity typically stimulates the production of antibodies
false
47
increased sympathetic nervous system activity typically inhibits the production of antibodies
true
48
what interleukin will induce fever
IL-1, IL-6 and TNF
49
what can inhibit the release of tumor necrosis factor from splenic macrophages
vagal stimulation
50
if the vagus nerve is severed what is the result
no fever
51
spinal cord injury patients have increased NK cell formation
false
52
spinal cord injury patients have decreased NK cell function
true
53
what can negate the anti-stress effect of PM melatonin injection on immobilized mice infected with the vaccina virus
naltrexone- opiate receptor blockers
54
once they return to their targets regenerated axons form functional nerve endings
true
55
what are the direct parts of the limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
56
what are hypothalamic functions
regulation of body temperature, motivational drives, thirst and hunger
57
with regard to the pleasure circuit of the rat what area (nucleus) is associated with gabaergic projections to the ventral tegmental area
nucleus accumbens
58
with regard to the pleasure circuit of the rat what projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, striatum, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
dopaminergic projections
59
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is enriched with neuropeptide receptors
true
60
what glia in the CNS form a function syncytium and communicate via calcium waves
astrocytes
61
what glia in the CNS function in the formation of myelin
oligodendrocytes
62
what glia in the PNS function in the formation of myelin in the PNS
schwann cells
63
what glia in the CNS are important in pH regulation
oligodendrocytes
64
what glia in the CNS function as macrophages in the CNS
microglia
65
what acts to supress hunger, increase energy utilization, promotes weight loss, and is produced by adipose cells and can target the hypothalamus
leptin (the exact opposite is ghrelin)
66
What cortical layer is dominated by pyramidal cells?
Layer III and Layer V
67
what cortical association area is associated with behavior, motivation and emotion
limbic association system
68
in the human cerebral cortes the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated
false
69
what nucleus is associated with the release of serotonin, usually inhibitory, induces sleep, pain control and mood
raphe nucleus
70
most incoming sensory signals terminate in which cortical area
layer 4
71
the major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originates from what cell
pyramidal cells
72
cortical neurons that fire when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes what neurons
mirror neurons
73
what pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of the temporal lobes
anterior commissure
74
what is the normal function of cells in the orbital fontal cortex
function as an error detector, fire when expectation not met
75
between a left handed individual and a right handed individual which has more left cortical dominance
right
76
with individuals that have their corpus callosum cut, the left hemisphere tends to match objects based on what
function
77
with individuals that have their corpus callosum cut the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on what
appearance
78
after identification of a face, projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allows us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified
amygdala
79
after phineas gage recovered what was the state of his recovery
made a full physical recover, but personality altered
80
when the a prefrontal lobotomy is performed what can one expect to happen to the patient
loss of ability to solve complex problems, loss of ambition, purposeless motor activity
81
normally what allows the bilk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
82
in most people the right cortex is actually dominant in
non verbal visual experiences (body language)
83
what is the function of the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe
processing emotion
84
the size of a cortical cell body correlates best with
the length of its axon
85
every cubic inch of the cerebral cortex has how many miles of nerve fibers in it
10,000
86
what area is most important in declarative/reflective/episodic memory function
hippocampus
87
which area is important in reflexive learning or memory i.e. physical skills repeated over and over
cerebellum
88
the hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which two pathways
alveolar, perforant
89
what are promotes more flexible associations with memory function i.e. recognizing a business colleague at the grocery store
hippocampus
90
in memory the links between individual neurons which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process
long term potentiation
91
what maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and is thought to be important for consolidation of memory
protein kinase M zeta
92
decrease response ro repetitive benign stimulus
habituation
93
seen following a noxious stimulus- overrides effects of habituation
sensitization
94
important in acquisition of language
imitative learning
95
innervated cells release what substances that promote innervation of those cells
nerve growth factors
96
what area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory and a lesion here will likely result in coma
reticular formation of the pons
97
following his hippocampal removal what memory function was still intact
reflexive memory
98
what neurotransmitters are associated with wakefullness
histamine, acetylcholine, glutamate
99
strong stimulation in the central grey surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius is associated with
unpleasant feeling
100
central tegmental area
dopamine
101
megnocellular nucleus
acetylcholine
102
locus ceruleus
norepinephrine
103
which area exerts control over both the SNS and PSNS as well as the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
104
stimulation in which area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior
central grey around the aqueduct of sylvius
105
what are the two basic emotional states
conservation and arousal
106
which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated are associated with rage , fighting, thirst
lateral hypothalamus
107
satiety and tranquility are associated with stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus/area
ventralmedial nucleus
108
which area of the cortex functions as a gutter which highly processed sensory signals drain into after complex sensory processing
hippocampus
109
bilateral ablation of the amygdala is associated with
loss of fear, excessive sex drive, excessive tendency to observe objects orally, change in dietary habits
110
with regard to a typical nights sleep the greatest amount of stage 4 occurs in the first half of the night
true
111
stimulation of what area is sleep promoting
anterior hypothalamic preoptic region
112
where is the sleep modulating center located
nucleus basalis
113
lesions in which nuclei will initially produce insomnia
raphe nucleus
114
during which sleep stage is the cortical EEG highly desynchronized and similar to being awake
REM
115
what prostaglandin which is highly concentrated in preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep
PGD 2
116
how can sleep deprivation promote fat storage
lack of sleep decreases growth hormone levels, a powerful lipolytic agent
117
a sort of paralysis normally occurs during REM sleep to keep you from physically acting out your dreams which is reflected by
30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons
118
stimulation of what nerve may most likely decrease the incidence of seizure
vagus nerve
119
how could chiropractic intervention most likely decrease incidence of seizures
by decreasing abnormal nerve traffic in the CNS
120
stimulation of GABA receptors have what effect
open chloride channels (Cl-)
121
increased sympathetic nervous system activity has what effect on production of antibodies
inhibits
122
lymphocytes possess receptors for neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine
true
123
what pituitary hormone can counteract the fever producing effects of IL-1
alpha MSH
124
after injury IL-1 stimulated the synthesis of
nerve growth factor
125
spinal cord injury patients have decreased function in
NK cells, T cells, and cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)
126
which pituitary hormones can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis
growth hormone and prolactin
127
beta endorphins stimulate activity of T,B and NK cells
true
128
experimentally if two adjacent digits are sewn together what would occur
a cortical reorganization whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually
129
in mice who where immobilized and given the vaccina virus what treatment prevented high mortality normally seen with these stressors
PM melatonin injection
130
compare the regenerative capacity in the PNS vs. the CNS
PNS>CNS
131
in the adult human where has neurogenesis been shown to occur
hippocampus
132
the cerebral cortex has the capacity to reorganize itself in the face of reduced or enhanced afferent input
true
133
what effect does removal of the pituitary gland have on the bodies ability to mount a local inflammatory response to a chemical applied to the skin
decreases
134
what is a source of GABAergic projections that inhibit the ventral tegmental area
nucleus accumbens
135
what is the major source of dopaminergic projections in the pleasure circuit of the rat
ventral tegmental area
136
in the brain what cells are coupled together via gap junctions and form a functional syncytium that allows for the spread of calcium waves
astrocytes
137
what glia are involved in pH regulation in the brian
oligodendrocytes
138
astrocytes both synthesize and uptake neurotransmitters from the ECF in the brain
true
