Final Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
Factors that influence intense exercise fatigue
A
- acidosis
- INC NH3
- DEC CrP concentration
- electrochemical
- cell phosphorylation potential
- CNS
- INC Pi
- INC ADP concentration
- DEC ATP concentration
2
Q
Describe the open window hypothesis
A
-after long duration exercise, NK cell concentration drops below pre-exercise lvls, presisting for 2-4 hrs post-exercise
3
Q
What enzyme is missing with McArdle’s disease
A
- myophosphorylase deficiency (MD)
- produce minimal or no lactate with exercise
4
Q
Describe the J curve
A
- general model for the relationship between intensity of physical activity and susceptibility to URTI
- moderate exercise reduces risk, whereas exhaustive competition or training puts at INC risk
5
Q
What happens to testosterone after RT workout?
A
RT in men increases the frequency and amplitude of T secretion, creating a favorable hormonal environment for muscular hypertrophy
6
Q
Muscle glycogen lasts?
A
- low intensity lasts for up to 90 mins
- high intensity can last 20 mins
7
Q
Discuss creatine supplementation
A
- 95% of all creatine is stored in skeletal muscle
- contribute to faster ATP turnover to maintain power output during short-term muscular effort
- delays depletion of CrP
- diminish dependence on anaerobic glycolysis and DEC subsequent lactate formation
- facilitate muscle relaxation and recovery from repeated bouts of intense, brief effort via faster ATP and CrP resynthesis
- improve performance in muscular strength and power activites
8
Q
Discuss caffeine supplementation
A
- a stimulant that improves performance
- spares the body’s limited CHO reserves
- acts directly on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues
- acts indirectly by epi which inhibits adenosine receptors on adipocytes
- totally counteracts the erogenic effects of muscle creatine loading
9
Q
Discuss CHO supplementation in regards to sparing muscle glycogen
A
- CHO ingestion during intermittent exercise spares muscle glycogen
- CHO should be ingested immediately after exercise for optimal glycogen synthesis
10
Q
Gluconeogenesis
A
- Liver glycogen can meet the needs for only 10-18 hrs in absence of CHO intake
- glucose can be formed from lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and alpha-ketoacids
- does not occur in muscle
- 90% formed in liver and 10% in kidneys
11
Q
Importance of cholesterol
A
- helps cell membrane stability
- converted to steroids
12
Q
methods to assess max HR
A
- Age-predicted (220-age)
- Karvonen method (208 -.7(age))
13
Q
What is EPO
A
- erythropoietin
- naturally occurring hormone that regulates blood cell production within the marrow of long-bones
- may INC hemoglobin and hematocrit as much as 12%
- improves endurance performance and has been widely used by cyclists
14
Q
What is blood doping
A
potentially increases RBC count and hemoglobin lvls by as much as 8-20%
15
Q
Androstenedione
A
- precursor to testosterone
- more potent than DHEA
- estrogen lvls increase
16
Q
DHEA
A
- has been purported to have many benefits including INC muscle mass and strength
- precursor to testosterone
- an androgen
17
Q
Risks with steroid use
A
- altered lipid profiles
- neoplastic liver disease
- acne
- peliosis hepatitis
- hypertension
- myocardial damage/infarct
- impair thyroid function
- in men: testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, DEC sperm
- in women: facial hair, menstrual irregularities, clitoral enlargement, DEC breast tissue
18
Q
contributing factors to electrochemical fatigue
A
- the efflux of K
- the negativity of lactate
- diminished neuromuscular function
19
Q
Hormone responses in trained vs untrained individuals
A
- endurance trained individuals show less rise in GH lvls at a given exercise intensity
- norepi and epi remain lower in trained individuals
- cortisol lvls tend to increase less in trained individuals
- testosterone lvls in trained individuals is 60-85% of values for sedentary
- no difference with LH and FSH
- hormonal responses remain lower in athletes at the same ABSOLUTE intensity
- similar responses at same relative and maximal exercise
20
Q
Where most CHO are stored
A
in the liver and muscle as glycogen
21
Q
What are the effects of CHO ingestion on blood glucose levels
A
-solid CHO is just as beneficial as liquid CHO in INC blood glucose
22
Q
Metabolism that produces the most APT
A
beta oxidation
-an 18-C fatty acid leads to 441 ATP formed
23
Q
How long can you get energy from CrP system
A
30 sec to 2 min
24
Q
describe oxygen deficit
A
- the energy provided by CrP and glycolysis that supplements mitochondrial respiration
- the quantity of oxygen that would have been consumed had oxygen consumption reached the steady-state
25
describe EPOC
measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended to erase the body's "oxygen deficit"
26
What is the end of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
27
What is the fat breakdown process
lypolysis
| -breakdown of triacylglycerols by lipases to form glycerol and FFA
28
Amino acid breakdown for energy occurs
-transamination in the liver
29
What is the most important part of TCA cycle
you produce Co2, ATP, and NADH/FADH which provide H ions for the ETC
30
What happens to glycerol molecule
circulates to the liver to enter glycolysis
31
What factors contribute most to fatigue
Protons shift balance and H ions
32
Erogonic aids mechanisms of action
- act as a central or peripheral stimulant of the nervous system
- INC the storage and/or availability of a limiting substrate
- act as a supplemental fuel source
- reduce or neutralize performance inhibiting metabolic by-products
- facilitate recovery
- alter the internal environment to optimize muscle dynamics
33
Differences between body mass strength production force output in men and women
- men have more CSA then women so women have DEC strength
- women lift about 60% in men's heaviest weight class
- women's whole body strength is 63.5% of men
34
What contributes to DOMS
- microscopic tears
- osmotic pressure changes causing fluid retention
- muscle spasms
- overstretching connective tissue
- acute inflammation
- alteration in Ca regulation
35
Factors influencing hormone potency
- hormone half-life
- binding proteins
- receptor concentration
- receptor affinity
- 1st pass effect in the liver
- exposure
36
Testosterone in increased with:
- activation of large muscle groups
- heavy RT
- high volume training with less than 1 min rest intervals
37
What happens to the AA after nitrogen removal
- gluconeogenesis
- energy source for citric acid cycle
- fat synthesis for acetyl-CoA
38
What is the respiratory quotient
the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to that of oxygen consumed by an organism, tissue, or cell in a given time
- CHO 1
- FAT 0.70
- PRO 0.81
39
HMB (B-hydroxy-B-methylbutyrate)
- a metabolite generated in the breakdown of the amino acid leucine
- dec PRO loss during stress by inhibiting PRO catabolism
- may help prevent muscle damage
40
ATP concentrations with intense exercise to muscular fatigue
-remain steady or decline minimally
41
Factors that influence fatigue with prolonged exercise
- hypoglycemia from low muscle glycogen
- DEC muscle glycogen
- dehydration
- muscle damage
- electrolyte imbalances
- CNS
- hyperglycemia
42
phosphorylase
breaks down glycogen
43
PFK
rate limiting enzyme
44
lactase dehydrogenase
converts pyruvate into lactate
45
How do we get free amino acids?
- INC protein degradation
| - DEC protein synthesis
