Final Flashcards
Subjective elements of culture
Values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, worldviews
Values
Guiding principles that refer to desirable goals that motivate behavior; personal (individual) versus cultural (societal)
Beliefs
Propositions that are regarded as true
Norms
Generally accepted standards of behavior within a cultural or subcultural group
Attitudes
Evaluations of things, occurring either in ongoing thoughts or in memory
Worldviews
Culturally specific belief systems about the world and assumptions people have about their physical and social realities
Values - theorists
Geert Hofstede, Shalom Schwartz, Atran and Axelrod
Geert Hofstede - values categories
a. Individualism versus collectivism
b. Power distance
c. Uncertainty avoidance
d. Masculinity versus femininity
e. Long- versus short-term orientation
Shalom Schwartz - values categories
a. Embeddedness
b. Hierarchy
c. Mastery
d. Intellectual autonomy
e. Affective autonomy
a. Egalitarianism
b. Harmony
Atran and Axelrod - values categories
Sacred values
Individualism versus collectivism
The degree to which a culture encourages looking after one’s self and immediate family versus looking after members of their ingroup in exchange for loyalty
Power distance
The degree to which a culture encourages less powerful members to accept the unequal distribution of power
Uncertainty avoidance
The degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown and have developed beliefs and rituals to avoid it
Masculinity versus femininity
The degree to which a culture is focused on success, money, and things versus on caring for others and quality of life
Long- versus short-term orientation
The degree to which a culture encourages its members to delay gratification of material, social, and emotional needs and desires
Embeddedness
The degree to which a culture emphasizes maintenance of the status quo, propriety, and restraint of desires to take action to disrupt the group’s solidarity or traditional order
Hierarchy
The degree to which a culture emphasizes the legitimacy of hierarchical allocation of fixed roles and resources such as power, humility, and wealth
Mastery
The degree to which a culture emphasizes getting ahead through active self-assertion or dominance over natural or social environments
Intellectual autonomy
The degree to which a culture emphasizes independent ideas and the right of the individual to pursue personal intellectual directions
Affective autonomy
The degree to which a culture emphasizes people’s independent pursuit of positive experiences
Egalitarianism
The degree to which a culture emphasizes transcending selfish interests in favor of promoting the welfare of others
Harmony
The degree to which a culture emphasizes fitting in with the environment
Sacred values
Nonnegotiable values that incorporate moral beliefs that drive action in ways dissociated from prospects for success; such core values outweigh most others, especially economic ones
Beliefs - components
Social axioms, religions
