Final Flashcards
1
Q
3 States of Matter
A
- Gas
- Liquid
- Solid
2
Q
Physical Property
A
observed without chaining the composition
3
Q
Chemical Property
A
change in composition
4
Q
Physical Change
A
recognizable difference in appearance
5
Q
Chemical Change (Reaction)
A
process of rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms to a new substance
6
Q
Element
A
pure substance that cannot be changed into simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction
7
Q
Fahrenheit
A
1.8 x C + 32
8
Q
Celsius
A
F- 32 / 1.8
9
Q
Kelvin
A
C +273
10
Q
Law of Conservation of Energy
A
- energy cannot be created nor destroyed
- energy may be converted form one form to another
- energy conversion always occurs with less than 100% efficiency
- all chemical reactions involve either a gain or loss of energy
11
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
energy of motion
12
Q
Potential Energy
A
stored energy
13
Q
Subatomic Particles
A
- electron
- nucleus
- proton
14
Q
Atomic Number
Mass Number
A
- the number of protons in the atom
- sum of the number of protons and neutrons
15
Q
Isotopes
A
atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons. the periodic table refers to the averaged mass number of an element
16
Q
Who created the Periodic Table of Elements?
A
Dmitri Mendeleev
17
Q
Covalent
Non polar
Polar
Diatomic
A
- attractive force due to the sharing of electrons
- equal share of electrons
- unequal share of electrons
- completely shared
18
Q
Ionic
A
transfer of one or more electrons form one atom to another
-consists of a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion)
19
Q
Electronegativity
A
measure of the ability to attract an electron in a chemical bond
- nonpolar: 0
- polar: 1.9
20
Q
Naming Ionic Compounds
A
Name the cation and anion, but change the ending of the anion to ‘ide’
21
Q
Naming Covalent Bonds
A
1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca
22
Q
Combination
A
A + B —> AB
23
Q
Decomposition
A
AB –> A + B
24
Q
Single Replacement
A
A + BC –> B + AC
25
Double Replacement
AB + CD --> AD + BC
26
Combustion
contais CO2 and H2O
27
Laws of Conservation of Mass
- matter cannot be either gained or lost in the process of a chemical reaction
- total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactions
28
Law of Thermodynamics
- energy cannot be created nor destroyed inly converted form one form to another
- the universe spontaneously tends toward increasing disorder and randomness
- enemy of the universe is constant
29
Exothermic
the energy required to break the bonds is less than the energy released
30
Endothermic
the energy required to break the bonds i larger than the energy released
31
Equilibrium Constants
wA + xB --> yC + zD
keq= [C]y [D] z
________
[A] w [B]x
32
Arrhenius Acids + Bases
- ionization: donate a proton
| - dissociation: accept a proton
33
Bronzed-Lowry Acid- Base Theory
Acid: donate a proton
Base: accept a proton
Conjugate Acid: species formed when a proton is added to a base
Conjugate Base: species that remains when a proton is removed from an acid
34
Redox Reaction
a chemical reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
35
Nonredox Reaction
a chemical reaction in which there is no transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
36
Oxidation
process where a chemical reaction loses one or more electrons
37
Reduction
process where a reactant in a chemical reaction gains one or more electrons
38
Oxidizing Agent
the reactant that accepts the electrons
39
Reducing Agent
the reactant that provides the electrons
40
Structural Formulas
1. Expanded
2. Condensed
3. Skeletal
4. Line Angle
41
Isomerism
- Positional: position of double bond has changed
| - Skeletal: skeletal structure has changed
42
IPUAC for Alkanes
1. Identify the parent chain
2. Number the carbon atoms starting closest to the substituent
3. Identify alkyl groups
4. name alkyl group and like alkyl groups using greek prefixes
5. name alkyl groups in alphabetical order
43
IUPAC numbering
```
1 meth
2 eth
3 prop
4 but
5 pent
6 hex
7 hept
8 octa
9 nona
10 deca
```
44
IUPAC for Alkenes + Alkynes
1. replace alkane suffice to end or yne
2. select the longest carbon chain
3. start numbering closest to the double bond
4. specify where the double bond is numerically
5. use prefixes diene and triene when there is more than one double bond present
45
Properties of alcohols
- hydroxyl group is polar
| - alkyl group is nonpolar
46
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
1. Combustion: oxygen is a reactant in the equation
2. Dehydration: oxygen is removed from equation
3. Oxidation: addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen; adding oxygen will result in carboxylic acid and removing hydrogen will result in a ketone
4. Halogenation: halide
47
Phenol
benzene with a substituent of OH
48
IUPAC naming of ether
1. select longest carbon chain and use name as the base name
2. change the yl ending of hydrocarbon to oxy to obtain the alkoxy group name
3. place the alkoxy name with a locator number in front of the base chain name
49
Physical Properties of Ether
-ethers are soluble in water and can H bond
50
Physical Properties of Thiol
lack of H bonding
| lower boiling point than alcohol
51
IUPAC Naming for Aldehydes
1. Find longest parent chain that includes carbon atom of the carbonyl group
2. name the parent chain by chaining the ending e to al
3. number the parent chain by assigning the number 1 to the carbonyl carbon atom
4. determine and identify the location of any substituents and place at the front of the naem
52
IPUAC Naming for Ketones
1. Find longest parent chain that includes the carbon atom of the carbonyl group
2. name the parent chain by changing e to one
3. number the carbon chain closest to the carbonyl carbon atom
4. determine and identify the location of any substituents add to front of parent name
53
Reactions of Aldehydes + Ketones
Oxidation: take away a H; aldehydes will be turned into carboxylic acid and ketones will have no reaction
Reduction: aldehydes will produce primary alcohols and ketones will produce secondary alcohols
54
Acetal Hydrolysis
1. pull off one OR and one R group
2. Add H2O
3. make aldehyde or ketone depending on what else is attached to the C
55
IUPAC for Naming Monocarboxylic Acids
1. Parent Chain that includes the carboxyl group
2. name parent chain by changing ending e to oic
3. number the parent chain by assigning the number 1 to the carboxyl carbon atom
4. determine and identify the location of any substituents
56
IUPAC Naming for Dicarboxylic Acids
add ending dioic
57
IUPAC Naming for Aromatic Benzenes
add ending benzoic
58
Esterification Reaction
reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to produce ester
59
IUPAC Naming for Esters
1. identify the acid and alcohol
2. name the alcohol part
3. Name the acid part by dropping the ic ending and changing it to ate
60
Ester Hydrolysis
ester reacts with water to create a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
61
Saponification
ester reacts with water to create carboxylic salt and an alcohol
62
IUPAC Naming for Amine
1. parent chain with N attached
2. change ending e to amine
3. number the parent chain closest to N
4. substituents
63
NH2
amino
64
Aniline
benzene group with an amino attachment
65
IUPAC for Amide
1. oic to amide
| 2. N locator
66
Amidification
results in an amide and H2O
67
Hydrolysis fo Amide
results in a carboxylic acid and an amine
