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1
Q

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death for smokers

A

true

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2
Q

what is the percentage of lung cancer recovery

A

15%

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3
Q

Hereditary tumors make up only a small fraction of all benign and malignant tumors afflicting humans

A

t

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4
Q

Hereditary is responsible for a large percentage of breast carcinomas

A

F- pretty small percentage

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5
Q

There is a blood test for prostate cancer called a prostatic specific antigen test (PSA)

A

T

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6
Q

Tachycardia is a term meaning that a person has in irregular heart rate

A

F. Rapid Heart rate

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7
Q

Congestive heart failure is characterized by pulmonary and systemic edema

A

T

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8
Q

As many as 25% of all patients with myocardial infarcts have very few symptoms and do not consult a physician

A

T

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9
Q

The pulmonary artery is a vessel that provides blood for the heart

A

F. Goes to lungs to puck up 02

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10
Q

Aspirin is widely used in clinical medicine to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke

A

T

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11
Q

Cocaine related flat arrhythmias and myocardial infarcts do not occur in persons with normal coronary arteries

A

F they do

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12
Q

what is some cerebral injury

A

brain is well protected with cranium and cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

what is the cerebrospinal fluid

A

hydrostatic cushion that insulates the brain (protects it)

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14
Q

could a hematoma may compress brain and impair function?

A

T

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15
Q

increased cranial pressure may decrease blood flow to the brain

A

T

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16
Q

what does the Cerebellum do for the brain

A

thinking part, muscle coordination equilibrium

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17
Q

What is it called when a malignant growth of cells that multiplies at an uncontrollable rate

A

cancer

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18
Q

what is it when a tumor that does not spread of invade other tissues, can cause death

A

benign tumor

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19
Q

What is it when it is to spread disease from one part of the body to another in cancer

A

metastasize

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20
Q

what is it called when a tumor has spread and grown in a part body remote from original site

A

secondary tumor

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21
Q

what is skin cancer

A

malignant melanoma and carcinoma

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22
Q

what are the cancer types?

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. lymphoma
  3. sarcoma
  4. Carcinoma
  5. Melanoma (skin cancer)
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23
Q

what is the prognosis of melanoma

A

thickness of melanoma

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24
Q

What is leukemia

A

cancer of blood forming organs

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25
what is lymphoma
cancer of infection fighting organs/ lymphatic
26
what is sarcoma
cancer of bone, muscle or connective tissue
27
what is carcinoma
cancer of epithelial cells, lungs, liver carcinoma is the most
28
What are risk factors of cancer
One third of cancers are related to poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity. Another third are related to tobacco, which means they could have been prevented.
29
what is the 5 year survival rate for lung cancer
15%
30
what is the five year survival rate for breast cancer
90%
31
what is the fiver year survival rate for prostate cancer
95%
32
overall what is the fiver year survival rate in cancer
68
33
what are warning signs of cancer
C- change in bowel or bladder habits A- sore that does not heal U- nusual bleeding or discharge T- hickening of lump in breasts or elsewhere I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O- obvious change in a wart or mole N- agging cough or hoarseness
34
What is the incidence and death rate of lung cancer
LEADING TYPE OF CANCER AND DEATH - 156,940 deaths - 27% of all cancer deaths
35
what is the death rate of colon and rectal cancer
49,380 deaths | largely a disease of older age
36
what is the death rate of breast cancer
39,520 deaths -majority of deaths in women over 65 -
37
what is the death rate in prostate cancer
240,890 cases, 33,720 deaths
38
how does the blood circulate through the right side of the heart
``` Superior Vena Cava (Head) inferior Vena Cava (Body) Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venues Vein Pulmonary Vein ```
39
right side of the heart goes to the
LUNGS
40
how does the blood circulate through the left side of the heart
``` Left Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve Left Ventricle Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venues Veins Back to vena Cava's ```
41
left side of the heart goes to the
body
42
what are the two large coronary arteries and where do they go
Right- Lung | Left- Body
43
how do impulses travel down internal tracts to atrioventricular node
electrical impulse
44
what is the SA node
pacemaker of heart, so heart beats in unison
45
What are risk factors for heart disease
1. Hypertension 2. Elevated Blood Cholesterol 3. Elevated low density Lipoprotein 4. Smoking 5. Obesity (Overweight) 6. Diabetes
46
What are the two types of blood pressure
systolic | diastolic
47
what is diastolic pressure
lowest pressure when the ventricles are relaxed
48
what is systolic pressure
highest pressure reached during ventricular contraction
49
what are signs and symptoms of heart attack
``` Angina Pectoris: Chest pain - tightness Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing Cyanosis: Blue skin coloration Diaphoretic: Perspiration - sweating Tachycardia: Rapid Heart Rate (Over 100) Bradycardia: Slow Heart Rate (Below 60) Arrhythmia: Irregular Heart Rate ```
50
What is the destruction of heart tissue from lack of oxygen
myocardial infarction
51
what is the blockage of coronary arteries- results in M.I.
coronary artery disease
52
what is it when there is thickening and hardening of arteries
Arteriosclerosis
53
what is it when there is plaque deposited in arteries
Atherosclerosis
54
What is coronary heart disease
heart attack
55
what is myocarditis
inflammation of heart due to bacterial or viral infection. Tissue destruction
56
what is rheumatic heart disease
damage to heart valves following streptococcus infection- persons own antibodies attack heart valves
57
what is congestive heart disease
Failure of heart to work as an effective pump. Hypertrophy of Atrium and/or Ventricles. Results in pulmonary and systemic edema
58
what is congenital heart disease
heart defect present at birth
59
what are the two types of congenital heart disease
Cyanotic | acyanotic
60
What is acyanotic heart defect
no problems evident at birth
61
what is cyanotic heart defect
infant for with cyanosis
62
what is the most severe congenital problem
tetralogy of fallot
63
Anencephaly is when there is
non brain
64
what are some side effects from anencephaly
cephalic end of neural tube fails to close - abnormal cranial cavity - neck absent - increased incidence in females incompatible with postnatal life
65
spina bifida is
a split spine
66
what are the side effects of spina bifida
malformation of caudal end of neural tube - multifactorial pattern of inheritance - deficiency of folic acid - failure of fusion of vertebral arches
67
What is Hydrocephalus
obstruction of normal circulation of spinal fluid - buildup of fluid causes compression - atrophy of brain
68
what is Myelitis
infection of spinal cord
69
what is meningitis
infection of meninges surrounding brain/spinal cord
70
what is encephalitis
infection of brain
71
what is polio
loss of nerve innervation with destruction of lower motor neurons (virus)
72
what is Alzheimer's disease
Atrophy of Cerebral Cortex with loss of neurons Neurofibrillary tangles & senile plaques - Affects Acetylcholine neuron Chronic, progressive disease
73
what is Guillain Barr'e syndrome
(Idiopathic Polyneuritis) Inflammatory changes and widespread demyelination Onset usually occurs a few weeks after a mild respiratory infection Autoimmune reaction - Immune system attacks myelin Muscular weakness in legs & spreads to trunk & upper extremities Patient maintains awareness and intellectual functioning Intercostal muscles impaired Respiratory distress & difficulty swallowing
74
what is multiple sclerosis
degeneration of meylin sheath of nerves in brain and spinal cord
75
the pulmonary vein has what kind of oxygen
high
76
the pulmonary artery has what kind of oxygen
low
77
what is neurosis
Mental disorder characterized by ANXIETY symptoms related to unresolved conflicts.
78
what is the treatment of neurosis
psychotherapy- minor tranquilizers
79
what is psychosis
Major mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing. Loss of touch with reality.
80
what is the treatment for psychosis
major tranquilizers
81
what is the disease that air in pleural space, leaky lung/chest puncture wound
pneumothorax
82
what is the disease that has blood in pleural cavity
hemathorax
83
what disease is an inflammation of lungs
pneumonia
84
what disease has collapse of part of a lung
atelectasis
85
what is this disease Painful breathing pleura roughened form inflammation
Pleuritis
86
What is this disease: Special type of Pneumonia: Tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Capsules composed of wax & fat - Resistant to destruction Monocytes accumulate, fuse & form large multinucleated Giant Cells Also accumulation of lymphocytes & plasma cells
TB
87
What is this disease: Spasmodic contraction of smooth muscle in walls of small bronchi & bronchioles - Increased secretions by the bronchial mucous glands
Asthma
88
What is this disease: Air sacs distal to terminal bronchioles are enlarged & walls of air sacs are destroyed Large cystic spaces - Air stays in alveoli - loss of elasticity Surface area in contact with capillary system is significantly decreased Important cause of disability and death - Rapid increase in incidence Usually begins in upper lungs but may eventually involve all lobes
emphysema
89
what is this disease: Occurs from exposure to injurious substances Fibrous thickening of alveolar septa Lungs rigid - Restricts normal air exchange Pneumoconiosis: Pulmonary damage caused by dust of other material Silicosis (Rock Dust), Asbestosis (Asbestos Fibers), Coal dust
pulmonary fibrosis
90
what is this disease Fastidious gram negative bacterium - Legionella pneumophila Transmitted in air, not from person to person - Cooling towers (mist) -
legionnaires disease
91
T or F antidepressant drugs are not addictive
F They are
92
sign and symptoms of stroke
Hemiplegia, Hemiparesis, Unconsciousness or semiconscious, Rehabilitation goals, Transient Ischemis Attack (TIA), Paralysus, Congenital Cerebral Aneurysm, hard time swallowing, personality change,
93
What is Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side of the body
94
What is Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body
95
What are rehabilitation goals for stroke
1. Regain walking ability 2. Relearn self care activities 3. Prevent stiffness & limitation of motion 4. Emotional adjustments to disability 5. Speech therapy
96
What is TIA
Transient Ichemic Attack | Brief episodes of neurological dysfunction
97
What is Paralysis
aphasia (loss of speech)
98
What is congenital aneurysm
Sac-like outpouching of vessel - Weakness of vessel is congenital - Aneurysm typically develops in young adulthood or middle age - Rupture produces fatal hemorrhage Signs & Symptoms: Headache (Increased intracranial pressure) and stiff neck (Blood irritates the meninges)
99
what happens when someones goes unconscious or semiconscious
Difficulty breathing or swallowing-Loss of bladder and/or bowel control (incontinence) - Unequal pupil size - Inability to communicate (slurred speech) - Nausea - Vomiting - Drooling - Headache - Confusion - Dizziness - Tinnuitus - Memory changes - Extreme weakness - Personality changes
100
What are the three major causes of strokes
Cerebral Thrombosis Cerebral Embolism Cerebral Hemorrhage
101
What is cerebral Thrombosis
Atherosclerosis - Narrowing of cerebral vessels - Infarction & necrosis of brain tissue - Phagocytes clean up the debris - cystic cavity - Encephalomalacia (Brain softening)
102
What is Cerebral Embolism
Wandering clot usually from atherosclerosis of internal carotid - Piece may break off Dx: Cerebral angiogram Tx: Carotid endarterectomy
103
What is cerebral Hemorrhage
Ruptured vessel - Very serious and if vessel is large it is most often fatal - Pressure on brain tissue Dx: Computerized Tomography (CT) scan - Cerebral hemorrhage is more dense on visualization than a cerebral infarction
104
What are the types of strokes
TIA | Hemorrhage
105
What is meningoencephalitis
infection of the brain and meninges
106
T o F farther from the equator you are more likely to get MS
t
107
T or F closer to the equator you will less MS more
T
108
What is the WART system
with alcohol repeated trouble
109
What are the trouble tends to be in one of six areas:
1) Family/Significant other problems 2) Job/School problems 3) Financial problems 4) Legal problems 5) Emotional problems 6) Health problems
110
What are the three A's people with drug problems need
1) Admit they have a problem (Addiction) 2) Abstain from drug/alcohol 3) Accept help
111
what are some factors of alcoholism
1) Genetics 2) Environmental 3) Social + Alcohol = Alcoholism ------- Multiple Problems 4) Personality 5) Individual problems
112
What disease has: muscle laking tone- limp- loss of nerve innervation with destruction of lower motor neurons (polio)- loss of reflex arc - atrophy of muscle
flaccid paralysis
113
What does norepinephrine do
important in stimulation of reward and pleasure. Cocaine and stimulant increase amounts in the brain. individuals with depression have decreased amounts
114
what does dopamine do
important in motor movement and emotional life (mode.) high levels results in paranoia. Decreased amounts in individuals with parkinson's disease. PLEASURE.
115
What does serotonin do
important in mood control, sensory perception and sleep patters. Individuals who attempt or comment suicide have low levels
116
what does acetylcholine do
fast acting chemical that controls muscles, thinking and memory. ALZHEIMER
117
what does GABA do
major inhibitory neurotransmitters allows for fine motor movement. decreased amounts in individuals with hunting tons chorea. unintensoria- autosomal dominant
118
what does endorphins do
morphine type neurotransmitters. control of PAIN threshold. higher level in individuals who exercise.
119
what are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid
lubricates, protects, removes waste and brings nutrients to the brain.
120
T or F A person buried in sand to the neck with suffocate
T
121
What does inhalation do
Bellows actions of thoracic cage- diaphragm depends- intercostal muscles expand chest
122
What does Exhalation do
Intercostals relax -diaphragm rises- volume of thoracic cage reduces
123
What are terminal bronchioles
smallest bronchioles with blind ends and function only
124
what are respiratory bronchioles
have alveoli in their walls that transport O2 and participate in gas exchange
125
What are alveolar ducts
branches from respiratory bronchioles
126
what are pulmonary alveoli
air sacs forms from alveolar duct
127
What are the percentages of air we breath and exhale
Normal air 20% oxygen and 79% nitrogen inhaled air is 16% oxygen
128
What is pneymothorax
air in pleural space, leaky lung/chest puncture wound
129
what is hemathorax
blood in pleural cavity
130
what is pneumohemathorax
blood and air in pleural cavity
131
what requires oxygen and that waste products be removed
cell metabolism
132
what circulates blood with nutrients, waste and gases
circulatory system
133
what delivers O2 and removal of Co2
respiratory system
134
Respiration have two functions...what are they
1. Ventilation- movement of air in and out | 2. gas exchange between alveolar air in pulmonary capillaries
135
What is involved with Alveolus
1. Small air space -thin wall 2. network of capillaries 3. relatively small volume of air 4. two types of cells a. Flat squamous cells -air exchange b. large secretory cells- produce lipid material- surfactant
136
What is involved with Acinus -Function unit of lung
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. alveolar ducts 3. Alveoli
137
what are the partial blood gases
PO2 and Pco2
138
Lung disease is characterized by
decreased PO2 and increased PCO2
139
Tuberculosis is very well controlled throughout the world T or F
False
140
T or F There is no discussion of chronic fatigue syndrome in our textbook
T
141
What does surfacant do
keep air sacs open and not collapse. It produces lipid material. helps with infants
142
what is vital capacity
Maximum volume of air expelled after a deep inhalation
143
T or F Vital Capacity is a term for the normal amount of air moved in and out of lungs with normal breathing
F maximum volume of air expelled after deep inhalation
144
COPD | Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease
is emphysema and chronic bronchitis
145
what does dyspnea mean
difficulty breathing
146
what is cyanosis
skin discoloration
147
Asthma is
pollen, cold air, triggers, hard time getting air in
148
what is residual volume
Air that cannot be expelled from the lungs
149
what is FEV
Maximum volume of air that can be expelled in 1 second | Narrowed bronchioles cause a reduced FEV
150
if you smoke you will die from
cancer, heart disease
151
the cancer causing agent in cigarettes is
tar
152
the vessel that carries blood away from heart
aorta
153
pulmonary vein
towards heart
154
pulmonary artery
from heart
155
two major risks for heart disease
hypertension, cholesterol
156
SA is the
pace maker of the heart
157
angina pectoris
chest pain
158
diaphoretic
perspiration- sweating
159
tachycardia
rapid heart rate
160
bradycardia
slow heart rate
161
arrhythmia
irregular heart rate
162
if you have swelling in legs
CHF (congestive heart failure) | - back up blood in body due to heart not pumping right.
163
collateral circulation does what
helps with blockage of vessels, re routes blood
164
myocarditis
inflammation of heart
165
who is at higher risk of MS
women 20-40 years old
166
adult spina bifida has no treatment
T
167
what is Gyukkaub are disease
doesn't affect person mentally
168
total lung volume is
residual plus vital capacity
169
emphysema is when
you can't get air out
170
79% of the air we breathe is oxygen
F Nitrogen
171
functional unit of lung
acinus
172
what kind of energy controls the nervous system
electrical, chemical

human diseases (3 decks)

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