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A&P II > Final 50 > Flashcards

Final 50 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins called?

A

Venous Return

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2
Q

What causes venous return to occur?

A

Due to the pressure generated by left ventricle contraction

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3
Q

True/False:

Pressure difference from arteries(16mmHg) to right ventricle (-0.1 mmHg) is sufficient to get blood back to right heart.

A

False
(Pressure difference from venules (16mmHg) to right ventricle (-0.1 mmHg) is sufficient to get blood back to right heart)

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4
Q

If pressure in right atria or ventricle increases, venous return will?

A

Decrease

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5
Q

What two other mechanisms help return blood to right side of heart? (Other than venous return)

A

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

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6
Q

What form of pressure do the skeletal and respiratory pump vercome?

A

the skeletal and respiratory pump help overcome external pressure
(Standing after being seated for a long period of time, gravitational pressure may over come the 16mmHg that the venous system is generating to return blood to the heart)

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7
Q

While standing at rest, venous valves (both distal and proximal) allow what?

A

Valves open allowing blood to flow towards the heart

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8
Q

What action causes veins to become compressed pushing blood through the proximal valve (called milking) and at the same time closing the distal valve?

A

Contraction of muscles (i.e. standing on tiptoes)

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9
Q

At what point will the proximal valve close and distal valve open?

A

During relaxation

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10
Q

True /False: diaphragm moves downward causing an increase in pressure in thoracic cavity, but a decrease in abdominal cavity pressure.

A

Diaphragm moves downward causing a DECREASE in pressure in thoracic cavity, but an INCREASE in abdominal cavity pressure.

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11
Q

What results in compressed abdominal veins pushing greater volume of blood through thoracic cavity towards the heart?

A

Inhalation

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12
Q

When diaphragm moves upward during exhalation it causes a _____ in thoracic cavity pressure but a _______ in the abdominal cavity pressure.

A

Increase;decrease

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13
Q

Results in the valves closing to prevent backflow from thoracic veins into abdomen.

A

Exhalation

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14
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Pressure created by the contraction of the heart ventricles creating hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel

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15
Q

Blood pressure is determined by?

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, vascular resistance

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16
Q

Highest BP in arteries during systole?

A

Systolic

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17
Q

Lowest BP in arteries during diastole?

A

Diastolic

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18
Q

BP progressively drops as the _____ increases from the left ventricle (in a closed loop)

A

Distance

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19
Q

BP drops to what by the time blood reaches capillary level?

A

35mmHg

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20
Q

BP drops to what at the venous end of the capillary?

A

16mmHg

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21
Q

BP is estimated at _____ by the time it reaches the right ventricle?

A

-0.1 (just enough pressure to return to the heart)

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22
Q

Several interconnected negative feedback systems control BP by making adjustments in…

A

Heart rate, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume

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23
Q

Cardiovascular center (located in the medulla oblongata) HELPS regulate…

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

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24
Q

True/False: Cardiovascular center controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that help regulate blood pressure.

A

True

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25
CV center regulates?
Heart rate, contractility and blood vessel diameter
26
Neurons that stimulate the heart?
Cardio stimulatory center
27
Neurons that inhibit the heart?
Cardio inhibitory center
28
What provides input to the CV center?
Higher brain region such as cerebral cortex, lymbic system, hypothalamus
29
Sensory receptors such as _____ send input to the CV center.
Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
30
Output from CV center include
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
31
What causes the vascular tone?
Continual sympathetic impulses sent to arteries and arterioles
32
True/False: a reduction in the rate of sympathetic impulses reduces vascular tone.
True
33
The nervous system regulates blood pressure via negative feedback loops that occur as what two types of reflexes?
Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
34
What is the function of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?
Sense blood pressure and chemical composition of blood for feedback to the circulatory and endocrine system.
35
True/False: Chemoreceptors are pressure-sensitive sensory receptors.
False | Baroreceptors are pressure-sensitive sensory receptors
36
Where are Baroreceptors located?
Aorta, internal carotid arteries, and other large arteries in neck ant chest.
37
Baroreceptors send impulses to ______ to help regulate blood pressure.
CV center
38
Two most important Baroreceptors reflexes
Carotid sinus reflux and aortic
39
What helps regulate blood pressure in the brain
Carotid sinus reflex
40
Carotid sinus reflex have nerve impulses that propagate from sinus baroreceptors over sensory axons in the ______ then into the CV center.
Glossopharyngeal nerves | CN IX
41
What regulates systemic blood pressure.
Aortic reflex
42
Aortic reflex have nerve impulses from baroreceptors that reach theCV center ______.
Sensory axons of the fatal nerves (CN X)
43
True/False: When their is a drop in blood pressure, baroreceptors are stretched less
True
44
Drop in blood pressure causes ____ to be sent at a ___ rate.
Nerve impulses; slower
45
Chemoreceptors are located very close to
Baroreceptors. | Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
46
What stimulates chemoreceptors?
Hypoxia (reduced plasma O2), acidosis (increase in H+ concentration), hypercapnia (increase in CO2 in plasma)
47
Cv center increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles and veins causing ___
Vasoconstriction
48
Vasoconstriction (increases/decreases) blood pressure
Increase
49
Hormones slowly help regulate blood pressure by
Altering cardiac output, changing systemic vascular resistance, adjusting total blood volume
50
What slowly helps regulate blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA), Epinephrine/norepinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Atrial natriuretic peptide/hormone (ADP/ANH), Erythropoietin
51
True/False: RAA system is activated when blood volume/flow decreases to kidneys. It increases BP by increasing water retention.
True
52
Epinephrine/norepinephrine increase cardiac output by ___.
Increasing rate and force of contraction
53
What causes vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin and abdominal organs and vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac skeletal muscle
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
54
When is ADH released from hypothalamus?
In response to dehydration or decreased blood volume
55
What causes vasoconstriction and also promotes water retention in kidneys?
ADH
56
ANP/ANH lowers BP by causing _____
Vasodilation
57
What promotes loss of salt and water in urine (reduces BP)
ANP/AHN
58
When is EPO released by kidneys
When blood flow/oxygen is decreased
59
What vasoconstrictor stimulates the production of erythrocytes in bone marrow?
EPO
60
What is the ability of tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match metabolic demands?
Auto regulation
61
True/False: Autoregulation also controls regional blood flow in the brain
True
62
What two stimuli cause autoregulatory changes in blood flow?
Physical and vasodilation/vasoconstricting chemicals
63
True/False: Systemic vessels dilate to allow for less oxygenated blood flow during circulation in response to low O2.
False. | Systemic vessels dilate to allow for more oxygenated blood flow.
64
True/False: Pulmonary microvasculature constricts to push blood to areas that are more effectively/highly ventilated by “fresh air” to increase O2 rapidly.
True
65
What is the alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole of the left ventricle creates this traveling pressure wave?
Pulse
66
What is the pressure in arteries generated by left ventricle during systole and pressure remaining during diastole
Blood pressure
67
What are the sounds heard when measuring blood pressure?
Korotkoff sounds
68
What is roughly 1/3 of the way between diastolic and systolic pressure?
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
69
MAP Formula
MAP=diastolic BP+(Systolic-diastolic BP/3)
70
Normal MAP
70-110
71
Selective vasodilation occurs in?
Skeletal muscles, heart, lungs, liver, and skin
72
Selective vasoconstriction occurs in?
Kidneys, digestive system, and reproductive system
73
When there’s a drop in blood pressure, baroreceptors are
Stretched less
74
When there is an increase in blood pressure, baroreceptors are
Stretched more.

A&P II (1 decks)

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