Final

Question 1

Major characteristics of Phylum: Chordata

Answer 1

pharyngeal slits (openings for filtering water), hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord (cartilaginous rod on dorsal side of gut, and postanal tail.

Question 2

Urochordata (tunicates)

Answer 2

larva = bilateral symmetry, sessile as adults with gill slits. Adults also have outer tunic and excurrent siphon that squirts out water when it feels in danger.

Question 3

Cephalochordata (lancets)

Answer 3

notochord runs from head to tail, body resembles a two edged sword. Filter feeders in shallow coastal waters.

Question 4

Vertebrata

Answer 4

vertebral column instead of notochord, very distinct head, 7 classes of vertebrates.

Question 5

Vertebrata: Agnatha

Answer 5

jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish) and earliest of vertebrates.

Question 6

Vertebrata: Chondrichythes

Answer 6

cartilaginous fishes, development of jaw with 2 subclasses. Includeds sharks, rays, and skates.

Question 7

Vertebrata: Osteichthyes

Answer 7

boney fish (most diverse group of all) w/ boney endoskeleton, modified gills, and internal air bladders for buoyancy and balance.

Question 8

Vertebrata: Amphibia

Answer 8

Frogs, toads, and salamanders. 1st land vertebrates (actually just fish with short fleshy fins) mostly terrestrial but lay eggs in water. Eggs becomes tadpoles which go through a metamorphosis to become adults. 1st animals with LEGS AND LUNGS.

Question 9

Vertebrata: Reptilia

Answer 9

turtles, snakes, and lizards. independent of water, go through internal fertilization. Lay eggs with a yolk.

Question 10

Vertebrata: Aves

Answer 10

birds. only animals with feathers, vision is highly developed. Homeothermic and have high body temp, light weight skeleton and efficient muscles.

Question 11

Vertebrata: Mammila

Answer 11

covered with body fat and hair for warmth. young are nourished by mothers milk.

Question 12

ammocoete

Answer 12

larva of lamprey

Question 13

endoskeleton

Answer 13

internal strucutre

Question 14

lateral line

Answer 14

runs along each side of the body with sensory cells to detect vibrations.

Question 15

tadpole

Answer 15

larva stage of amphibians (born in water and then go through a metamorphosis to become an adult.)

Question 16

buccal funnel

Answer 16

mouth for agnatha with horned teeth and a rasping tongue.

Question 17

amnion

Answer 17

encases developing embryo with a fluid filed cavity

Question 18

chorion

Answer 18

outermost membrane of the egg, allows for oxygen to diffuse in.

Question 19

yolk sac

Answer 19

provides food from yolk for the embryo via blood vessels.

Question 20

allantois

Answer 20

surrounds a cavity into which waste products are excreted.

Question 21

Epithelial tissues

Answer 21

protection (protect underlying tissue from dehydration) selectively permeable membrane (helps filter what comes in and goes out) sensory surfaces, and secrete fluids.

Question 22

squamous

Answer 22

flat cells, look like a fried egg. located in the alveoli of the lungs, filtration system of the kidneys, and sites where lots of mvmnt is, for protection.

Question 23

cuboidal

Answer 23

looks like cubes, nuclei are lined up. Found in tracts, and ducts and help secret fluids.

Question 24

columnar

Answer 24

tall and narrow also lining the tracts and ducts and secrete fluids.

Question 25

simple

Answer 25

only one layer of cells.

Question 26

stratified

Answer 26

multiple layers of cells, stacked ontop of each other. Typically with squamous on outside, then cuboidal, and the basement membrane of columnar. SKIN

Question 27

glandular

Answer 27

found in glands, not same protective functions as the rest.

Question 28

Connective tissues

Answer 28

mostly support, also defend the body and store food. They are not tightly packed and normally suspended in extra cellular fluid. 2 major classes: proper and special.

Question 29

C.T. Proper

Answer 29

loose and dense connective tissue

Question 30

C.T. Special

Answer 30

blood, cartilage, and bones

Question 31

fibroblasts

Answer 31

widely dispersed, irregular branching cells that secrete extra cellular fluid and sting fibrous proteins.

Question 32

collagen

Answer 32

most commonly secreted protein by fibroblasts. (25%)`

Question 33

loose C.T.

Answer 33

cells scattered w/in amorphous mass of proteins to form ground substance

Question 34

dense C.T.

Answer 34

tightly packed collagen fibers (tendons and ligaments)

Question 35

ground substance

Answer 35

proteins along with loose C.T.

Question 36

elastin

Answer 36

protein molecule arrangement that allows for stretching

Question 37

reticulin

Answer 37

thin, branching fibers that hold glands such as spleen and lymph nodes in place.

Question 38

adipose tissue

Answer 38

each adipose cell contains 1 drop of fat.

Question 39

triglyceride

Answer 39

the drop of fat in an adipose cell, becomes energy when hydrolzied

Question 40

plasma

Answer 40

intercellular fluid matrix of blood

Question 41

leukocyte

Answer 41

white blood cells (immunity)

Question 42

erythrocytes

Answer 42

red blood cells that deliver oxygen to tissue and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs

Question 43

platelet

Answer 43

ennucleated fragments of bone marrow that help with clotting

Question 44

cartilage

Answer 44

found in skeletal joints, have chondrin and the cells are isolated.

Question 45

chondrin

Answer 45

extra cellular fluid of cartilage for support and resilence

Question 46

chondrocytes

Answer 46

cells that secret the matrix and chondrin

Question 47

osteocytes

Answer 47

bone cells

Question 48

lamellae

Answer 48

thin circular layers and how new bone forms

Question 49

osteon

Answer 49

1 full system of lamellae around a central canal

Question 50

canaliculi

Answer 50

bone cells specifically for communication

Question 51

muscular tissue

Answer 51

contract due to the relationships between actin and myosin, have myofibrils with a single muscle cell that contracts. 3 total types.

Question 52

skeletal muscle

Answer 52

(striated) attached to bones and controlled voluntarily

Question 53

smooth muscle

Answer 53

long and spindle shaped with 1 nucleus. Line the walls of gut and vessels and contract involuntarily.

Question 54

cardiac muscle

Answer 54

striated as well, chains of single nucleated cells that are connected by intercalated discs

Question 55

intercalated discs

Answer 55

organize signals between cardiac muscles for a unified contraction of the heart.

Question 56

neurons

Answer 56

cells specialized for transporting nerve impulses

Question 57

glia

Answer 57

cells that help propagate nerve impulses and provide nutrients to neurons

Question 58

cell body

Answer 58

contains nucleus - takes signal in from dendrite and sends it out through the axons

Question 59

dendrites

Answer 59

signal receivers (then to the cell body)

Question 60

axons

Answer 60

signal senders (to the next dendrite)