Final Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
What is mycology
A
Scientific discipline dealing with fungi
2
Q
What is mycoses
A
Diseases caused in animals by fungi
3
Q
What is obligate
A
Restricted to a particular function or mode of l life
4
Q
What is
A
Capable of functioning under varying conditions of life
5
Q
What are slime molds
A
Fungal like protists
6
Q
What super group does Acrasiomycota belong to
A
Excavata
7
Q
What members are found in Acrasiomycota
A
Slime molds
8
Q
What super group does Labyrinthulomycota
A
Chromalvelolata
9
Q
What members are found in Labyrinthulomycota
A
Slime nets
10
Q
What super group does Plasmodiophorids belong to
A
Rhizaria
11
Q
What members are found in Plasmodiophorids
A
Parasitic protists
12
Q
What super group does Myxomyccetes and Dictyosteliida belong to
A
Amoebozoa
13
Q
What organisms are found in Myxomycetes and Dictyosteliida
A
Plasmodial and cellular slime molds
14
Q
What kind of movement is found in Amebozoa
A
Pseudopodia or subpseudopodia
15
Q
Do members in group Amebozoa usually have uninucleate, binucleate, or multinucleate
A
Usually uninucleate
16
Q
What are the flagellar characteristics of Amebozoa
A
Single flagella or bikont
17
Q
What is a common physical features for Amoebozoa
A
Cysts
18
Q
To what phylum do plasmodial slime molds belong
A
Myxomycetes
19
Q
To what phylum does cellular slime molds belong
A
Dictyosteliomycetes
20
Q
To what phylum does aquatic molds belong
A
Oomycota
21
Q
What type of cell wall does oomycota have
A
No cell wall
22
Q
How does oomycota feed
A
Phagotrophic feeding
23
Q
How does oomycota move
A
Ameboid movement
24
Q
To what phylum does class myxomycetes belong
A
Oomycota
25
What do members of myxomycetes feed on
Bacteria, yeasts anything by phagocytosis
26
What does it mean that members of myxomycetes are coenocytic
Many nucleii per mycelium. Single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally through gap junctions
27
What type of life cycle do myxomycetes have
Sporic meiosis
28
What type of gametes do members of myxomycetes have
Isogamous
29
How do members of myxomycetes exist
Exist as thin streaming creeping masses of protoplasm with many nuclei though lacking a cell wall
30
What are the possible fruition cations of members of myxomycetes
Sporangia, aethelia, plasmodicarp
31
What do sporangia of myxomycetes look like
May be stalked and may have unique shapes
32
What does an aethelia of myxomycetes look like
Large, thick, and cushion shaped
33
What do plasmodicarp son myxomycetes look like
Retain branching habit of the original plasmodium (most primitive)
34
What is the resting stage of plasmodial slime molds called
Sclerotium
35
What is a sclerotium
Resting stage for plasmodial slime molds that is a compacted mass of hardened mycelium with food reserves
36
What is a macro yet
Aggregation in the sclerotium and when environment is ideal an individual plasmodium will emerge (sort of like a seed in the sclerotium)
37
What is a key difference between myxomycetes and dictyosteliomycetes
Dictyo has cell wall
38
How do members of dictyosteliomycetes feed
By phagocytosis
39
What is the gametic type for members of dictyosteliomycetes
Isogamous
40
When members of dictyosteliomycetes aggregate together what do they form
Pseudoplasmodium that is a motile slug like mass
41
What is the main function of the pseudoplasmodium of dictyosteliomycetes
To aggregate towards light or away from heat
42
What is a waste product of pseudoplasmodium
Ammonia (photo taxis)
43
A pseudoplasmodium of dictyosteliomycetes turns itself into what
Sorocarp
44
What makes up a sorocarp of dictyosteliomycetes
Sorus
Sorophore
Basal disk
45
What is the function of the sorocarp of dictyosteliomycetes
Used in spore dispersal
46
What is a dictyosteliomycetes macrocyst
The fusion of two sex cells creating this macrocyst which is able to do asexual reproduction
47
What is homothallic
Male and female reproductive on same thallus
48
What is heterothallic
Male and female reproductive structures on different thallus
49
To what supergroup does oomycota belong to
Chromalvelolata
50
How was the plastic for chromalvelolata derived
Secondary endosymbiosis of an archaeplastid
51
What are the cell walls of oomycota made of
Cellulose and glucan
52
What is the flagellar of oomycota
Biflagellated spores (heterokonts)
53
What kind of feeding is found in oomycota
Osmotrophic
54
What are all members of oomycota ecologically
Saprobes or parasites
55
What does it mean that members of oomycota are coenocytic
Many nuclei per mycelium
56
What kind of life cycle is found in oomycota
Gametic meiosis
57
What are the gametes of oomycota
Oogamous
58
What's another name for the heterokonts
Stramenopiles
59
what fungal phylum is not a member of the stramenopiles
oomycota
60
what defines a heterokont
one whiplash flagella and one tinsel flagella
61
to what phylum does saprolegniales belong to
oomycota
62
what members are in the saprolegniales
water molds
63
how are members of saprolegniales different from chytrids
diploid coenocytic thallus, cellulose in call walls (not chitin), heterokont
64
why is saprolegniales of medical importance
attacks fish and fish eggs
65
what is the difference between a saprophyte and a parasite
saprophyte doesnt cause harm to the host, parasite causes harm to the host
66
where do most protists live
aquatic habitats
67
what are the main types of fungi
yeasts, molds, musrooms
68
what do fungi cell walls contain that is not present in plants
chitin
69
what is a fruiting body
mass of hyphae into mycelium into fruiting body
70
what is isogamy
same size gametes and same flagella
71
what is anisogamy
same flagella different size
72
what is oogamy
different size different flagella
73
what is zygotic meiosis
short diploid stage, free living haploid stage
74
what is gametic meiosis
free living diploid, same as humans
75
what is sporic meiosis
free living in each stage, alternation of generations
76
what organisms are heterotrophs
fungi and some plants and algae
77
what phylum are slime molds in
acrasimycota
78
what supergroup are slime molds in
excavata
79
what supergroup are parasitic protists in
rhizaria
80
what phylum are parasitic protists in
plasodiaporida
81
what is a slime mold
funal like hetereotroph
82
what class are plasmodial slime molds in
myxomycetes
83
what class are cellular slime molds in
dictyosteliomycetes
84
what kind of cells does class dictyosteliomycetes have
myxamoebas
85
why would amoeboid dictyosteliomycete gather into a group
due to the release of acrasin
86
what carries the spores of dictyosteliomyceyes
wind
87
if there is 1 free living stage that is haploid what kind of life cycle is present
zygotic
88
what habitat do myxomycota live in
terrestrial
89
what supergroup does phylum oomycota belong to
chromalveolata
90
what kind of life cycle does oomycota have
gametic
91
what makes oomycota different from heterokontophyta
no plastid(chloroplast)
92
which of the fungi phyla are not coenocytic
ascomycota and basidiomycota
93
what is a zoosporangium
motile asexual spores of saprolegniales
94
what is the sexual stage of saprolegniales
oogonium- diploid oospheres
95
is the life cycle of saprolegniales hetero or homo
homothallic
96
how many eggs are in the sexual stage of saprolegniales
8
97
what are the male and female parts of saprolegniales
male antheridium and female oogonium
98
what houses gametes typically
gametangia
99
where does meiosis occur in saprolegniales
within the gametangia
100
are fungi hetero or homotrophic
heterotrophic
101
what group are the fungi part of
supergroup opisthokonta
102
what do fungi store their food as
glycogen
103
how many flagellum opisthokonta have
single posterior
104
what are the 5 funal phyla
chytridiamycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, "deuteromycota"
105
whats special about the classification of deuteromycota
its asexual asco and deuteromycota
106
what is mycelium composed of
hyphae
107
what is the fruiting body of fungi made of
aggregation of mycelium
108
where are the spores of fungi made
on the fruiting bodies
109
how to mycelium obtain their water
osmosis
110
whats the difference between septate and aseptate fungi
septation vs no septation, septate has 1-2 nuclei per cell while aseptate is multinucleate, septate has nuclear division while aseptate has nuclei dividing without cytokinesis
111
whats different about nuclear division in fungi
nuclear envelope doesnt break down
112
what kind of mitosis does fungi have
closed mitosis
113
what is plasmogamy in fungi
gametes fuse
114
what produces a fleshy fruiting body
heterokaryotic mycelium
115
what ways can spores be dispersed from a fruiting body
rain, wind, animal
116
what is st anthonys fire
ergotism, fungus that gets baked into breads and causes consumers to hallucinate and possibly gangrene
117
what kind of toxins are common in fungi
aflatoxins
118
how do most fungi reproduce asexually
generate chains of spores at the hyphae tips
119
what is conidia
asexual spore
120
what is anamorph
imperfect asexual (asexual spores)
121
what is telomorph
perfect sexual (fusion of gametes giving rise to zygote giving rise to spores)
122
what is holomorph
has both sexual and asexual stages in its life cycle (both anamorphic and telomorphic)
123
whats the primary habitat of chytridiomycota
aquatic (soils and rocks)
124
what makes chytridiomycota gametes different from all other true fungi
motile zoospores and gametes with flagella
125
what order are chytrids in
what order are chytrids in
126
what are the two types of chytrids
holocarpic and eucarpic
127
what does holocarpic mean
chytrid that forms entirely within the host cell (whole zoospores)
128
what does eucarpic mean
parastitic anchor into the host and part transforms into zoospores
129
what is chytridiomycosis
fungal disease in frogs that makes it impossible for them to breathe properly through their skin
130
what phylum is blastocladiales in
chytridiomycota
131
what kind of gametes does blastocladiales have
anisogamous
132
what kind of reproduction does blastocladiales have
fusion of gametes
133
what are mitosporangia
asexual sporangia that release diploid zoospores
134
what are meiosporangia
sexual sporangia that release haploid zoospores
135
what do haploid zoospores in allomyces give rise to
gametophyte or gametothallus
136
what kind of life cycle does allomycetes/blastocladiales have
sporic meiosis
137
is allomycetes homo or hetereothallic
homothallic
138
what are the mycelium of zygomycota like
mostly aseptate hyphae
139
what is different about zygomycota spores versus chytridiomycota
zygomycota spores are not flagellated
140
how do most members of zygomycota exist
saprobes in soil
141
what is a fungal phylum that forms a monophyletic group
zygomycota
142
is the life cycle of zygomycota homo or heterothallic
hereothallic
143
what are the gametangia of zygomycota subtended by
suspensor cells which is branches of hyphae that bear the gametangia
144
what is progametangia
before the gametangia forms septation to separate it from the suspensor cells
145
what are the gametes of zygomycota represented as
plus and minus
146
what ploidy do zygotes of zygomycota have
diploid zygotes and haploid spores
147
what phylum is rhizopus in
zygomycota
148
what is a mitosporangium
sporangium whose spores are only made by mitosis
149
what phylum is pilobus sp in
zygomycota
150
whats the benefit of being an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
can get more nutrients from surroundings
151
what kind of life cycle does rhizopus have
zygotic meiosis
152
is ascomycota para or monophyletic
monophyletic
153
what is the sporangium of ascomycota called
ascus
154
what are the sexual spores of ascomycota called
ascospores
155
what is another name for ascocarp
ascoma
156
wwhat is the habitat of ascomycota
terrestrial and aquatic
157
what is the crown grou[
ascomycota and basidiomycota
158
what kind of spores does ascomycota have
endogenous spores
159
what is an endogenous spore
spore that forms in the hyphae
160
what are woronin bodies
repair structures in ascomycota
161
where are woronin bodies found
in hyphae
162
what phylum do chestnut blight, dutch elm disease, apple scab, and ergot belong to
ascomycota
163
what are the two types of asci in ascomycota
unitunicate and bitunicate
164
whats the difference between unitunicate and bitunbicate asci
unitunicate has one layer and an operculum, bitunicate has 2 layers and no operculum
165
asci are arranged in fruiting bodies called what
ascomata or ascocarps
166
what are the types of ascoma
apothecial, perithecial, cleistothecial, pseudothecial
167
what is an apothecial ascoma
narrow broad cup with exposed hymenium (asci unitunicate)
168
what is a hymenium
fertile layer in phylum ascomycota
169
what is a perithecial ascoma
hollow flask shaped chamber with ostiole and hymenium lines the inside (asci unitunicate)
170
what does paraphyses mean
elongate cells in an ascoma that isnt actually an ascus (its hyphae)
171
what is periphysis
a type of paraphyses but these cells line the neck of the flask
172
what kind of ascoma has para and periphysis
perithecial ascoma
173
what is a cleistothecial ascoma
closed spherical structure with walls of hyphae forming a dense impermeable matrix (asci unitunicate) (no opening)
174
how do asci release spores in cleistothecial ascomas
by decay or break up of the matrix (wall breaks and exposes asci that release spores)
175
what phylum does eurotium belong to
ascomycota
176
what is pseudothecial ascoma
what is pseudothecial ascoma
177
what is the only ascoma with bitunicate asci
pseudothecial
178
is ascomycota usually in sexual or asexual stage
asexual stage (anamorph)
179
what is an apothecium
telomorphic protective structure within which haploid asci are produced
180
what is the female gametangia of ascomycota called
ascogonium
181
how does ascomycota get its gametangia
genetically different but compatible hyphae
182
what is the trichogyne
extension of the ascogonium providing a way to get to compatible hyphae
183
what is a crozier
tip of ascogenous hyphae bends with two compatible nuclei at the top of the hook
184
what is a meiocyte
meiosis taking place within the zygote of ascomycota
185
what kind of life cycle does telomorphic ascomycota have
zygotic meiosis
186
what are conidia
spores in telomorphic ascomycota
187
what kind of ascoma does loculoascomycetes
pseudothecia
188
what kind of ascoma bi or uni does hemiascomycotina have
unitunicate
189
what happens in the holomorphic stage of hemiascomycotina
no ascoma are produced
190
what class are morel mushroom in
discomycetes
191
what class does brown rot of peaches belong to
discomycetes in monilinia sp.
192
what class does grey mold belong to
discomycetes
193
what class does chestnut blight belong to
plectomycetes
194
what class does dutch elm disease belong to
pyrenomycetes
195
what class does ergot/st anthonys fire belong to
pyrenomycetes
196
what is a stroma
the cap of a mushroom
197
what are the differences between asco and deuteromycota
mitospores are conidia, condia develop conidioma, conidia develop on conidiophores
198
what are the 7 types of conidia
amerospore, helicospore, didymospore, dictyospore, staurospore, phragmospore, sclerospore
199
are the spores of conidia in deuteromycota uni or multicellular
multicellular (they are also septated)
200
what class do a lot of antibiotics and immunosuppressants come from
class hyphomycete (phylum deuteromycota)
201
what is blastic development in deuteromycota
recognizable immature conidia before septa begin to develop
202
what are the two types of blastic development
retrogressive(one conidia at a time) or basauxic(several conidia at a time)
203
what are the two main types of conidia development
blastic and thallic
204
what are the club fungi
basidiomycota
205
what are the fruiting bodies of basidiomycota
mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts
206
what helps distribute nuclei during cell division in basidiomycota
clamp connections
207
what fruitfications are in class teliomycetes
smuts and rusts
208
what is a basidium
karyogamy of meiosis takes place here and basidiospores are produced here
209
how many exogenous meiospores(basidiospores) does a typical basidium bear
4
210
what does monokaryon mean in basidiomycota
phase in which the hyphae contain only one type of nucleus
211
what is a dikaryon
two compatible hyphae meet and fuse exchanging nuclei
212
each cell must have what in regards to nuclei and mating in basidiomycota
two nuclei of opposite mating type
213
what is a clamp connection
specialized backwardly directed branch of a dikaryotic basidiomycota hyphae
214
what is a dolipore septum
barrel shaped central pore of basidiomycota
215
barrel shaped central pore of basidiomycota
branch between basidium and basidiospore
216
what kind of life cycle does bisidiomycota have
zygotic meiosis
217
what is the freeliving stage of basidiomycota
haploid
218
what are the three types of basidium
holobasidium, phragmobasidium, teliobasidium
219
what is a holobasidium
one celled basidium
220
what is a phragmobasidium
septated basidium
221
what is a teliobasidium
thick walled resting spore with promycelium that bears the basidiospores
