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Final Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal equilibrium on a constantly changing environment

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2
Q

Coronary artery

A

Carry blood enriched with oxygen and nutrients to the cells

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3
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

Sets the beat of the heart every 0.85 seconds. “Pace maker” of heart. Causes atria to contract and sends out impulses to the AV node

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4
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

Stimulates the ventricles to contract via the perkinje fibers buried deep in the heart muscle

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord. Works with peripheral nervous system to receive information from and give commands to muscles, organs and glands in rest of body

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made of sensory neurons

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells that transmit signals

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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry signals from external and internal stimuli to central nervous system

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry signals from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic, involuntary response to internal or external stimuli

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11
Q

Receptor

A

Structure at the end of a sensory neurons that receives information from the internal or external environment

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12
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Consists of a sensory neuron sends the information from the receptor to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the central nervous system

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13
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Consists of motor neuron, takes the information from the central horn of the spinal cord of the CNS to the effector

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14
Q

Effector

A

A muscle or gland that responds to the initial stimulus

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15
Q

Axon

A

Conducts impulses away from cell body

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive impulses and transmit them toward the cell body

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17
Q

Cell body

A

Receives impulses from dendrites

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18
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty neuroglia wrap around portions of some axons

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19
Q

Myopia

A

Near sighted

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20
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far-sighted

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21
Q

Presbyopia

A

Old eyes

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22
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability of lens at the front of the eye to thicken and focus on near objects

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23
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Located in the back of the eye on the retina and are stimulated by light

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24
Q

Rods

A

Respond to black and white and in dim light environments

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25
Cones
Detect color
26
Auditory transduction
Process of converting sound waves into electrical signals which are then interpreted by the brain
27
External ear
Contains ear canal
28
Middle ear
Consists of eardrum a series of 3 bones attracted to each other called ossicles
29
Cochlea
Site of auditory transduction. Fluid filled structure which consists of two membranes with hair cells in between them
30
Conduction deafness
Reduced ability to hear due to a problem between the outside of the ear and the cochlea
31
Sensory deafness
Transmission of nerve impulses from the cochlea to the brain is impaired
32
Sound bytes
Boxes that transmit sound through the bones of the skull
33
Cerebellum
Controls posture and balance, coordinate subconscious muscular movement
34
Cerebrum
Controls qualities of personality, intelligence, learning, perception, emotion
35
Brain stem
Regulates essential survival functions such as breathing and heartbeat
36
Cerebral cortex
Sensory, motor and association areas
37
Thalamus
Processes information and relays is to cerebrum
38
Pituitary gland
Produces numerous hormones that affect target tissues directly or stimulate other endocrine glands
39
Corpus callosum
Transfers motor, sensory and cognitive info between brain hemispheres
40
Hypothalamus
Homeostatic control of most organs
41
Medulla oblongata
Regulates essential physiological processes such as blood pressure, heartbeat, breathing
42
Pons
Connects forebrain with medulla and cerebellum
43
Frontal lobe
Motor association of thought, speech, motor cortex
44
Parietal lobe
Touch, sensory association, taste
45
Temporal lobe
Hearing, auditory association, interpretation of perceptions, smell
46
Occipital lobe
Vision and visual association
47
Mitosis
Type of nuclear division which creates new cells to replace or repair dead or damaged cells and also allow growth of an organism
48
DNA
Nucleic acids that carry the instructions to create all of the proteins needed to carry out the body's functions
49
Genes
Instructions of DNA coded in specific sequences of its structure
50
Mutations
Mistakes in the copying or DNA
51
Interphase
Portion of the cell cycle in which a cell carries out its work, grows, and duplicates chromosomes. G1, S, and G2 phases
52
Checkpoints
Road blocks questioning whether the cell is prepared to progress further in the cycle and only allowing progression when conditions within and around the cell are favorable
53
Prophase
Longer stages of mitosis. Long, thin chromatin threads shorten and thicken and become visible within in nucleus
54
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along center of cell
55
Centromere
Attaches original chromosome and new copy
56
Chromatid
Individual member of pair
57
Sister chromatids
2 together of pair
58
Anaphase
Separate at centromere and each chromatid moves away towed opposite ends of cell
59
Telophase
Two identical sets of daughter chromosomes move closer to the poles
60
Cytokinesis
During telophase, cell division becomes complete as a cells remains material is divided and separated
61
Cleavage furrow
In animals cells, cell pinches into two new cells from the outside
62
Cell plate
In a plant cell, forms in the middle of the cells and spreads outward until the cytoplasm of the parent cell is separated
63
Proto-oncogenes
Genes that code for growth factors which stimulate or jump start the cell cycle
64
Oncogenes
Cancer causing genes which overstimulate cell division and allow the cell to override G1 checkpoint
65
Tumor-suppressor
Genes code for proteins that inhibit cell cycle
66
Apoptosis
Cellular suicide
67
Tumor
Large mass of cells
68
Benign tumor
Encapsulated and noninvasive to surround organ function
69
Malignant tumor
Invasive, unencapsulated and at times able to spread to distant locations within the body
70
Gametogensis
Spermatogensis and oogenesis
71
Spermatogenesis
Occurs in testes of males and is the process of taking one cell and ending with four cells that develop into sperm.
72
Oogenesis
Occurs in ovaries of females and is very similar to spermatogenesis in males except the final product is three small cells called polar bodies and one large cell called an egg or ovum.
73
Gametes
Sex cells
74
Haploid
Gametes that contains half the genetic information for human cells
75
Fertilization
When the sperm and egg combine
76
Diploid
Fertilized egg with a whole set of genetic information
77
Homologous chromosomes
Carry the same genes in the same locations but may have different alleles.
78
Crossing over
During meiosis that shuffles alleles on the chromosomes during spermatogenesis and oogenesis
79
Autosomes
First 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans
80
Sex chromosomes
Carry genes that determine sex
81
Alleles
Alternate forms of the same gene
82
Genotype
Alleles
83
Phenotype
Physical trait
84
Punnett square
Diagram that uses the genotype of the parents to reveal the possible results of a genetic cross
85
Homozygous
Individuals genotype has identical alleles for a gene
86
Carrier
An individual who carries and is capable of passing on genetic mutation associated with a disease typically without showing symptoms
87
Heterozygous
Individuals genotype has 2 different alleles for a gene
88
Simple autosomal dominant-recessive trait
Trait inherited with a single gene that has dominant and recessive alleles
89
Incomplete dominance
Trait where an intermediate phenotype occurs
90
Sex-linked trait
Trait with alleles carried on a sex chromosome
91
Codominance-heterozygotes
Express both alleles
92
Turner's syndrome
Occurs when there is a partial or complete absence of one of the two X chromosomes
93
Poly-X syndrome
Occurs when an extra chromosome ends up in the 23rd position
94
Klinefelters syndrome
Individulas possess male characteristics
95
Jacobs syndrome
Individuals possess and extra Y sex chromosome
96
Blastula
Single layered sphere of many cells arranged around a central cavity
97
Gastrula
Process of morphogenesis begins and represents clusters of class starting to be distributed and beginning to develop shape
98
Invagination
Blastula flattens and the cells gradually move into the hollow cavity of the blastula
99
Species
Group of individuals that can breed and produce fertile offspring
100
Key characteristics
Characteristics that distinguish one group of organisms from another
101
Dichotomous key
Series of two choices of opposite characteristics to identify organisms
102
Nondisjunction
Occurs during meiosis when the chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate
103
Trisomy
Extra copy of chromosome
104
Monosomy
Missing a copy of a chromosome
105
Evolution
Genetic change in a given population over time
106
Fossil record
Done by looking at different fossils and evaluating the geologic time chart to see when the fossils first appeared
107
Fossil
Organism that has been preserved in the earths exterior
108
Comparative anatomy
Done by looking at both embryonic stages in different vertebrate organisms and physical features of the adult vertebrate forelimbs in comparison with a common ancestor
109
Biochemical evidence
Living organisms utilize like basic biochemical components.
110
Cytochrome C
Highly conserved protein used during biochemical evidence
111
Homologous
Structures simulate in form because of common ancestry. I.e. Dog legs and human legs
112
Analogous
Structures similar in function and must also be different in form. I.e. Butterfly wings and bat wings

Biology (2 decks)

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