Final

Question 1

Binary fission

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction

Bacteria replicates DNA

Divides into 2 cells with equal amount of DNA

Question 2

Conjugation

Answer 2

• transfer of genetic material between two bacteria cells through a cytoplasmic connection
• a plasmid or piece of the bacterial chromosome can be passed

Question 3

Transduction

Answer 3

• gene exchange that takes place when a virus carries a gene from one bacteria to another
• foreign DNA can recombine with the bacterial chromosome

Question 4

Transformation

Answer 4

Bacteria takes up DNA or a plasmid directly from the environment through the cell membrane

Question 5

Competent cell

Answer 5

Bacteria capable of taking up DNA from its environment

Permeable membrane

Question 6

Transformant

Answer 6

Cell that has received genetic information through transformation

Question 7

Not all bacteria are ___.

Answer 7

Competent

Question 8

Factors of transformation:

Answer 8

• starvation
• cell density
• temperature
• chemicals
• electrical pulses

Question 9

Plasmids

Answer 9

• small, circular DNA molecules
• maintained independent of extrachromosomal entities
• easily incorporate foreign DNA
• readily taken up by bacterial cells
• act as vectors - move genes from one cell to another
• has a sequence that functions as origin of DNA replication

Question 10

Vectors

Answer 10

• ability to replicate independently of host cell
• recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme (cloning site)
• one or more selectable/reporter genes
• small size in comparison with hosts chromosomes

Question 11

Plasmids have all of the characteristics that ___ have.

Answer 11

Vectors

Question 12

Cloning site

Answer 12

Recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme

Question 13

GFP

Answer 13

Green fluorescent protein

Question 14

Bioluminescent jellyfish

Answer 14

Aeqorea Victoria

Question 15

pGLO plasmid contains two genes:

Answer 15

• gene that codes for GFP

- gene resistant to ampicillin

Question 16

Beta-lactamase

Answer 16

• provides resistance to antibiotic ampicillin

- produced and secreted by bacteria that contain the plasmid

Question 17

Only transformed bacteria that contain the GFP plasmid and express ___ can survive on images with ampicillin.

Answer 17

Beta-lactamase

Question 18

Transformation solution

Answer 18

50mM CaCl2

Question 19

Heat shock transformation

Answer 19

Heat shock - increasing permeability of the cell membrane to DNA, bacteria cell accepts plasmid

Quench on ice - stops reaction and allows cells to return to normal state

Question 20

LB nutrient broth

Answer 20

• extract of yeast and enzymatic digest of meat byproducts
• transformed cells grow and repair
• plasmid genes start expressing

Question 21

Optimal temperature for bacterial growth

Answer 21

37C

Question 22

pGLO expressed when ___ is present.

Answer 22

Arabinose

Question 23

Arabinose

Answer 23

Simple sugar, source of carbon and energy

Question 24

Genes that make ___ ___ that break down arabinose are NOT expressed when arabinose is NOT present.

Answer 24

Digestive enzymes

Question 25

Arabinose initiates transcription of genes by...

Answer 25

Promoting binding of RNA polymerase

Question 26

Cells transformed with pGLO and grown in presence of arabinose will glow green when subjected to ___.

Answer 26

UV light

Question 27

Arabinose absent -

Answer 27

Transformed cells with pGLO will be white

Question 28

___ ___ cut DNA at specific locations.

Answer 28

Restriction enzymes

Question 29

Palindromes -

Answer 29

Associated sites Read same 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'

Question 30

Restriction sites are typically how long?

Answer 30

4-6 base pairs

Question 31

Some create ___ ends.

Answer 31

Blunt

Question 32

Which 3 create sticky ends?

Answer 32

EcoRI HindIII Pstl

Question 33

Bacteriophage lambda consists primarily of a head, which..

Answer 33

Contains the genomic DNA

Question 34

Lambda tail that is involved in..

Answer 34

Phage attachment to bacterial cells

Question 35

What causes the DNA to move toward the positive end of the system?

Answer 35

The negative charges on the DNA phosphate groups

Question 36

Which move faster: small or long fragments?

Answer 36

Small fragments

Question 37

What do we use to stain the gel?

Answer 37

Sybr safe Fast blast Ethidian bromide

Question 38

What is the source of restriction endonucleases?

Answer 38

Bacteria, they use them to protect themselves from phages

Question 39

Why don't they cut up the bacterial DNA?

Answer 39

Because it is methylated by methylases

Question 40

What damage does UV cause?

Answer 40

Thymine binds and creates pirimidine dimers

Question 41

How is this mutation repaired?

Answer 41

Light repair, photo reactivation

Question 42

___ ___ protect bacteria from foreign DNA.

Answer 42

Restriction enzymes

Question 43

Bacteria protect themselves from restriction enzymes with ..

Answer 43

Methyl groups

Question 44

Purpose of loading dye

Answer 44

Gives a visual | Weighs DNA to bottom of well

Question 45

Running buffer

Answer 45

TAE

Question 46

Sybr green is more ___ efficient.

Answer 46

Cost

Question 47

Ethidian bromide

Answer 47

Carcigen Gives better results

Question 48

Can you have transformed colony that didn't get desired gene?

Answer 48

Yes, can get plasmid, but plasmid won't get gene.