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HLTH 2001 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a correlation?

A

A linear association between two random variables

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2
Q

What are the different natures of association?

A

Positive
Negative
Perfect
No

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3
Q

What are the different types of correlation complexity?

A

Simple: measure used to determine the strength and direct of the relationship between two variables
Multiple: a measure of how well a given variable can be predicted using a linear function of a set of other variables
Partial: measure of association between two variables while controlling or adjusting the effect of one or more additional variables

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4
Q

What are some different methods of studying correlation?

A

Scatter diagram method
Pearson correlation coefficient method
Spearmans rank coefficient method

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5
Q

What is the correlation coefficient?

A

A measure of strength of the linear relationship between two variables that in décidées in terms of the covariance of the variables divided by they standard deviation
Denoted by r

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6
Q

What is the equation for the Pearson correlation?

A

r = E(ZxZy)/n

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7
Q

What is a strong, moderate, or weak correlation?

A

Strong > 0.7

Moderate: 0.3

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8
Q

What is the correlation of determination?

A

A measure of how well the regression line represents the data
Represented by r^2
Lies between 0 to 1
The further the line is away from the points, the less it is able to explain the variation
Represents the percentage of the data that is the closest to the line of best fit

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9
Q

Why is the correlation of determination useful?

A

Gives the proportion of the varience of one variable that is predictable from the other variable
Allows us to determine how certain Im can be in making predictions from a certain model/graph

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10
Q

What is spearmans rank coefficient?

A

A method to determine correlation when the data are not available in numerical form
Values of the two variables are converted to their ranks, and there from the correlation is obtained

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11
Q

When can thé spearmans rank coefficient be calculated and what is the formula?

A

Actual ranks given
Ranks are not given but grades are given but not repeated
Ranks are not given and grade are given and repeated
p = 1 - 6(Edi^2)/n(n^2 - 1)

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12
Q

How do you interpret the spearman rank coefficient?

A

As p approaches +1 the rank becomes more similar
As p approaches -1 the ranks become inversely related to each other
As p approaches 0 then it is not possib to determine the rank from the other variable

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13
Q

Define space and place

A

Space: location on the earth, coordinates an area
- more relèvent to spatial analysis and spatial relationships
Place: somewhere meaningfully (socially, culturally)
- more relèvent to understanding meaning in those relationships

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14
Q

What is overall individual health statues based on?

A

A combination of:

1) characteristics of individuals (composition)
2) characteristics of environments in which people live and work (context)

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15
Q

What do geographers study and describe?

A

Characteristics of places
How characteristics of phenomena very across space
How people interact with the environment

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16
Q

Who was John snow?

A

Water pump guy with cholera

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17
Q

What are some different symbols people use on maps?

A

Points, lines, polygons
Direction
Orientation
Scale

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18
Q

What is GIS?

A

Geographic information system

A computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information

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19
Q

What are the types of spatial data?

A

Vector: spatial objects linked to an attributed table (points, lines, polygons)
Raster: pixels, not coordinates, no shapes
- discrete: soil types
- continuous: elevation, air pollution

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20
Q

What units can all StatCan data be aggregated into?

A 
Dissemination area (one or more city block)
Census tract (neighbourhood)
Place name
Census division (county)
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21
Q

What is NDVI?

A

Normalized difference vegetation index

  • satellite derived indicator of green vegetation on the group
  • green vegetation absorbs most of the visible, and reflects most of the near infrared light
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22
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of NDVI?

A

Consistent quality over time and across the whole country
Relatively high spatial resolution
Describes only the amount of greenness and vegetation not the quality nor accessibility of these spaces

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23
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of blue space?

A

500m is an arbitrary distance
WTer is not necessarily accessible or visible
Available across Canada, very complete
Scalable p

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24
Q

What is a questionnaire?

A

An instrument to collect answers to questions, collect factual data, and gathers in formation or measures

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25
What are the perks of a well designed questionnaire?
Give accurate and relèvent information to your research question Minimizes potential sources of bias Will more likely be completed
26
What are some advantages of questionnaires?
Can reach a large number of people relatively easily and economically Provide quantifiable answers Relatively easy to analyse
27
What are some disadvantages of questionnaires?
Provides only limited insight into problem Varying responses Need to get it right the first time
28
What are the different types of questionnaires?
``` Face to face Telephone Interviewer By mail Email/internet ```
29
What are the advantages of a self administered questionnaire?
Cheap and easy to administer Preserved confidentiality Completed at respondents convenience No influence by interviewer
30
What are the disadvantages of self administered questionnaire?
Low response rate Questions can be misunderstood No control by interviewer Time and resources loss
31
What are the advantages to interview administers questionnaires?
Participation by illiterate people Clarification of ambiguity Quick answers
32
What are the disadvantages to interview administers questionnaires?
Interviewer bias Needs more resources Only short questionnaires possible, especially on telephone Difficult for sensitive issues
33
What is the first stage in designing a questionnaire?
Planning the study: - decide on goal - know the subject - formulate a hypothesis - define information needed to test hypothesis
34
What is the second stage in designing a questionnaire?
Determine the study population - know the respondents - questionnaire needs to adapt to your population, not the opposite
35
What is the third stage in designing a questionnaire?
Design questions - content of the questions - formate the questions - presentation and layout - coding schedule - pilot and refine questionnaire
36
What makes a well designed questionnaire?
Good appearance Short and simple Relèvent and logical
37
What is in the opening of the questionnaire?
``` First name Name of company doing research Reason for survey and topic State that no selling will be involved and no personal data other than for statistical purposes Approximate completion time Invité to participate ```
38
What is in the closing of a questionnaire?
Thank for time Ask if they had a positive experience Provide contact information
39
What should be on bs cover letter of a questionnaire?
``` Who are you/work for Why are you investigating Where you obtained the respondents name How and where you can be contacted Garentee of confidentiality Length of interview ```
40
What are the advantages of a closed question?
``` Simple quick Reduces discrimination against less literate Easy to code, record, analyse Easy to compare Easy to report results ```
41
What are the disadvantages of closed questions?
Restricted number of possible answers | Loss of information
42
What are the different types of closed questions?
Straight forward response (eg. Yes/no) Check list Rating scale (numerical, or analogue) Likert scale (scale for measuring attitude) Harter scale: person decides whether described by statement in left of right (helps reduce cognitive demand)
43
What are some problems that arise during a questionnaire?
``` Avoid questions that ask two things at once Avoid ambiguity Avoid jargon/abbreviation/slang Avoid not mutually exclusive options Avoid leading questions Avoid making questionnaire too long ```
44
What is pilot testing and what problems does it highlight?
Pilot with a similar group of people to your intended subjects Highlights: - effects of alternative wording - overall impression on respondents and interviewers - final polishing after several amendments
45
What is the purpose of protesting?
To ensure that the questionnaire meets the expectations in terms of the information that will be obtained
46
Define a filter question
A question that screens out respondents who are not qualifies to answer a second question
47
Define a pivot question
A question that is a type of filter question that is used to determine what version of a second question to ask
48
What is knowledge translation?
Closing the gap between what we know and what we do
49
What is knowledge?
Explicit: codified knowledge found in documents, databases, etc Tacit: intuitive knowledge and knowhow rooted in context and experience, practice and value, hard to communicate
50
What 8 things are true about a good KT?
1. Involves every step from the creation of new knowledge to producing beneficial products, services and tools for the public 2. It is a loop 3. Interdisciplinary and collaboration 4. Can involve health care providers, the general public, the government, the voluntary sector and the private sector 5. Includes many different activities 6. Focuses on research generated knowledge 7. User and context specific 8. Impact-oriented
51
What are the different audiences of health care provides of KTs?
Education outreach visits: trained person providing training Audit and feedback: comparison of performance Opinion leaders Reminders and prompts Interactive educational meetings
52
What are the different audiences of general public/patients for KTs?
``` Mass media campaigns Social marketing approaches Community mobilization Laws and regulation Financial incentives and disincentives Self management ```
53
Describe the knowledge to action cycle
Triangle in the middle is the knowledge creation which includes knowledge inquiry, knowledge synthesis, and knowledge tools, products Action cycle is circle
54
What are the components to the action cycle?
1. Identify the problem as well as te knowledge needed to address it 2. Local context matters 3. Assess barriers and facilitators 4. Implement strategies to promote the use of knowledge 5. Monitor knowledge use to asses the effectiveness, adjust 6. Evaluate the impact 7. Sustain the use of the knowledge of the time
55
Describe the innovation to implementation framework
1. State purpose 2. Selection of an innovation 3. Specify actors and actions 4. Identify agents of change 5. Design strategy 6. Implement 7. Evaluate
56
Why do we use KTs?
Evidence-informed decision making | Learn more about the process of research and how to make it more effective
57
What are the two types of KT?
End of grant KT | Integrated KT
58
What is an end-of-grant KT?
Any activity aimed at diffusing dissemination or applying the results of a research project Traditionally academic but moving more public now Should draw on evidence of who needs the results
59
What is the integrated KT?
KT exists throughout the entire process; knowledge users participate in the research
60
What are the challenges of the integrated KT?
Building relationships with the right group Maintaining relationships and engagement Addressing different agendas of different people
61
What is diffusion, dissemination, and implementation/application?
Diffusion: let it happen Dissemination: help it happen Implementation/application: make it happen
62
What are some example of diffusion?
Conference presentations Reports on a website Peer-reviewed papers Blogs
63
What are some examples of dissemination?
``` Paper or web based fact sheets New education materials Symposia Social marketing Media release ```
64
How do you plan a dissemination?
1. Decide on a message 2. Who is the audience? Do you know what they need? 3. Who will do the dissemination? 4. How will you deliver your message? 5. What do you want to get out of this?
65
What are examples of implementation/application?
Create new partnerships to work on problem Adapt the knowledge for use Training programs on best practices
66
What should infographics be?
``` Informative Effective Functional Honest Elegant ```

HLTH 2001 (2 decks)

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