Final

Question 1

Purpose of Study in Section 1

Answer 1

Examine ways in which environment shapes culture
(attributes of environment affect groups of people in which ways)
How people have adapted and how its shaped their culture

Question 2

Types of Culture

Answer 2

Hunter/Gatherer
Food Producing
Industrial/Modern

Question 3

What is a culture?

Answer 3

Way of life typical of a group
System of meanings, symbols and schemata transmitted through symbolic codes
Set of adaptive strategies for survival related to ecology and resources
Cultures are learned, give us tools on how to deal with problems, can change

Question 4

Aspects of Culture:

Answer 4

Patterns of subsistence
Economic Systems
Marriage and Kinship
Social Groups
Political Organization/Social Control
Religion, Magic and World View
The Arts

Question 5

Patterns of Subsistence

Answer 5

How to get food.

Hunter/gatherer
Food Producing
Industiral

Question 6

Hunter/Gatherer

Answer 6

Oldest and most basic, mobile

Question 7

Food Producing

Answer 7

Farming, Pastoralism, Settlements

Question 8

Industrial

Answer 8

Surplus produced, supply and demand

Question 9

Economic Systems

Answer 9

Division of Labour
Control of Land
Capital
Technology
Reciprocity

Question 10

Marriage and Kinship

Answer 10

Family Structure
Descent
Residence

Question 11

Family Structure

Answer 11

Nuclear or consanguine

Question 12

Descent

Answer 12

Lineage and Clan membership

Question 13

Residence

Answer 13

Matrilocal, patrilocal, ambilocal, neolocal

Question 14

Social Groups

Answer 14

Stratified vs egalitarian
Class and caste
Mobility to change one’s class position

Question 15

Political Organization and Social Control

Answer 15

Means to maintain order within and manage affairs externally
Band, tribe, chiefdom, state
Laws and unbreakable traditions
Adherence

Question 16

Religion, Magic and World View

Answer 16

Animism
Pantheons
Practitioners
Functions

Question 17

Animism

Answer 17

Spirit beings though to animate nature

Question 18

Pantheons

Answer 18

Gods and Goddesses

Question 19

Practitioners

Answer 19

Ministers, Shamens

Question 20

Functions

Answer 20

Explain the unkown, making it understandable, comfort in belief that supernatural aid is available, sanction right and wrong, social solidarity

Question 21

The Arts

Answer 21

Myth and Legends preserve culture

Music, crafts, visual arts

Question 22

Ontology

Answer 22

Study of the nature of being

Question 23

Epistemology

Answer 23

Study how beliefs become warranted

Question 24

Biocentric

Answer 24

Environment/nature focused.
Deep Ecology
All forms of life have intrinsic value

Question 25

Biocentrism

Answer 25

Ethical perspective holding that all life deserves equal moral consideration or as equal moral standing

Question 26

Antropocentric

Answer 26

Human focused, regards humankind as the central or most important element of existence, esp. as opposed to God or animals

Question 27

Ethnocentric

Answer 27

Culture focused, evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture

Question 28

Types of Connections Humans have to Nature and the Environment

Answer 28

Dependence | Identity

Question 29

Dependence on Nature

Answer 29

Satisfies need or facilitates activities (livelihood, recreation, social needs)

Question 30

Identity with Nature

Answer 30

Define oneself through the relationship between oneself and nature (time spent, supporting or sustaining, cultural)

Question 31

Prevailing opinions on Religion and Science

Answer 31

1. Religious ideas are natural while scientific ideas are unnatural (have to learn science) 2. Religion is characterized by a personal understand of the world while science is characterized by an impersonal understanding 3. Religion is characterized by emotion and science by rationality (religion uses belief to explain, science uses facts)

Question 32

Stages defining relationship between humans and nature

Answer 32

1. Created Earth 2. Environmental relativism (environment shaped culture) 3. Human's role as modifiers (modify to our benefit)

Question 33

Categories of Interpretation

Answer 33

Spiritual (Faith) Scientific (Fact) Social (Emotion)

Question 34

Spirituality

Answer 34

Belief system based on faith not fact

Question 35

Types of Spirituality

Answer 35

Monotheist Religions Pantheist Eastern Relgions

Question 36

Monotheist Religions

Answer 36

God created the earth for us and we are superior to other beings because we are made in the image of God

Question 37

Pantheist approach

Answer 37

God is present in all creatures and humans are the stewards

Question 38

Eastern Religions

Answer 38

Stronger sense of humility and living in harmony with nature

Question 39

Arne Naess

Answer 39

Norwegian philosopher and mountaineer | Created Deep Ecology

Question 40

Nature is Valued in these ways:

Answer 40

Existence Value (Biocentric) Value of Sentient being Economic Value Utilitarian Value

Question 41

Existence Value

Answer 41

Intrinsic value = existence value | Bequest natural environments to future generations

Question 42

Value of the Senient being

Answer 42

All living things have equal value

Question 43

Economic Calue

Answer 43

Anthropocentric Total Use Value = Actual use value + option value Actual use refers to direct benefit (fishing)

Question 44

Utilitarian Value

Answer 44

Felt should be valued